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                diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
index a28be9e..9c44eb9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
@@ -206,7 +206,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def empty?
-        size.zero?
+        if loaded? || @reflection.options[:counter_sql]
+          size.zero?
+        else
+          !exists?({})
+        end
       end
 
       def any?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
index d5a1c5f..ab842b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def empty?
-        @found ? @found.empty? : count.zero?
+        @found ? @found.empty? : !exists?({})
       end
 
       def any?