module EventMachine
  # A simple iterator for concurrent asynchronous work.
  #
  # Unlike ruby's built-in iterators, the end of the current iteration cycle is signaled manually,
  # instead of happening automatically after the yielded block finishes executing. For example:
  #
  #  (0..10).each{ |num| }
  #
  # becomes:
  #
  #  EM::Iterator.new(0..10).each{ |num,iter| iter.next }
  #
  # This is especially useful when doing asynchronous work via reactor libraries and
  # functions. For example, given a sync and async http api:
  #
  #  response = sync_http_get(url); ...
  #  async_http_get(url){ |response| ... }
  #
  # a synchronous iterator such as:
  #
  #  responses = urls.map{ |url| sync_http_get(url) }
  #  ...
  #  puts 'all done!'
  #
  # could be written as:
  #
  #  EM::Iterator.new(urls).map(proc{ |url,iter|
  #    async_http_get(url){ |res|
  #      iter.return(res)
  #    }
  #  }, proc{ |responses|
  #    ...
  #    puts 'all done!'
  #  })
  #
  # Now, you can take advantage of the asynchronous api to issue requests in parallel. For example,
  # to fetch 10 urls at a time, simply pass in a concurrency of 10:
  #
  #  EM::Iterator.new(urls, 10).each do |url,iter|
  #    async_http_get(url){ iter.next }
  #  end
  #
  class Iterator
    # Create a new parallel async iterator with specified concurrency.
    #
    #  i = EM::Iterator.new(1..100, 10)
    #
    # will create an iterator over the range that processes 10 items at a time. Iteration
    # is started via #each, #map or #inject
    #
    def initialize(list, concurrency = 1)
      raise ArgumentError, 'argument must be enumerable' unless list.respond_to?(:to_enum)
      @enum = list.to_enum
      @concurrency = concurrency
 
      @started = false
      @ended = false
    end
 
    # Change the concurrency of this iterator. Workers will automatically be spawned or destroyed
    # to accomodate the new concurrency level.
    #
    def concurrency=(val)
      old = @concurrency
      @concurrency = val
 
      spawn_workers if val > old and @started and !@ended
    end
    attr_reader :concurrency
 
    # Iterate over a set of items using the specified block or proc.
    #
    #  EM::Iterator.new(1..100).each do |num, iter|
    #    puts num
    #    iter.next
    #  end
    #
    # An optional second proc is invoked after the iteration is complete.
    #
    #  EM::Iterator.new(1..100).each(
    #    proc{ |num,iter| iter.next },
    #    proc{ puts 'all done' }
    #  )
    #
    def each(foreach=nil, after=nil, &blk)
      raise ArgumentError, 'proc or block required for iteration' unless foreach ||= blk
      raise RuntimeError, 'cannot iterate over an iterator more than once' if @started or @ended
 
      @started = true
      @pending = 0
      @workers = 0
 
      all_done = proc{
        after.call if after and @ended and @pending == 0
      }
 
      @process_next = proc{
        unless @ended or @workers > @concurrency
          begin
            item = @enum.next
            @pending += 1
 
            is_done = false
            on_done = proc{
              raise RuntimeError, 'already completed this iteration' if is_done
              is_done = true
 
              @pending -= 1
 
              if @ended
                all_done.call
              else
                EM.next_tick(@process_next)
              end
            }
            class << on_done
              alias :next :call
            end
 
            foreach.call(item, on_done)
          rescue StopIteration
            @ended = true
            @workers -= 1
            all_done.call
          end
        else
          @workers -= 1
        end
      }
 
      spawn_workers
 
      self
    end
 
    # Collect the results of an asynchronous iteration into an array.
    #
    #  EM::Iterator.new(%w[ pwd uptime uname date ], 2).map(proc{ |cmd,iter|
    #    EM.system(cmd){ |output,status|
    #      iter.return(output)
    #    }
    #  }, proc{ |results|
    #    p results
    #  })
    #
    def map(foreach, after)
      index = 0
 
      inject([], proc{ |results,item,iter|
        i = index
        index += 1
 
        is_done = false
        on_done = proc{ |res|
          raise RuntimeError, 'already returned a value for this iteration' if is_done
          is_done = true
 
          results[i] = res
          iter.return(results)
        }
        class << on_done
          alias :return :call
          def next
            raise NoMethodError, 'must call #return on a map iterator'
          end
        end
 
        foreach.call(item, on_done)
      }, proc{ |results|
        after.call(results)
      })
    end
 
    # Inject the results of an asynchronous iteration onto a given object.
    #
    #  EM::Iterator.new(%w[ pwd uptime uname date ], 2).inject({}, proc{ |hash,cmd,iter|
    #    EM.system(cmd){ |output,status|
    #      hash[cmd] = status.exitstatus == 0 ? output.strip : nil
    #      iter.return(hash)
    #    }
    #  }, proc{ |results|
    #    p results
    #  })
    #
    def inject(obj, foreach, after)
      each(proc{ |item,iter|
        is_done = false
        on_done = proc{ |res|
          raise RuntimeError, 'already returned a value for this iteration' if is_done
          is_done = true
 
          obj = res
          iter.next
        }
        class << on_done
          alias :return :call
          def next
            raise NoMethodError, 'must call #return on an inject iterator'
          end
        end
 
        foreach.call(obj, item, on_done)
      }, proc{
        after.call(obj)
      })
    end
 
    private
 
    # Spawn workers to consume items from the iterator's enumerator based on the current concurrency level.
    #
    def spawn_workers
      EM.next_tick(start_worker = proc{
        if @workers < @concurrency
          @workers += 1
          @process_next.call
          EM.next_tick(start_worker)
        end
      })
      nil
    end
  end
end
 
if __FILE__ == $0
  $:.unshift File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..')
  require 'eventmachine'
 
  # TODO: real tests
  # TODO: pass in one object instead of two? .each{ |iter| puts iter.current; iter.next }
  # TODO: support iter.pause/resume/stop/break/continue?
  # TODO: create some exceptions instead of using RuntimeError
  # TODO: support proc instead of enumerable? EM::Iterator.new(proc{ return queue.pop })
 
  EM.run{
    EM::Iterator.new(1..50).each{ |num,iter| p num; iter.next }
 
    i = EM::Iterator.new(1..100, 5)
    i.each(proc{|num,iter|
      p num.to_s
      iter.next
    }, proc{
      p :done
    })
    EM.add_timer(0.03){
      i.concurrency = 1
    }
    EM.add_timer(0.04){
      i.concurrency = 3
    }
 
    EM::Iterator.new(100..150).map(proc{ |num,iter|
      EM.add_timer(0.01){ iter.return(num) }
    }, proc{ |results|
      p results
    })
 
    EM::Iterator.new(%w[ pwd uptime uname date ], 2).inject({}, proc{ |hash,cmd,iter|
      EM.system(cmd){ |output,status|
        hash[cmd] = status.exitstatus == 0 ? output.strip : nil
        iter.return(hash)
      }
    }, proc{ |results|
      p results
    })
  }
end