Outside the box

.block

license: apache-2.0
scrolling: yes
height: 900

arrows.js

// From http://www.redblobgames.com/x/1637-arrow-outside-the-box/ and http://simblob.blogspot.com/2016/10/outside-box.html
// Copyright 2016 Red Blob Games <redblobgames@gmail.com>
// License: Apache v2.0 <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html>


/* NOTE

   This code is a quick & dirty prototype of the idea, for a blog post.
   As of Oct 2016 I haven't tried to figure out the best way to make
   this reusable and modular.

*/
   
var shuffle = [22, 28, 26, 5, 7, 10, 16, 27, 9, 13, 18, 19, 17, 11, 23, 21, 15, 6, 20, 12, 25, 3, 29, 4, 14, 1, 24, 2, 0, 8];
var numCircles = shuffle.length;


/** Average of two numbers */
function avg(a, b) { return (a + b) / 2; }

/** Move 'end' to be at least minDistance away from 'start', in the same direction */
function projectMinDistance(start, end, minDistance) {
    var dist = Math.abs(end - start);
    var sign = end - start >= 0? 1 : -1;
    return start + Math.max(dist, minDistance) * sign;
}

function makeLotsOfCircles(svg) {
    for (var i = 0; i < numCircles; i++) {
        var row = Math.floor(shuffle[i] / 10), col = shuffle[i] % 10 + (row % 2) * 0.5;
        var g = svg.append('g')
            .attr('transform', 'translate(' + [60 + col * 36, 18 + row * 32] + ')');
        var color = d3.hsl(i/30*360, 0.3, 0.7);
        g.append('circle')
            .attr('id', "c-" + i)
            .attr('fill', color)
            .attr('stroke', "black")
            .attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
            .attr('stroke-opacity', 0.2)
            .attr('r', 15);
        g.append('text')
            .attr('dy', 5)
            .text(i);
    }
}


/** returns the midpoint of one of the four edges */
function getSideOfRect(rect, side) {
    switch (side) {
    case 'left': return {x: rect.left, y: avg(rect.top, rect.bottom)};
    case 'right': return {x: rect.right, y: avg(rect.top, rect.bottom)};
    case 'top': return {x: avg(rect.left, rect.right), y: rect.top};
    case 'bottom': return {x: avg(rect.left, rect.right), y: rect.bottom};
    }
    throw "Invalid side " + side;
}


function removeArrow(id, svg) {
    svg.select('#'+id)
        .interrupt()
        .transition()
        .attr('opacity', 0.3)
        .delay(500)
        .duration(500)
        .attr('opacity', 0.0)
        .remove();
}



function drawArrow(id, svg, source, sourceSide, target, targetSide) {
    var parentRect = svg.node().getBoundingClientRect();
    var sourceRect = source.node().getBoundingClientRect();
    var targetRect = target.node().getBoundingClientRect();

    /* By default browsers other than IE will clip to the svg bounding
     * box. For years I would set overflow: hidden just for IE. But I
     * wondered, what happened if I did the opposite in other
     * browsers? To my surprise, it worked! */
    var sourcePoint = getSideOfRect(sourceRect, sourceSide);
    var targetPoint = getSideOfRect(targetRect, targetSide);
    var minYDistance = Math.max(100, 0.15*Math.abs(sourcePoint.x, targetPoint.x));
    
    var arrow = svg.selectAll('#'+id).data([1]);
    arrow
        .enter()
        .append('path')
        .attr('id', id)
        .attr('class', 'arrow')
        .attr('opacity', 0.0)
        .merge(arrow)
        .attr('transform', "translate(" + [-parentRect.left, -parentRect.top] + ")")
        .attr('d', ['M',
                    sourcePoint.x, sourcePoint.y,
                    'C',
                    // NOTE: this geometry assumes arrows are
                    // primarily vertical; I've sketched out a better
                    // set of control points but am using this quick &
                    // dirty approach for this demo
                    sourcePoint.x, projectMinDistance(sourcePoint.y, avg(sourcePoint.y, targetPoint.y), minYDistance),
                    targetPoint.x, projectMinDistance(targetPoint.y, avg(targetPoint.y, sourcePoint.y), minYDistance),
                    targetPoint.x, targetPoint.y
                   ].join(" "))
        .interrupt()
        .transition()
        .duration(100)
        .attr('opacity', 0.7);
}


function makeLotsOfArrows() {
    var p = d3.select('#more-arrows');
    for (var i = 1; i < numCircles; i += 2) {
        (function (k) {
            var id = 'arrow-'+i;
            var anchor = p.append('cite')
                .style('margin-right', '1ex')
                .text(i)
                .on('mouseover touchstart', function() {
                    drawArrow(id, d3.select('#diagram'),
                              anchor, 'top',
                              d3.select('#c-'+k), 'bottom');
                    d3.event.preventDefault();
                })
                .on('mouseout touchend', function() {
                    removeArrow(id, d3.select('#diagram'));
                    d3.event.preventDefault();
                });
        })(i);
    }
}





makeLotsOfCircles(d3.select('#diagram'));
makeLotsOfArrows();


function addArrowFromAnchor(citeSelector, anchorSelector, anchorSide, targets) {
    function makeId(a, b) { return (a+'-'+b).replace(/[^-\w]/g, ''); }
    d3.select(citeSelector)
        .on('mouseover touchstart', function() {
            targets.forEach(function(target) {
                var targetSelector = target[0], targetSide = target[1];
                var id = makeId(targetSelector, citeSelector);
                drawArrow(id, d3.select('#diagram'),
                          d3.select(anchorSelector), anchorSide,
                          d3.select(targetSelector), targetSide);
                d3.select(targetSelector).classed('highlighted', true);
            });
        })
        .on('mouseout touchend', function() {
            targets.forEach(function(target) {
                var targetSelector = target[0];
                var id = makeId(targetSelector, citeSelector);
                removeArrow(id, d3.select('#diagram'));
                d3.select(targetSelector).classed('highlighted', false);
            });
        });
}

addArrowFromAnchor('#interact-arrow',
                   '#anchor-1', 'bottom',
                   [['#c-24', 'top']]);
addArrowFromAnchor('#interact-show-svg',
                   '#anchor-2', 'top',
                   [['#diagram', 'bottom']]);
addArrowFromAnchor('#interact-show-anchor',
                   '#anchor-3', 'top',
                   [['#anchor-1', 'bottom'], ['#anchor-2', 'right']]);

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Outside the box</title>
<script src="//d3js.org/d3.v4.min.js"></script>
<style>
    @import url("//bl.ocks.org/style.css");
    
    body { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 35em; }
    cite { border-bottom: 2px dotted blue; cursor: pointer; }
    #more-arrows, figcaption { text-align: center; }
    
    #diagram { border: 1px solid hsl(0,10%,80%); position: relative; z-index: 1; overflow: visible; }
    svg.highlighted, span.highlighted { outline: 2px dotted hsl(0,50%,50%); }
    .arrow { fill: none; stroke: hsl(0,50%,50%); stroke-width: 6.5; marker-end: url(#arrowhead); filter: url(#outline); }
    text { text-anchor: middle; }
</style>
<html>
  <p>
    (this is the draft page; I posted the final version here: <a href="http://simblob.blogspot.com/2016/10/outside-box.html">http://simblob.blogspot.com/2016/10/outside-box.html</a>)
  </p>
  
  <p>
    I write interactive explanations; I'm always looking for
    simpler ways to explain things.
  </p>

  <p>
    Think back to every technical paper you've read. The text connects
    to diagrams by using text such as "see figure 4". Maybe it's more
    specific and says "in figure 4 see circle 24". Maybe it's a
    hypertext link. However if I look at how I take notes on paper, I
    don't do that! I just <cite id="interact-arrow">draw an arrow</cite><span id="anchor-1"></span> to
    the thing I want to point to.
  </p>

  <figure>
    <svg id="diagram" width="450" height="100">
      <defs>
        <marker id="arrowhead" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="7" refY="5" markerUnits="strokeWidth" markerWidth="4" markerHeight="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="hsl(0,50%,50%)"/>
        </marker>
        <filter id="outline" x="-100%" y="-100%" width="300%" height="300%">
          <!-- filter size is overkill but I don't know how to make it 3 pixels wider than the natural size -->
          <feMorphology result="outline" in="SourceGraphic" operator="dilate" radius="1"/>
          <feColorMatrix type="matrix" in="outline" result="black-outline"
                         values="0 0 0 0 0  
                            0 0 0 0 0  
                            0 0 0 0 0  
                            0 0 0 1 0"/>
          <feBlend in="SourceGraphic" in2="black-outline" mode="normal"/>
        </filter>
      </defs>
    </svg>
    <figcaption>Figure 4. Sea of circles.</figcaption>
  </figure>

  <p id="more-arrows"></p>

  <p>
    From an early age we have <em>invisible boxes</em> around text and
    diagrams, keeping them apart. It doesn't have to be this way.
    Pointing is the simplest way to direct attention to something. Why
    don't we do it more? I don't know, but these are the kinds of
    things I'm exploring on the web.
  </p>

  <p>
    How did I implement this? The first guess would be that I'm using
    a giant SVG overlay that covers the area between the pointer and
    the target. I'm not! <span id="anchor-2"></span><cite id="interact-show-svg">That's
    the only SVG element</cite> on the page. What's the trick? By default, the <code>overflow</code> for an SVG element is set to <code>hidden</code>; in some versions of IE it was <code>visible</code> and
    I had to set it back to hidden. That keeps the content inside its
    bounding box. But the IE situation made me wonder — if I set it to <code>visible</code>,
    what happens? It turns out you can draw outside the box! This
    seems to work across the browsers I've tried. 
  </p>

  <p>
    The second thing I need to do is construct an arrow path. The
    source and target of the arrow may be in different SVG elements,
    or they might not be SVG at all. For this page I use
    <cite id="interact-show-anchor">an invisible span</cite><span id="anchor-3"></span>
    in the text as the anchor. I use <code>getBoundingClientRect()</code> to
    get the coordinates on the page. Then I pick the midpoint of one
    side of the rectangle as the arrow source or target. I need to
    translate all the coordinates into the coordinate space of the SVG
    I'm drawing into.
  </p>

  <p>
    For this demo I hard-coded the size, curvature, and directions of
    the arrows. I don't adjust them when the page is resized. For a
    reusable library, I think it'd be cleaner to have one svg per
    arrow anchor.
  </p>
  

  <script src="arrows.js"></script>
</html>