あまり知られていないPythonの言語仕様（Python3.4以降対応） ref: http://qiita.com/yubessy/items/bfcce577e2266ce86641

file0.txt

>>> c1 = 1 + 1j
>>> c2 = 1 - 2j
>>> c1 + c2
(2-1j)
>>> c1 * c2
(3-1j)
>>> c1 / c2
(-0.2+0.6j)

file1.txt

>>> a = range(3)
>>> b = range(4)
>>> [x + y for x in a for y in b]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 5]

file10.txt

>>> def singleton(cls):
...   instances = {}
...   def getinstance(*args, **kwargs):
...     if cls not in instances:
...         instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kwargs)
...     return instances[cls]
...   return getinstance
...
>>> @singleton
... class C(object):
...   pass
...
>>> c1 = C()
>>> c2 = C()
>>> c1 is c2
True

file11.txt

>>> def g():
...     yield from range(5)
...     yield from range(5, 10)
...
>>> [i for i in g()]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

file12.txt

>>> try:
...     raise Exception('e1') from Exception('e2')
... except Exception as e:
...     print(e.__cause__)
...
e2

file2.txt

>>> a = list(range(20))
>>> a[::2]
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

file3.txt

>>> a = range(10)
>>> b = a
>>> b
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> b is a # bとaは同一のオブジェクト
True
>>> c = a[:]
>>> c
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> c is a # bとaは別個のオブジェクト
False

file4.txt

>>> ...
Ellipsis
>>> bool(...)
True

file5.txt

>>> def f(a, *, b):
...     pass
...
>>> f(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'b'
>>> f(1,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given
>>> f(1,b=2)
>>>

file6.txt

>>> def f(x : int, y : int) -> int:
...     return x + y
...
>>> f(2, 3)
5
>>> f('hoge', 'fuga') # エラーにはならない
'hogefuga'

file7.txt

>>> def f():
...     global a
...     a = 1
...
>>> a # ここではaは未定義
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'a' is not defined
>>> f() # fの呼び出しによりグローバル変数aが定義される
>>> a
1

file8.txt

>>> def make_counter():
...     count = 0
...
...     def counter():
...         nonlocal count
...         count += 1
...         return count
...
...     return counter
...
>>> c = make_counter()
>>> c(), c(), c()
(1, 2, 3)

file9.txt

>>> def greet(before, after):
...      def decorator(func):
...          def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
...              print(before)
...              func(*args, **kwargs)
...              print(after)
...          return wrapper
...      return decorator
...
>>> @greet('Hi.', 'Bye.')
... def introduce(name):
...     print('I am ' + name + '.')
...
>>> introduce('yubessy')
Hi.
I am yubessy.
Bye.