lstlisting の新しい環境を定義する \lstnewenvironment ref: http://qiita.com/items/a971b925fc6526d324c1

bad-newenvironment-lstlisting.tex

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstset{language=C++}
\newenvironment{C++}{\begin{lstlisting}}{\end{lstlisting}}
\begin{document}

\begin{C++}
#include <iostream>

int main () {
  std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}
\end{C++}

\end{document}

file1.txt

% platex bad-newenvironment-lstlisting.tex
This is pTeXk, Version 3.141592-p3.1.11 (euc) (Web2C 7.5.4)
 %&-line parsing enabled.
(./bad-newenvironment-lstlisting.tex
pLaTeX2e <2006/11/10>+0 (based on LaTeX2e <2009/09/24> patch level 0)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/listings/listings.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/keyval.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/listings/lstmisc.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/listings/listings.cfg))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/listings/lstlang1.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/listings/lstlang1.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/listings/lstmisc.sty)
No file bad-newenvironment-lstlisting.aux.
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/omlcmr.fd)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/omscmr.fd))
*

lstnewenvironment.tex

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstnewenvironment{C++}
  {\lstset{language=C++}}
  {}
\begin{document}


\begin{C++}
#include <iostream>

int main () {
  std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}
\end{C++}

\end{document}