exclude-password-protected-pages.php

<?php
// get_pages
$pages = get_pages( [
  'child_of' => $id,
  //'sort_column' => 'rand',
  'sort_column' => 'menu_order',
  'post_status' => 'publish,draft',
] );

// WP_Query
$pages_query = new WP_Query( [
  'post_type' => 'page',
  'post_parent' => $id,
  //'orderby' => 'rand',
  'orderby' => 'menu_order',
  'order' => 'ASC',
  'post_status' => 'publish,draft',
  'posts_per_page' => -1,
  'has_password' => false,
] );

$pages_query_array = [];
while( $pages_query->have_posts() ):
  $pages_query->the_post();
  array_push( $pages_query_array, get_post( get_the_ID() ) );
endwhile;
wp_reset_postdata();