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A implementation of RSA public key encryption algorithms in python, this implementation is for educational purpose, and is not intended for real world use. Hope any one want to do computation like (a^b mode n) effectively find it useful.
#!/usr/bin/env python
import argparse
import copy
import math
import pickle
import random
from itertools import combinations
def euclid(a, b):
"""returns the Greatest Common Divisor of a and b"""
a = abs(a)
b = abs(b)
if a < b:
a, b = b, a
while b != 0:
a, b = b, a % b
return a
def coPrime(l):
"""returns 'True' if the values in the list L are all co-prime
otherwise, it returns 'False'. """
for i, j in combinations(l, 2):
if euclid(i, j) != 1:
return False
return True
def extendedEuclid(a, b):
"""return a tuple of three values: x, y and z, such that x is
the GCD of a and b, and x = y * a + z * b"""
if a == 0:
return b, 0, 1
else:
g, y, x = extendedEuclid(b % a, a)
return g, x - (b // a) * y, y
def modInv(a, m):
"""returns the multiplicative inverse of a in modulo m as a
positive value between zero and m-1"""
# notice that a and m need to co-prime to each other.
if coPrime([a, m]):
linearCombination = extendedEuclid(a, m)
return linearCombination[1] % m
else:
return 0
def extractTwos(m):
"""m is a positive integer. A tuple (s, d) of integers is returned
such that m = (2 ** s) * d."""
# the problem can be break down to count how many '0's are there in
# the end of bin(m). This can be done this way: m & a stretch of '1's
# which can be represent as (2 ** n) - 1.
assert m >= 0
i = 0
while m & (2 ** i) == 0:
i += 1
return i, m >> i
def int2baseTwo(x):
"""x is a positive integer. Convert it to base two as a list of integers
in reverse order as a list."""
# repeating x >>= 1 and x & 1 will do the trick
assert x >= 0
bitInverse = []
while x != 0:
bitInverse.append(x & 1)
x >>= 1
return bitInverse
def modExp(a, d, n):
"""returns a ** d (mod n)"""
assert d >= 0
assert n >= 0
base2D = int2baseTwo(d)
base2DLength = len(base2D)
modArray = []
result = 1
for i in range(1, base2DLength + 1):
if i == 1:
modArray.append(a % n)
else:
modArray.append((modArray[i - 2] ** 2) % n)
for i in range(0, base2DLength):
if base2D[i] == 1:
result *= base2D[i] * modArray[i]
return result % n
def millerRabin(n, k):
"""
Miller Rabin pseudo-prime test
return True means likely a prime, (how sure about that, depending on k)
return False means definitely a composite.
Raise assertion error when n, k are not positive integers
and n is not 1
"""
assert n >= 1
# ensure n is bigger than 1
assert k > 0
# ensure k is a positive integer so everything down here makes sense
if n == 2:
return True
# make sure to return True if n == 2
if n % 2 == 0:
return False
# immediately return False for all the even numbers bigger than 2
extract2 = extractTwos(n - 1)
s = extract2[0]
d = extract2[1]
assert 2 ** s * d == n - 1
def tryComposite(a):
"""Inner function which will inspect whether a given witness
will reveal the true identity of n. Will only be called within
millerRabin"""
x = modExp(a, d, n)
if x == 1 or x == n - 1:
return None
else:
for j in range(1, s):
x = modExp(x, 2, n)
if x == 1:
return False
elif x == n - 1:
return None
return False
for i in range(0, k):
a = random.randint(2, n - 2)
if tryComposite(a) == False:
return False
return True # actually, we should return probably true.
def primeSieve(k):
"""return a list with length k + 1, showing if list[i] == 1, i is a prime
else if list[i] == 0, i is a composite, if list[i] == -1, not defined"""
def isPrime(n):
"""return True is given number n is absolutely prime,
return False is otherwise."""
for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True
result = [-1] * (k + 1)
for i in range(2, int(k + 1)):
if isPrime(i):
result[i] = 1
else:
result[i] = 0
return result
def findAPrime(a, b, k):
"""Return a pseudo prime number roughly between a and b,
(could be larger than b). Raise ValueError if cannot find a
pseudo prime after 10 * ln(x) + 3 tries. """
x = random.randint(a, b)
for i in range(0, int(10 * math.log(x) + 3)):
if millerRabin(x, k):
return x
else:
x += 1
raise ValueError
def newKey(a, b, k):
""" Try to find two large pseudo primes roughly between a and b.
Generate public and private keys for RSA encryption.
Raises ValueError if it fails to find one"""
try:
p = findAPrime(a, b, k)
while True:
q = findAPrime(a, b, k)
if q != p:
break
except:
raise ValueError
n = p * q
m = (p - 1) * (q - 1)
while True:
e = random.randint(1, m)
if coPrime([e, m]):
break
d = modInv(e, m)
return (n, e, d)
def string2numList(strn):
"""Converts a string to a list of integers based on ASCII values"""
return [ ord(chars) for chars in pickle.dumps(strn) ]
def numList2string(l):
"""Converts a list of integers to a string based on ASCII values"""
return pickle.loads(''.join(map(chr, l)))
def numList2blocks(l, n):
"""Take a list of integers(each between 0 and 127), and combines them
into block size n using base 256. If len(L) % n != 0, use some random
junk to fill L to make it."""
# Note that ASCII printable characters range is 0x20 - 0x7E
returnList = []
toProcess = copy.copy(l)
if len(toProcess) % n != 0:
for i in range(0, n - len(toProcess) % n):
toProcess.append(random.randint(32, 126))
for i in range(0, len(toProcess), n):
block = 0
for j in range(0, n):
block += toProcess[i + j] << (8 * (n - j - 1))
returnList.append(block)
return returnList
def blocks2numList(blocks, n):
"""inverse function of numList2blocks."""
toProcess = copy.copy(blocks)
returnList = []
for numBlock in toProcess:
inner = []
for i in range(0, n):
inner.append(numBlock % 256)
numBlock >>= 8
inner.reverse()
returnList.extend(inner)
return returnList
def encrypt(message, modN, e, blockSize):
"""given a string message, public keys and blockSize, encrypt using
RSA algorithms."""
numList = string2numList(message)
numBlocks = numList2blocks(numList, blockSize)
return [modExp(blocks, e, modN) for blocks in numBlocks]
def decrypt(secret, modN, d, blockSize):
"""reverse function of encrypt"""
numBlocks = [modExp(blocks, d, modN) for blocks in secret]
numList = blocks2numList(numBlocks, blockSize)
return numList2string(numList)
def block_size(val):
try:
v = int(val)
assert(v >= 10 and v <= 1000)
except:
raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError("{} is not a valid block size".format(val))
return val
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
group.add_argument("-m", "--message", help="Text message to encrypt")
group.add_argument("-f", "--file", type=file, help="Text file to encrypt")
parser.add_argument("-b", "--block-size", type=block_size, default=15,
help="Block size to break message info smaller trunks")
args = parser.parse_args()
print """
------------------------------------------------------
This program is intended for the purpose pedagogy only
------------------------------------------------------
"""
n, e, d = newKey(10 ** 100, 10 ** 101, 50)
if args.message is not None:
message = args.message
else:
print args.file
try:
message = args.file.read()
finally:
args.file.close()
print "original message is {}".format(message)
print "-"*80
cipher = encrypt(message, n, e, 15)
print "cipher text is {}".format(cipher)
print "-"*80
deciphered = decrypt(cipher, n, d, 15)
print "decrypted message is {}".format(deciphered)
@avalonalex
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Author

(1) address @sadmicrowave 's concern.
(2) better user interaction

@tomtyiu
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tomtyiu commented Jul 14, 2015

Can I use it for encrypted virus scan purpose? It will not be for real world use.

@AlexGoodwin
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thanks for this- very helpful from an academic standpoint!

@Magibela
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i couldnt get my program running, the were lot of errrors and i was using python 3.3.... are there any libraries i need to add to this code for it to work?

@stuaxo
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stuaxo commented Oct 11, 2016

@Magibela start by adding brackets to the print statements + add a from __future__ import print_function to the top of the code.

If there are still errors post them, it usually takes a little work to port scripts from python2 to python3

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