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% Created 2021-03-18 Prş 10:40 |
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\author{Göktuğ Kayaalp} |
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\date{\today} |
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\title{Natural Classes\\\medskip |
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\large From Gussenhoven\&Jacobs 2016} |
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\hypersetup{ |
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pdfauthor={Göktuğ Kayaalp}, |
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pdftitle={Natural Classes}, |
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pdfkeywords={}, |
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pdfsubject={}, |
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pdfcreator={Emacs 28.0.50 (Org mode 9.4.4)}, |
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pdflang={English}} |
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\begin{document} |
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\maketitle |
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\setromanfont[% |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item \textbf{Laryngeals} \uline{only} have \textbf{major-class} feature specifications, |
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they aren’t specified for manner or for place features. |
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\item p. 68: «(The term ‘lateral’ is used for any l-type sounds, while the |
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term ‘rhotic’ refers to any r-type sound; laterals and rhotics are |
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often referred to as \textbf{liquids}.)» |
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\item[{major-class features}] (where [-feature] is omitted, it means |
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"rest is [-feature]") |
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\begin{description} |
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\item[{[±consonantal] = [±cons]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+cons]}] plosives, affricates, fricatives, nasals, laterals, [r] |
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\item[{[-cons]}] vowels, glides, laryngeals |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±sonorant] = [±son]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+son]}] vowels, glides, liquids, nasals |
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\item[{[-son]}] obstruents = plosives, affricates, fricatives, laryngeals |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±approximant] = [±approx]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+approx]}] vowels, non-nasal sonorants (glides, liquids) |
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\item[{[-approx]}] nasals, obstruents |
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\end{description} |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{laryngeal features}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[±voice]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+voice]}] sonorants and voiced obstruents |
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\item[{[-voice]}] voiceless obstruents |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±spread glottis] = [±spread]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+spread]}] aspirated segments and [h ɦ] |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±constricted glottis] = [±constr]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+constr]}] [ʔ], laryngealised sonorants, glottalised |
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obstruents, implosives |
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\end{description} |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{manner features}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[±continuant] = [±cont]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+cont]}] plosives, nasal consonants, affricates, laterals |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±nasal] = [±nas]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+nas]}] nasalised vowels and nasal consonants |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±strident]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+strident]}] obstruents with noisier frication, affricates |
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(controversial) |
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\item[{[-strident]}] other obstruents |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±lateral] = [±lat]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+lateral]}] l-type sounds |
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\end{description} |
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\end{description} |
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\item \textbf{[l]} is ambiguous with regards to \textbf{[±cont]} |
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\item[{place features}] (where [-feature] is omitted, it means "rest is |
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[-feature]") |
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\begin{description} |
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\item[{[labial]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[±round]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+round]}] has lip rounding (round vowels, labialised |
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consonants) |
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\end{description} |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[coronal]}] [θ \textasciitilde{} j] |
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\begin{description} |
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\item[{[±anterior] = [±ant]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+ant]}] the crown articulates with alveolar ridge or |
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somewhere further forward |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±distributed] = [±distr]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+distr]}] produced with a constriction extending for a |
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relatively great distance along the vocal tract, e.g. [ʃ, ʧ, |
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ʒ, θ, ð]. |
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\end{description} |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[dorsal]}] bunched dorsum velars, fronted velars, uvulars, |
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vowels. sub-features of [dorsal] are termed \emph{tongue body features}. |
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\begin{description} |
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\item[{[±high]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+high]}] dorsum raised close to the roof of the mouth |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±low]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+low]}] bunched dorsum low in the mouth |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±back]}] \begin{description} |
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\item[{[+back]}] bunched dorsum positioned in the centre or further |
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back: velar and uvular consonants, centre and back vowels |
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\item[{[-back]}] fronted velars and front vowels |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±tense]}] [+tense] vowels are produced with a more peripheral |
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and somewhat closer tongue position that [-tense] ones; only |
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relevant if the language distinguishes between tense/lax vowels |
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\begin{description} |
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\item[{[+tense]}] [i e a o u\ldots{}] |
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\item[{[-tense]}] [ɪ ɛ ɑ ɔ ʊ\ldots{}] |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±Advanced Tongue Root] = [±ATR]}] similar to [+tense] |
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\begin{description} |
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\item[{[+ATR]}] forward position of tongue body, enlarging the pharynx |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[±Retracted Tongue Root] = [±RTR]}] similar to [-tense] |
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\begin{description} |
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\item[{[+RTR]}] retraction and lowering of tongue body, narrowing |
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the pharynx |
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\end{description} |
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\end{description} |
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\item[{[radical] = [pharyngeal]}] articulated with the root of the |
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tongue |
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\end{description} |
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\end{itemize} |
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\end{document} |