launch.json

{
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "name": "{your project}",
            "type": "coreclr",
            "request": "launch",
            "cwd": "/app",
            "program": "/app/{your project dll}.dll",
            "sourceFileMap": {
                "/app": "${workspaceRoot}/src/{your project}"
            },
            "pipeTransport": {
                "pipeProgram": "/bin/bash",
                "debuggerPath": "/vsdbg/vsdbg",
                "pipeCwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
                "pipeArgs": [
                    "-c",
                    "docker exec -i {your docker container} /vsdbg/vsdbg --interpreter=vscode"
                ],
                "windows": {
                    "pipeProgram": "${env:windir}/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0/powershell.exe",
                    "pipeCwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
                    "pipeArgs": [
                        "-c",
                        "docker exec -i {your docker container}"
                    ]
                }
            }
        }
    ]
}

settings.json

// Place your settings in this file to overwrite default and user settings.
{
    "files.associations": {
        "*.dockerfile.*": "dockerfile"
    },
    "files.exclude": {
        "**/.git": true,
        "**/.svn": true,
        "**/.hg": true,
        "**/.DS_Store": true,
        "**/obj": true,
        "**/bin": true
    }
}

tasks.json

{
    // See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558
    // for the documentation about the tasks.json format
    "version": "0.1.0",
    "command": "dotnet",
    "isShellCommand": true,
    "args": [],
    "tasks": [
        {
            "taskName": "publish",
            "args": [
                "${workspaceRoot}/{your solution}.sln", "-c", "Debug", "-o", "bin/PublishOutput"
            ],
            "isBuildCommand": true,
            "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
        }
    ]
}