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Isolation Forests
license: MIT
height: 760
scrolling: no
border: yes
// https://d3js.org v5.7.0 Copyright 2018 Mike Bostock
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset='UTF-8'>
<style>
* {
font-family: courier;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.container {
text-align: center;
margin: 20px;
}
.iterations {
margin: 10px;
}
input {
position: relative;
top: 5px;
}
line {
stroke: rgb(196, 222, 196);
}
line.last-line {
opacity: 1;
stroke: green;
}
text {
font-size: 9px;
}
p {
text-align: left;
margin-top: 30px;
font-family: serif;
}
.speed-container {
opacity: 0.3;
}
button {
padding: 5px;
background: #efefef;
border: none;
font-size: 13px;
cursor: pointer;
}
button.active {
background: #088000;
color: #fff;
}
#reset {
margin-left: 100px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class='container'>
<div class='controls'>
<button id='play'>play</button>
<button id='pause' class='active'>pause</button>
<button id='step'>step</button>
<button id='reset'>reset</button>
</div>
<div class='iterations'>
<span>Iterations: </span>
<span id='iteration'>0</span>
</div>
<div id='target'>
<svg style='height: 500px; width: 500px'></svg>
</div>
<div id='speed-container'>
<label>Speed</label>
<input type='range' id='speed' name='speed' min='0' max='1000' value='0' />
</div>
<p>
An <a href='https://cs.nju.edu.cn/zhouzh/zhouzh.files/publication/icdm08b.pdf'>Isolation Forest</a> identifies outliers in a dataset by randomly dividing a space until each point is isolated from each other. By repeating this proceedure several times, the Isolation Forest identifies points that are quickly isolated from other points as outliers. The illustration above attempts to illustrate the method by which these outliers are quickly identified. Isolated points are colored and labelled with the iteration on which they were isolated. If you repeat the procedure several times, you'll see the outlier is consistently isolated very quickly, which allows the Isolation Forest to identify the point as an outlier.
</p>
</div>
</body>
<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/5.7.0/d3.min.js'></script>
<script>
// global config
var w = 500,
h = 500,
m = 15,
total = 100,
dampen = 6.5,
centers = [[0.0, 0.0],[1.0, 1.0]],
outliers = [[0.0, 1.0],[0.5, 0.5],[1.0, 0.0]];
// state
var iter = 0,
groups = [],
controls = 'pause',
timeout = null;
// svg on which all data is painted
var svg = d3.select('#target').select('svg');
// create / find elements
var lineElems = svg.append('g').attr('class', 'lines'),
pointElems = svg.append('g').attr('class', 'points'),
textElems = svg.append('g').attr('class', 'texts'),
speedElem = document.querySelector('#speed'),
iterElem = document.querySelector('#iteration'),
container = document.querySelector('.container'),
speedCElem = document.querySelector('#speed-container'),
playElem = d3.select('#play'),
pauseElem = d3.select('#pause'),
stepElem = d3.select('#step'),
resetElem = d3.select('#reset');
// get points and initialize groups as single unit
var points = getPoints();
groups = [points];
// get the data domains
var xDomain = d3.extent(points, function(d) { return d.x; }),
yDomain = d3.extent(points, function(d) { return d.y; });
// get the color scale with which to color points
var colorDomain = [1, 100];
var colors = function(val) {
return d3.interpolateRdYlGn(val / colorDomain[1])
}
// x axis scale
var x = d3.scaleLinear()
.domain(xDomain)
.range([2*m, w-(2*m)])
// y axis scale
var y = d3.scaleLinear()
.domain(yDomain)
.range([2*m, h-(2*m)])
function initialize() {
resetState();
// draw each of the points
pointElems.selectAll('point').data(points).enter()
.append('circle')
.attr('cx', function(d) { return x(d.x) })
.attr('cy', function(d) { return y(d.y) })
.attr('id', function(d) { return d.id })
.attr('r', 3)
.attr('fill', '#aaa')
// label the outlier
textElems.selectAll('.outlier-label').data(outliers).enter()
.append('text')
.attr('class', 'outlier-label')
.attr('x', function(d) { return x(d[0]) + 5})
.attr('y', function(d) { return y(d[1]) + 8})
.text('outlier')
.style('font-size', '12px')
}
// draw a new line and further divide the points
function drawLine(obj) {
iterElem.innerHTML = ++iter;
// change the color of the last line
d3.select('.last-line').classed('last-line', false);
// use line position args in obj if available, else get random coords
obj = obj || {};
var lineX = x(obj.x) || x(getLinePosition('x')),
lineY = y(obj.y) || y(getLinePosition('y')),
xMax = x(xDomain[1]),
yMax = y(yDomain[1]),
orientation = obj.orientation
? obj.orientation
: Math.random() > 0.5 ? 'v' : 'h';
lineElems.append('line')
.attr('class', 'last-line')
.attr('x1', function(d) { return orientation == 'h' ? 0 : lineX })
.attr('x2', function(d) { return orientation == 'h' ? xMax : lineX })
.attr('y1', function(d) { return orientation == 'v' ? 0 : lineY })
.attr('y2', function(d) { return orientation == 'v' ? yMax : lineY })
// check if this line separates points into further groups
var replacements = [];
for (var i=0; i<groups.length; i++) {
var above = [],
below = [];
for (var j=0; j<groups[i].length; j++) {
var point = groups[i][j];
// origin is top-left...
orientation == 'v'
? x(point.x) >= lineX ? above.push(point) : below.push(point)
: y(point.y) <= lineY ? above.push(point) : below.push(point)
}
// if this line split the group, delete the group and add the split groups
if (above.length && below.length) {
replacements.push({ groupIdx: i, above: above, below: below })
}
}
// remove all split groups in decreasing order to remove from end of
// groups array before removing from beginning of groups array
var sorted = replacements.sort(function(a, b) {
return b.groupIdx - a.groupIdx;
})
for (var i=0; i<sorted.length; i++) {
var removed = groups.splice(sorted[i].groupIdx, 1);
groups.push(sorted[i].above);
groups.push(sorted[i].below);
// if one of the groups contains only one element, style the point
// to indicate the point has been isolated
['above', 'below'].forEach(function(attr) {
var group = sorted[i][attr];
if (group.length === 1) {
d3.select('#' + group[0].id).style('fill', function() {
return iter < colorDomain[0]
? colors(colorDomain[0])
: colors(Math.min(colorDomain[1], iter))
})
textElems.append('text')
.attr('x', x(group[0].x) + 3)
.attr('y', y(group[0].y) - 3)
.text(iter)
}
})
}
// draw another line if there are non-isolated points
if (groups.length != total + outliers.length) {
if (controls == 'play') {
timeout = setTimeout(drawLine, 1000 - parseInt(speedElem.value))
}
// we're done!
} else {
d3.selectAll('button').style('opacity', 0);
d3.select('#reset').style('opacity', 1);
deactivateButtons();
}
}
// helper to generate fake data
function getPoints() {
var points = [];
// build up the points array
for (var i=0; i<centers.length; i++) {
for (var j=0; j<total/centers.length; j++) {
points.push({
x: centers[i][0] + (Math.random() - Math.random()) / dampen,
y: centers[i][1] + (Math.random() - Math.random()) / dampen,
group: i,
id: 'point-' + i + '-' + j,
})
}
}
// add an outlier
for (var i=0; i<outliers.length; i++) {
points.push({
x: outliers[i][0],
y: outliers[i][1],
id: 'outlier-' + i,
group: 2,
})
}
return points;
}
// find the min, max values of all non-isolated points within the
// `dim` dimension, and return a random value within that domain
function getLinePosition(dim) {
var min = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
max = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
for (var i=0; i<groups.length; i++) {
for (var j=0; j<groups[i].length; j++) {
var point = groups[i][j];
if (point[dim] < min) min = point[dim];
if (point[dim] > max) max = point[dim];
}
}
return (Math.random() * (max-min)) + min;
}
// reset all state to prepare for new iteration
function resetState() {
if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);
// remove elems
pointElems.selectAll('circle').remove();
textElems.selectAll('text').remove();
lineElems.selectAll('line').remove();
// reset iterations
iter = 0;
iterElem.innerHTML = iter;
// get and store the points & create one group with all points
points = window.points || getPoints();
window.points = points;
groups = [points];
// reset button state
d3.selectAll('button').style('opacity', 1);
deactivateButtons();
controls = 'pause';
}
// deactivate all button classes
function deactivateButtons() {
d3.selectAll('button').classed('active', false)
}
/**
* Controls Event Listeners
**/
playElem.on('click', function() {
deactivateButtons();
speedCElem.style.opacity = 1;
playElem.classed('active', true);
controls = 'play';
drawLine();
})
stepElem.on('click', function() {
deactivateButtons();
speedCElem.style.opacity = 0.3;
stepElem.classed('active', true);
controls = 'step';
drawLine();
setTimeout(function() {
deactivateButtons();
pauseElem.classed('active', true);
}, 100);
})
pauseElem.on('click', function() {
deactivateButtons();
speedCElem.style.opacity = 0.3;
pauseElem.classed('active', true);
controls = 'pause';
})
resetElem.on('click', initialize)
// main
initialize();
</script>
</html>
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