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README.txt
nweb README for version 23
1) Bug fixed - was duplicating errors in the nweb.log file
- thanks to Kieran Grant for stopping this and pointing out the fix.
2) Added support for favicon.ico - if nothing elase this will stop annoying
errors in the log file. Most browsers on first encountering a webpage
also ask for this file. The name mean favourite icon - Wikipedia has
more on this. It is a tiny Bit Map image (normally called .bmp and
BMP editors can be used to create one - I used Windows Paint)
I uses a very simple 16x16 pixels and 256 colour to keep the size and
complexity down.
To add support I added .ico file extension to the allowed extensions
data structure and the sample favicon.ico file.
This is then displyed by the browser at the little graphic next to
the URL. The one I made looks like this withe blue background.
+---+
|n |
|Web|
+---+
3) As 1) removed a few lines, I managed to add 2) and still stay at 200 lines.
The code:
nweb23.c -- the source code version 23
client.c -- sample client end source code
nweb executable files for:
AIX 6.1 TL7 fnd AIX 7 TL1 POWER
Ubuntu 12.4 for x86_64 Intel/AMD 64 bit
Ubuntu 12.4 for x86_32 Intel/AMD 32 bit
Fedora 17 Linux for x86_64 Intel/AMD 64 bit
OpenSUSE 12.1 for x86_64 Intel/AMD 64 bit
Red Hat RHEL 6.3 for x86_64 Intel/AMD 64 bit
SUSE SLES 11 for x86_64 Intel/AMD 64 bit
Debian Squeeze for ARM on Raspberry Pi
Minimum test website
index.html -- test very bascis web page
nigel.jpg -- test image file
favicon.ico -- the favourite icon bit map file
-----------------
nweb README for version 22
The nweb download file includes:
README -- this file
This file contains lots of hints & tips on compiling and running the nweb code
nweb22.c
========
The 22 is the version number.
nweb stands for Nigel's Web server but I some times call it a nano
web server (i.e. very small).
This nweb is a web server that will respond to simple web browser
requests for static files.
This version is exactly 200 lines long.
I started with a target 100 lines and it worked fine too but then
added comments, file type checks,
security checks, sensible directory checks and logging.
To compile this you need a basic C compiler use: cc nweb22.c -o nweb
If you want it to run faster you could include optimisation:
cc -O2 nweb22.c -o nweb
Then to run it as root for the test files:
1) Place the index.html file and nigel.jpg in to a sensible directory
Note: not any system directories like / or /tmp
A director in /home would be a good idea - below we use /home/nigel/web
2) Make these files readable
chmod ugo+r /home/nigel/web
3) Decide the port number
Port number 80 is the web server default and assumed by web browsers.
you might have to be the root user to use that port number.
If the machine is already running a web server then it will
probably be using port 80 so you can't us 80.
I test using port 8181 but you have to make up your mind.
4) Start the nweb server: /home/nigel/bin/nweb 80 /home/nigel/web
or if using 8181 /home/nigel/bin/nweb 8181 /home/nigel/web
If the program and files are all in /home/nigel/all
You could use:
cd /home/nigel/all
rm -f nweb.log
./nweb 80 .
ps -ef | grep nweb
tail -f nweb.log
See below for explanations for the rm, ps and tail
5) Note that any suitable files in the directory 2nd argument above
could be served by the nmon web server - so don't have anything secret
in that directory!
6) Use a browser to test it if using port 80 on a machine hostname
of abc123.com browser to:
http://abc123.com/index.html
If using port 8181
http://abc123.com:8181/index.html
7) Running nweb as a regualr user
You can run nweb as a regular user on some operating systems but not all.
I find using sudo works on some:
sudo /home/nigel/bin/nweb 80 /home/nigel/web
If you try and the log file reports socect connections errors worth
trying the 8181 port or higher numbers. This is because
lower port numbers are reserved for root user use.
8) VERY IMPORTANT
nweb will behave like a daemon process, so it disconnects from the
users command shell, goes into the back ground, closes input and
output I/O & protects itself from you logging off.
It will look like it stopped, when it is in fact still running in
the background - check with ps -ef | grep nweb
Also note you will not see errors or warnings messages
- they go in the log file.
Look in the nweb.log file for problems starting up or browsers connecting
and requesting pages with: cat nweb.log
or: tail -f nweb.log
I find it good to remove the nweb.log before I start nweb or it is easy to get confused with previous error messages in the log.
9) As nweb runs as a daemon process it will try to run forever and not
conntected to your user or terminal session. Logging out will not
effect it. To stop nweb you have to stop it by a KILL signal.
Find the nweb process with: ps -ef | grep nweb
Then use: kill -9 PID
to stop the nweb process.
10) nweb.log Log file - what to look for
Good example
Here is an edited down sample nweb.log file.
Note the first line = "starting" looks good as there is no following error.
----
INFO: nweb starting:8181:8913126
INFO: request:GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 [[1KB of deleted request stuff here]]:2
INFO: SEND:index.html:2
INFO: Header:HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nweb/21.0
Content-Length: 239
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
INFO: request:GET /nigel.jpg HTTP/1.1 [[1KB of deleted request stuff here]]:3
INFO: SEND:nigel.jpg:3
INFO: Header:HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nweb/21.0
Content-Length: 10184
Connection: close
Content-Type: image/jpg
----
Bad example
A failure to start due to the port number is not aallowed or in use looks like:
INFO: nweb starting:80:8323296
ERROR: system call:bind Errno=13 exiting pid=8323296
----
client.c
========
This client.c program is designed to fake being a web browser.
It sends the expected requests to the web server over a network
socket connection and displays the results as text rather than
graphically displaying the results. In the code you will have to
change the two lines as below to match your web server or nweb server.
/* YOU WILL HAVE TO CHANGE THESE TWO LINES TO MATCH YOUR CONFIG */
#define PORT 8181 /* Port number as an integer - web server default is 80 */
#define IP_ADDRESS "192.168.0.8" /* IP Address as a string */
The default is to request the /index.html from the web server.
If you want to request another file then change the GET line as below:
char *command = "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0 \r\n\r\n" ;
To, for example:
char *command = "GET /nigel.jpg HTTP/1.0 \r\n\r\n" ;
Then compile the program with: cc client.c -o client
I save the output in to a file as putting a non-test file like .jpg to the
terminal screen can cause chaos: client >output
Then edit the output file: vi output
In real life, the interaction of web browser and web server can be
much more complex.
1) The web browser can tell the web server about its name, version
and capabilities.
2) The web server can send complex file types line JavaScript or Java
programs or other active components.
3) They can maintain a longer connection over the socket for efficiency.
4) Below is an example of my Firefox brower requesting an index.html file.
I have added newline characters to make it readable - it is 1300 bytes long!
I have no idea what most of it is about.
You will have to read the The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at
http://www.w3.org for all the details.
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1**Host: myserver.home.com:80**User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
(W indows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-GB; rv:1.9.2.28) Gecko/20120306 Firefox/3.6.28
(.NET CLR 3.5.30729)**Ac cept: image/png,image/*;q=0.8,*/*;q=0.5**Accept-Language:
en-gb,en;q=0.5**Accept-Encoding: gzip,defla te**Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;
q=0.7,*;q=0.7**Keep-Alive: 115**Connection: keep-alive**Referer:
http://myserver.uk.home.com:8181/index.html**Cookie:
__utma=101107545.1790272076.1316019590.13289002 55.1328908680.164;
__utmz=101107545.1328566199.157.46.utmcsr=t.co|utmccn=(referral)|utmcmd=referral|
u tmcct=/iTJx4DO1; UnicaNIODID=ZBr8gm79vIG-XKeoGGb; W3SSO_ACCESS=abc.home.com;
ISP=70fdfc95 d93011d783e4de784ea97766-70fdfc95d93011d783e4de784ea97766-f67749a8b899e8ceed7e940b8c4bf189;
Prof ile=2000121913394303111032836125|EN|866|866.BDF|en-GB;
__unam=693fb60-1337f162b72-11770d11-5; WLS_ intra_USERID=nigel@hotmail.com;
ipcInfo=cc%3Duk%3Blc%3Den%3Bac%3Dall; iwm1p=214617669; bprememberme=nigel@ hotmail.com;
EPSPROFILE=EE2355DFE16AE020BE6C62FCB6BF5602; DWPERM=Xa.2/Xb.Xzso3-U35t8RWKvqBreGaQMgsP_RG
Fl1124oIt-L-OPJIdSautkBN0D4NUp9JLlpUqPqB6CWOo-pgrJwhxNvvSfPAajgetaA2MOYwHfQPXPTRG9zwOMMR57EHQtXhOy5Om yzanyZthvVClm6uxvbwh0isEQ2Mm_9g2l7NjcA3RJdjuLaB3qlljOmyVuhDjBkgdNEb3PgYcCpbiu1FUzXrhPalhgsbAj7NBkaY88 Yyg/Xc./Xd./Xf./Xg.1696801
I hope this has been instructive, thanks, Nigel Griffiths
Raw
client.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
/* YOU WILL HAVE TO CHANGE THESE TWO LINES TO MATCH YOUR CONFIG */
#define PORT 8181 /* Port number as an integer - web server default is 80 */
#define IP_ADDRESS "192.168.0.8" /* IP Address as a string */
char *command = "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0 \r\n\r\n" ;
/* Note: spaces are delimiters and VERY important */
#define BUFSIZE 8196
pexit(char * msg)
{
perror(msg);
exit(1);
}
main()
{
int i,sockfd;
char buffer[BUFSIZE];
static struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
printf("client trying to connect to %s and port %d\n",IP_ADDRESS,PORT);
if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM,0)) <0)
pexit("socket() failed");
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(IP_ADDRESS);
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
/* Connect tot he socket offered by the web server */
if(connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) <0)
pexit("connect() failed");
/* Now the sockfd can be used to communicate to the server the GET request */
printf("Send bytes=%d %s\n",strlen(command), command);
write(sockfd, command, strlen(command));
/* This displays the raw HTML file (if index.html) as received by the browser */
while( (i=read(sockfd,buffer,BUFSIZE)) > 0)
write(1,buffer,i);
}
Raw
nweb.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#define BUFSIZE 8096
#define ERROR 42
#define SORRY 43
#define LOG 44
struct {
char *ext;
char *filetype;
} extensions [] = {
{"gif", "image/gif" },
{"jpg", "image/jpeg"},
{"jpeg","image/jpeg"},
{"png", "image/png" },
{"zip", "image/zip" },
{"gz", "image/gz" },
{"tar", "image/tar" },
{"htm", "text/html" },
{"html","text/html" },
{0,0} };
void log(int type, char *s1, char *s2, int num)
{
int fd ;
char logbuffer[BUFSIZE*2];
switch (type) {
case ERROR: (void)sprintf(logbuffer,"ERROR: %s:%s Errno=%d exiting
pid=%d",s1, s2, errno,getpid()); break;
case SORRY:
(void)sprintf(logbuffer, "<HTML><BODY><H1>nweb Web Server
Sorry: %s %s</H1></BODY></HTML>\r\n", s1, s2);
(void)write(num,logbuffer,strlen(logbuffer));
(void)sprintf(logbuffer,"SORRY: %s:%s",s1, s2);
break;
case LOG: (void)sprintf(logbuffer," INFO: %s:%s:%d",s1, s2,num);
break;
}
/* no checks here, nothing can be done a failure anyway */
if((fd = open("nweb.log", O_CREAT| O_WRONLY | O_APPEND,0644)) >= 0)
{
(void)write(fd,logbuffer,strlen(logbuffer));
(void)write(fd,"\n",1);
(void)close(fd);
}
if(type == ERROR || type == SORRY) exit(3);
}
/* this is a child web server process, so we can exit on errors */
void web(int fd, int hit)
{
int j, file_fd, buflen, len;
long i, ret;
char * fstr;
static char buffer[BUFSIZE+1]; /* static so zero filled */
ret =read(fd,buffer,BUFSIZE); /* read Web request in one go */
if(ret == 0 || ret == -1) { /* read failure stop now */
log(SORRY,"failed to read browser request","",fd);
}
if(ret > 0 && ret < BUFSIZE) /* return code is valid chars */
buffer[ret]=0; /* terminate the buffer */
else buffer[0]=0;
for(i=0;i<ret;i++) /* remove CF and LF characters */
if(buffer[i] == '\r' || buffer[i] == '\n')
buffer[i]='*';
log(LOG,"request",buffer,hit);
if( strncmp(buffer,"GET ",4) && strncmp(buffer,"get ",4) )
log(SORRY,"Only simple GET operation supported",buffer,fd);
for(i=4;i<BUFSIZE;i++) { /* null terminate after the second space
to ignore extra stuff */
if(buffer[i] == ' ') { /* string is "GET URL " +lots of
other stuff */
buffer[i] = 0;
break;
}
}
for(j=0;j<i-1;j++) /* check for illegal parent directory use
.. */
if(buffer[j] == '.' && buffer[j+1] == '.')
log(SORRY,"Parent directory (..) path names not
supported",buffer,fd);
if( !strncmp(&buffer[0],"GET /\0",6) || !strncmp(&buffer[0],
"get /\0",6) ) /* convert no filename to
index file */
(void)strcpy(buffer,"GET /index.html");
/* work out the file type and check we support it */
buflen=strlen(buffer);
fstr = (char *)0;
for(i=0;extensions[i].ext != 0;i++) {
len = strlen(extensions[i].ext);
if( !strncmp(&buffer[buflen-len], extensions[i].ext, len)) {
fstr =extensions[i].filetype;
break;
}
}
if(fstr == 0) log(SORRY,"file extension type not supported",
buffer,fd);
if(( file_fd = open(&buffer[5],O_RDONLY)) == -1) /* open the file
for reading */
log(SORRY, "failed to open file",&buffer[5],fd);
log(LOG,"SEND",&buffer[5],hit);
(void)sprintf(buffer,"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: %s\r\n\r\n",
fstr);
(void)write(fd,buffer,strlen(buffer));
/* send file in 8KB block - last block may be smaller */
while ( (ret = read(file_fd, buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0 ) {
(void)write(fd,buffer,ret);
}
#ifdef LINUX
sleep(1); /* to allow socket to drain */
#endif
exit(1);
}
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int i, port, pid, listenfd, socketfd, hit;
size_t length;
char *str;
static struct sockaddr_in cli_addr; /* static = initialised to
zeros */
static struct sockaddr_in serv_addr; /* static = initialised to
zeros */
if( argc < 3 || argc > 3 || !strcmp(argv[1], "-?") ) {
(void)printf("hint: nweb Port-Number Top-Directory\n\n"
"\tnweb is a small and very safe mini web server\n"
"\tnweb only servers out file/web pages with extensions named
below\n"
"\t and only from the named directory or its sub-directories.\n"
"\tThere is no fancy features = safe and secure.\n\n"
"\tExample: nweb 8181 /home/nwebdir &\n\n"
"\tOnly Supports:");
for(i=0;extensions[i].ext != 0;i++)
(void)printf(" %s",extensions[i].ext);
(void)printf("\n\tNot Supported: URLs including \"..\",
Java, Javascript, CGI\n"
"\tNot Supported: directories / /etc /bin /lib /tmp /usr /dev
/sbin \n"
"\tNo warranty given or implied\n\tNigel Griffiths nag@uk.ibm.com\n"
);
exit(0);
}
if( !strncmp(argv[2],"/" ,2 ) || !strncmp(argv[2],"/etc", 5 ) ||
!strncmp(argv[2],"/bin",5 ) || !strncmp(argv[2],"/lib", 5 ) ||
!strncmp(argv[2],"/tmp",5 ) || !strncmp(argv[2],"/usr", 5 ) ||
!strncmp(argv[2],"/dev",5 ) || !strncmp(argv[2],"/sbin",6) ){
(void)printf("ERROR: Bad top directory %s, see nweb -?\n",
argv[2]);
exit(3);
}
if(chdir(argv[2]) == -1){
(void)printf("ERROR: Can't Change to directory %s\n",argv[2]);
exit(4);
}
/* Become deamon + unstopable and no zombies children
(= no wait()) */
if(fork() != 0)
return 0; /* parent returns OK to shell */
(void)signal(SIGCLD, SIG_IGN); /* ignore child death */
(void)signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN); /* ignore terminal hangups */
for(i=0;i<32;i++)
(void)close(i); /* close open files */
(void)setpgrp(); /* break away from process group */
log(LOG,"nweb starting",argv[1],getpid());
/* setup the network socket */
if((listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM,0)) <0)
log(ERROR, "system call","socket",0);
port = atoi(argv[1]);
if(port < 0 || port >60000)
log(ERROR,"Invalid port number (try 1->60000)",argv[1],0);
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
if(bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,sizeof(serv_addr))
<0)
log(ERROR,"system call","bind",0);
if( listen(listenfd,64) <0)
log(ERROR,"system call","listen",0);
for(hit=1; ;hit++) {
length = sizeof(cli_addr);
if((socketfd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)
&cli_addr, &length)) < 0)
log(ERROR,"system call","accept",0);
if((pid = fork()) < 0) {
log(ERROR,"system call","fork",0);
}
else {
if(pid == 0) { /* child */
(void)close(listenfd);
web(socketfd,hit); /* never returns */
} else { /* parent */
(void)close(socketfd);
}
}
}
}
The Client Source Code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#define PORT 8181 /* port number as an integer */
#define IP_ADDRESS "9.137.62.23" /* IP address as a string */
#define BUFSIZE 8196
pexit(char * msg)
{
perror(msg);
exit(1);
}
main()
{
int i,sockfd;
char buffer[BUFSIZE];
static struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
printf("client trying to connect to %s and port %d\n",IP_ADDRESS,
PORT);
if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM,0)) <0)
pexit("socket() failed");
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(IP_ADDRESS);
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
if(connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,
sizeof(serv_addr)) <0)
pexit("connect() failed");
/* now the sockfd can be used to communicate to the server */
write(sockfd, "GET /index.html \r\n", 18);
/* note second space is a delimiter and important */
/* this displays the raw HTML file as received by the browser */
while( (i=read(sockfd,buffer,BUFSIZE)) > 0)
write(1,buffer,i);
}
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