init.sls

pillar_test_from_cli:
  file.managed:
    - name: /tmp/pillar.txt
    - template: jinja
    - source: salt://pill_test/pillar.txt

output

salt -G kernel:Linux state.sls pill_test pillar="{my_pillar: '1.0.0'}" env=Staging
minion:
----------
    State: - file
    Name:      /tmp/pillar.txt
    Function:  managed
        Result:    False
        Comment:   Unable to manage file: Jinja variable 'my_pillar' is undefined; line 1

---
{{ my_pillar }}    <======================
---
        Changes:

Summary
------------
Succeeded: 0
Failed:    1
------------
Total:     1

pillar.txt

{{ my_pillar }}