2019 Learning Days - attempting a rudimentary Recommender System with ASpace data

4lda-notes-only.py

from __future__ import absolute_import
import csv
from time import time
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.feature_extraction import text
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
from sklearn.decomposition import LatentDirichletAllocation

# This attempts to perform LDA on the text of the notes from ArchivesSpace.

def loadNotes(filename):
	# This returns a list of pixel values, split by the number of pixels in
	data = []
	with open(filename) as file:
		for line in file:
			data.append(line)
	file.closed
	return data

def print_top_words(model, feature_names, n_top_words):
    for topic_idx, topic in enumerate(model.components_):
        message = "Topic #%d: " % topic_idx
        message += " ".join([feature_names[i]
                             for i in topic.argsort()[:-n_top_words - 1:-1]])
        print(message)
    print()

if __name__ == "__main__":
	n_samples = 800
	n_features = 100
	n_components = 4
	n_top_words = 10

	# Load data
	print("Loading dataset...")
	data = loadNotes('data/ArchivesSpace-Rect-Objects-Notes.csv')
	print('\n\n')

	# Split into training and test sets
	print("Splitting dataset...")
	data_samples = data[:n_samples]
	print(str(type(data_samples)))
	train, test = train_test_split(
		data,
		train_size=n_samples,
		shuffle=True
	)
	print(str(type(train)))
	print(str(len(train)))
	print(str(train[0]))
	print(str(type(test)))
	print(str(len(test)))

	# Add MIT to stopwords
	stop_words = text.ENGLISH_STOP_WORDS.union(['mit'])

	# Vectorization
	print('=================================================================')

	# Generate tf features for use by LDA.
	# max_df removes words that appear in greater than that % of records
	# min_df removes words that appear in only one record
	# max_features determines the number of dimensions in the resulting list
	# stop_words was 'english' but we appended "mit" just above.
	print("Extracting tf features for LDA...")
	tf_vectorizer = CountVectorizer(max_df=0.90, min_df=2,
	                                max_features=n_features,
	                                stop_words=stop_words)
	t0 = time()
	tf = tf_vectorizer.fit_transform(train)
	print("done in %0.3fs.\n\n" % (time() - t0))

	# Let's inspect the vectorization...
	print('Vectorization output...\n')
	print(str(type(tf)))
	print(str(tf.toarray()))
	print('tf length:    ' + str(len(tf.toarray())))
	print('tf[0] length: ' + str(len(tf.toarray()[0])))
	print('tf[0]:        ' + str(tf.toarray()[0]))

	print('\n\n')


	# Model fitting
	print('=================================================================')

	# Fit the LDA model using tf features.
	print("Fitting LDA models with tf features, "
	      "n_samples=%d and n_features=%d..."
	      % (n_samples, n_features))
	lda = LatentDirichletAllocation(n_components=n_components, max_iter=5,
	                                learning_method='online',
	                                learning_offset=50.,
	                                random_state=0)
	t0 = time()
	lda.fit(tf)
	print("done in %0.3fs." % (time() - t0))

	print("\nTopics in LDA model:")
	tf_feature_names = tf_vectorizer.get_feature_names()
	print_top_words(lda, tf_feature_names, n_top_words)


	# Let's inspect the outcome...
	print('Inspecting fitted model...\n')
	# get_params() returns a dictionary - some of these are visible from when
	# LDA was defined above.
	print(str(type(lda)))
	print(str(lda.get_params()))
	print(str(lda.components_[0]))

	print(str(len(lda.components_)))
	print(str(len(lda.components_[0])))

	print('Finished!')

ArchivesSpace-Rect-Objects-Notes.csv

"Access note: Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy, and by laws and regulations pertaining to personally identifiable information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection.', 'Biography\nVictor Frederick Weisskopf was born in Vienna, Austria, on September 19, 1908, to Emil and Martha Weisskopf.  After attending the gymnasium, where he joined a socialist student group and worked with the Social Democratic Party (Kaiser 2007, pp. 45-46), Weisskopf began to study physics at the University of Vienna.  In 1928, following a recommendation by Hans Thirring, one of his professors in Vienna, Weisskopf went to Göttingen to continue his studies with Max Born.  He received his Ph.D. in 1931 based on his work on the application of quantum theory to the width of spectral lines. \nDuring his early research career Weisskopf continued working on the basic problems of quantum physics, first with Werner Heisenberg in Leipzig, where he went in the fall of 1931, followed by a brief period spent as a temporary research associate of Ernest Schrödinger in Berlin.  In the summer of 1932 Weisskopf went to Kharkov, Soviet Union, where he lectured at the Physico-Technical Institute.  A year-long Rockefeller Foundation grant, received in the fall of 1932, allowed him to join Niels Bohr and his group in Copenhagen, and Paul Dirac in Cambridge, England.  For two years, between 1934 and 1936, he held the position of research associate to Wolfgang Pauli at the Institute of Technology in Zurich.  His last appointment in Europe was again with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen, where he worked from April 1936 to September 1937.\nIn the fall of 1937, to escape the growing Nazi threat, Weisskopf immigrated to Rochester, New York, where he was an instructor and then an assistant professor at the University of Rochester.  From 1943 to 1946 Weisskopf served as deputy chairman (with Hans Bethe as chairman) of the theoretical division of the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos. \nHis decades-long association with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began in 1945 when, recruited by Jerrold Zacharias, Weisskopf joined the faculty of the physics department, where he resumed his scientific research and assumed teaching duties as a professor of physics.  In 1965 he was named Institute Professor, a position he held until his retirement in 1974.  During that period, from 1967 through 1973, he served as the head of the Department of Physics and played a crucial role in the formation of the Center for Theoretical Physics. From 1974 until the end of his life Weisskopf held the titles of Institute Professor Emeritus and Professor of Physics Emeritus. \nIn addition to his scientific work, teaching, and administrative duties at MIT, Weisskopf played a major role in setting directions of research in high energy particle physics both in the US and in Europe.  In 1960 he was invited to serve as the director general of CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), a position he assumed in 1961 and held through 1965.  Upon his return to the US, he became heavily involved in the efforts leading to the creation of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel of the Atomic Energy Commission and served as its chairman from 1967 through 1973.\nThroughout his life Weisskopf was involved in the activities of many professional societies, both in the US and abroad.  He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and served as its president from 1976 to 1979.  As a fellow of the American Physical Society he held the position of vice president in 1959 and president in 1960.  He was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and various international organizations including French, Austrian, Danish, Bavarian, Scottish, Spanish, and Russian academies.\nWeisskopf received numerous awards for both his scientific and social contributions, including the Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society in 1956, the George Gamow Medal in 1968, the Boris Pregel Prize from the New York Academy of Sciences in 1971, the Prix Mondial Cino del Duca for Humanism in 1972, the Ludwig Boltzmann Prize for 1976, the Ludwik Smoluchowski Medal in 1977, the Orden Pour le Merite in 1978, the US National Medal of Science in 1980, the Wolf Prize in Physics for 1981, the Ehrenzeichen der Republic Österreich für Kunst und Wissenschaft in 1982, the J. Robert Oppenheimer Medal in 1983, the Sigma Xi Proctor Award in 1984, the Enrico Fermi Award from the US Department of Energy in 1988, the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991, the Compton Medal for Statesmanship in Science from the American Institute of Physics in 1992, and the Gian-Carlo Wick Medal from the World Federation of Scientists in 1994. He also received numerous honorary degrees.\nDuring his long career as a theoretical physicist Weisskopf made significant contributions to the fields of quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, and the physics of elementary particles. (For an overview of his scientific contributions, see Kaiser 2007, pp. 44-56; Jackson and Gottfried 2003, pp. 3-27; and Stefan 1998.) He was an inspired teacher and an avid advocate of nuclear disarmament, an open exchange of information among scientists of all nations, and the freedom of individuals to express their beliefs. Over his career, Weisskopf published over two hundred papers on a variety of topics including quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, science policy, and nuclear disarmament. He also authored and coauthored several books including  with John Blatt in 1952,  with Kurt Gottfried in 1984-1986, and an autobiography, , in 1991.\n\nHis first wife, Ellen (nee Tvede), whom he married in 1934, died in 1989.  They were the parents of two children, Thomas Weisskopf and Karen Weisskopf Worth.  In 1991 Weisskopf married Duscha Schmid.  Weisskopf died on April 22, 2002, at the age of 93."
"Access note: Access to this collection is governed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology records policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nIn 1985 the Committee on Educational Policy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recommended that its responsibilities be broadened and divided between two faculty committees: the Faculty Policy Committee and the Committee on the Undergraduate Program. The faculty approved the changes in May 1985. The Faculty Policy Committee is chaired by the chairman of the faculty of MIT, has responsibility for maintaining a broad overview of MIT's academic programs; interprets, implements, and helps formulate policies on a broad range of issues of concern to the faculty. It identifies issues of concern to faculty and facilitates interchange between members of the faculty and administrators of the Institute."
"Access note: By a vote of the MIT Corporation (May 1980) MIT adminstrative records are open twenty years after creation. Records with student, personnel, legal, and other personally identifiable information are closed for 75 years. Interviews in these records are restricted for 75 years."
Access note: Collection is open for research
"Access note: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to material is not authorization to publish or reproduce. Separate application for permission must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: Contact Institute Archivist.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nCatherine (Kay) Nelson Stratton (1914-2014) was the wife of Julius A. Stratton, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1959 to 1966.  She was actively involved in social life and campus life at MIT for many years. She was instrumental in the growth of the visual arts at MIT, founding the MIT Art Committee in 1960 which led to formation of the MIT Council for the Arts in 1971. Catherine Stratton was also active in arts, education, and social programs outside MIT, serving as the visual arts chair of the New York City Cultural Council, as a member of the board of Bank Street College of Education in New York City, as a member of the National Board of the YWCA, and as a trustee of Lesley College in Cambridge, MA.\nIn 1988, Mrs. Stratton initiated an annual seminar called ""Aging Successfully"" to explore health topics of concern especially, but not exclusively, to an aging population. From its inception, this seminar has been co-sponsored by the MIT Women\'s League and MIT Medical. In 1994, when Mrs. Stratton celebrated her 80th birthday, the Women\'s League established in her honor an annual Lecture on Critical Issues, a panel discussion with experts in their fields that focuses on topics of global concern in the world today. Together the two seminars are known as the Catherine N. Stratton Lecture Series.\nA fuller biographical description about Catherine Stratton can be found at:\nhttp://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/catherine-kay-stratton-obituary-0916"
"Access note: In accordance with Institute policy, this collection is closed for 75 years.', 'Historical note\nThe Rogers Panel, chaired by Professor Hartley Rogers, was appointed by MIT President Howard Johnson during the week of November 10, 1969; The Flemings Panel, chaired by Professor Merton Flemings,  was appointed by President Johnson on November 17, 1969, both in response to the November 4 Action. Reports and correspondence of both committess are in AC118."
"Access note: In accordance with Institute record policy, MIT records in this collection are restricted for 20 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nFrom Working Group on Dangerous Drinking,  (May 13, 1998).: \n"
"Access note: In accordance with MIT policy there are restrictions on access to these records.', ""Historical note\nProfessor Kenneth Smith was Vice President for Research from 1981 to 1991. Professor J. David Litster was Vice President and Dean of Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1991 to 2001. From 1996 to 1999, Litster served as MIT's Dean for Graduate Education as well as Dean for Research."
"Access note: In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to portions of this collection. Researchers may request permission to use restricted materials. Consult the Institute Archivist for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Ad Hoc Committee on the Military Presence at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology was established by the faculty in May 1985 to investigate the impact on education at the Institute because of the shift in government support for scientific research and education from the civilian to the military sector. Carl Kaysen, professor in the Program in Science, Technology, and Society, chaired the committee. The final report was         issued in May 1986."
"Access note: In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nIn 1985, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Committee on Educational\n Policy recommended that its responsibilities be broadened and divided between two new faculty committees: the Faculty Policy Committee and the Committee on the Undergraduate Program (CUP). The faculty approved the changes in May 1985. \nfrom: http://web.mit.edu/committees/cup/\nThe Committee on the Undergraduate Program exercises oversight for the undergraduate academic program including the freshman year, the General Institute Requirements, and other interdepartmental educational activities. The Committee considers proposals that would establish or change educational policies related to the undergraduate program, and it makes appropriate recommendations on these proposals to the MIT Faculty. One of the CUP's particular responsibilities is in encouraging innovation and experimentation in undergraduate education and therefore, it has the authority to approve limited educational experiments and grant exceptions to existing policy and procedure in these cases.\nAt  its meeting May 20, 2009 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Faculty passed recommendations for changes to the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS) Requirement, as proposed by the Committee on the Undergraduate Program (CUP). It also called for the creation of a new Subcommittee of CUP to oversee the HASS requirement, which was established as the Subcommittee on the HASS Requirement."
"Access note: In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Committee on Intellectual Property of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recommends to the administration policy guidelines for intellectual property, including patents, copyrights, and agreements. It considers issues of the ownership and distribution of MIT intellectual property, conflict of interest, and MIT-industry interactions. Its policy recommendations balance a desire to transfer MIT technology to industry or other institutions for the public good, with a need to maintain an environment at MIT that promotes openness and excellence in education and research.\n\nThis committee was known as the Copyright and Patent committee from 1986-1999. In 2000, the Ad Hoc Faculty Committee on Intellectual Property and External Faculty was created to meet the demand of electronic rights issues. This committee later became the Intellectual Property Committee"
"Access note: In accordance with MIT records policy these records are closed for seventy five years.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology Office of the Treasurer investment operations functions were incorporated into the newly formed Investment Management Company in 2004. On June 4, 2004, the MIT Corporation voted to establish the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Investment Management Company (MITIMCo) to assume the duties of the Investment Committee of the Corporation. MITIMCo assumed these responsibilities on July 1, 2004."
"Access note: In accordance with MIT records policy this collection is closed for 75 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: In accordance with MIT records policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: Materials in Series 11, located in Box 22, are restricted for 75 years. The rest of the collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nLincoln Palmer Bloomfield, 1920-2013, earned a BA 1941, MPA 1952, and PhD 1956, each from Harvard University. He joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Center for International Studies in 1957 where he directed the United Nations Project from 1957 to 1960, the Arms Control Project from 1960 to 1971, and co-chaired  with Thomas Schelling the Harvard-MIT Joint Arms Control Seminar from 1960 to 1972.  From 1961 until his retirement in 1991, he was a faculty member in the MIT Department of Political Science, in which he initiated a curriculum in arms control.\nFrom 1946 to 1957, prior to coming to MIT, Lincoln Bloomfield worked in the Office of Strategic Services in Burma and China, and  held positions in the U.S. State Department, later serving as a consultant. His service in the Department of State centered on U.S. participation in the United Nations. He served in the White House as Director of Global Issues for the National Security Council, 1979-1980.  \nA specialist in U.S. foreign policy, the United Nations, and arms control, Bloomfield developed CASCON (Computer-Aided System for Analyzing Conflict) a system for comparing vast amounts of data on local conflicts.  He pioneered the technique of political-military gaming (POLEX or RAND/MIT) and designed and conducted a series of gaming exercises, some in conjunction with the State Department and the Department of Defense.  \nBloomfield was the author, co-author, and editor of numerous books and articles. In the 1980s he hosted the daily television program ""Fifty Years Ago Today"" on the Christian Science Monitor channel. \n\nMIT News Office obituary: \nhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/lincoln-palmer-bloomfield-obituary-1105.html"
"Access note: Minutes are open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe first recorded meeting of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was held on September 25, 1865, and meetings have been held regularly since.  In 1907 the faculty reorganized to carry out its funtions more effectively. Under the new plan there was a chairman of the faculty, elected yearly, a permanent secretary, and various standing committees.\nThe MIT faculty, as defined in Section 1.10 of  , currently meets on the third Wednesday of each month during the academic year except in January.\nThe Call to the Meeting, which includes the agenda and enclosures, is sent to each faculty member and is posted on the web prior to the meeting.\n was first published in October 1879. This document outlines the structure of the faculty, meetings, committees, course work, grading system, and more.  The title was changed to  in 1937. The latest revision is available to members of the MIT community on the faculty web site: \nA current list of committees is available online at .\nOfficers of the faculty are the chair, the associate chair, the secretary and, ex officio, the president of the Institute. The president of the Institute is, ex officio, president of the faculty.  \nThe faculty gives out two awards each year: the Harold E. Edgerton Faculty Achievement Award and the James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award.\nThe Harold E. Edgerton Faculty Achievement Award Selection Committee chooses one individual from among the junior (non-tenured) members of the MIT faculty.  The award was established in the fall of 1982 as a permanent tribute to Institute Professor Emeritus Harold E. Edgerton for his great and enduring support for younger faculty members over the years.  The purpose of the award is to recognize exceptional distinction in teaching and research or scholarship.\nThe James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award Selection Committee chooses one member of the MIT faculty to be the Killian Award Lecturer for the following academic year.  The purpose of the award is to recognize extraordinary professional accomplishments by MIT faculty members and to communicate these accomplishments to members of the MIT community.  The award was established in the spring of 1971 as a permanent tribute to James R. Killian, Jr., president of the Institute from 1948 to 1959 and chairman of the MIT Corporation from 1959 to 1971."
"Access note: No gift agreement for personal papers of Muriel Cooper. MIT records will be reviewed for restrictions according to MIT records policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: OH interview transcripts and Seminar transcripts are open for research. Audio recordings of interviews are closed.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nMarc Miller of the Massachusetts Instittue of Technology (MIT) Oral History Program interviewed five people in 1977 to document their participation in Project Whirlwind at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as their subsequent work on computers. Project Whirlwind, sponsored by the United States Office of Naval Research, produced the first high speed electronic digital computer able to operate in real time and that could be used as a practical device for controlling manufacturing processes or directing airplane traffic. The five interviewees were John W. Carr, professor of electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania; Robert R. Everett, president of the Mitre Corporation; Jay W. Forrester, professor of management at MIT; Harold L. Hazen, professor emeritus of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT; and Alan J. Perlis, chairman of the department of computer science at Yale University."
"Access note: Open for research. Portions of the collection are restricted.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: Open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe first meeting of the Experimental Study Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was held September 18, 1968. The group consisted of both faculty and students. MIT president Howard Johnson opened the meeting and expressed his support, the idea originating in a discussion in 1967 between Howard Johnson and physics professor George Valley. Johnson requested a report back from the group by January 1, 1969."
"Access note: Per MIT records policy Corporation records are closed for fifty years. Folders will also need to be screened after that date as many contain items that are restricted for seventy-five years because of student and privacy information. Public speeches and remarks are open for use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology \nfrom: \nThe Corporation — the board of trustees of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology — holds a public trust: to see that the Institute adheres to the purposes for which it was chartered and that its integrity and financial resources are preserved for future generations as well as for current purposes. The Corporation and its committees have responsibility for reviewing and providing guidance on strategic directions, approving annual budgets, exercising long-term fiduciary responsibility, approving the establishment of new degree programs or courses of study, approving degrees, electing the President (as well as the other Corporation officers), and being available (individually as well as collectively) to advise the President on issues that he/she may wish to raise with them.\nIt is also understood that trustees are expected to represent the interests of MIT to outside constituencies as appropriate and help provide financial support for the Institute.\nThe members of the Corporation include distinguished leaders in science, engineering, industry, education and public service.\nWhile the Corporation as a whole meets four times per year (the first Friday of October, December, March and Commencement morning), most of the work of the Corporation is conducted through its various committees.\nThese include the Executive Committee, Investment Committee (Investment Company Management Board,) Audit Committee, Membership Committee, CJAC, and visiting committees for each academic department as well as certain other functions, such as student affairs, libraries, research, and athletics. In addition to their service on various standing committees, each Corporation member serves on at least two visiting committees."
"Access note: Please contact the staff of the MIT Archives about permission to access this collection.', 'Biographical note\nLeo L. Beranek, pioneer in acoustical research, expert in the acoustics of concert halls, was a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, associate professor 1947-1958, and a founder and president of Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, 1952-1971.\nfrom the MIT 150 Infinite History introduction, http://mit150.mit.edu/infinite-history/leo-l-beranek\n""A world-renowned acoustics expert, Leo Beranek\'s experience extends from designing noise reduction systems for World War II aircraft to designing and identifying the most acoustically perfect concert halls and opera houses around the globe. His book, , is considered the classic textbook in the field and he is a National Medal of Science winner (2003). Dr. Beranek was one of the founders and served as president of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (now BBN Technologies), one of the world\'s largest acoustical consulting firms.""\nLeo Beranek\'s memoir  tells the stories of his extraordinary achievements in science research, industry, and academia.\nAdditional information at the Leo Beranek web site:  http://www.leoberanek.com/"
"Access note: Portions of the collection are currently restricted pending preservation work.  Additional notes and interviews require permissions review. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: Portions of the collection require permission for access. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: Portions of the collection require permission for access. Corporation records are restricted for 50 years from the date of creation, in accordance with MIT policy: \n ', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nDuring the tenure of Massachusetts Institute of Technology President Francis A. Walker, as the Institute grew in size, a committee of Corporation members was appointed, along with the president, to propose changes in the organization of the governing structure of MIT. Among the changes in the Institute\'s bylaws was a call for the creation of an Executive Committee. Bylaw changes were proposed at the April 11, 1883, Corporation meeting, considered and approved at meetings of May 23 and 29, 1883, to take effect in October 1883. The Executive Committee was composed of the president and treasurer of MIT, who served , and five additional members who were elected by the Corporation.\nAt the October 10, 1883, Corporation meeting Henry B. Rogers, Augustus Lowell, Alexander S. Wheeler, Louis W. Tappan, and Francis Williams were voted as the five additional members of the first Executive Committee. The Executive Committee was to have responsibility for the ""general administration and superintendence"" of all matters relating to the School. In addition, the Executive Committee was to appoint the president, treasurer, and professors and teachers, subject to the confirmation of the larger Corporation.(1)   The Executive Committee met for the first time on October 22, 1883.(2) \nThe Executive Committee meets ten times each academic year and is one of four standing committees of the Institute. The Executive Committee consists of the chair of the Corporation, president, and treasurer  members), up to five members and two rotating members, and the chair of the Investment Management Company Board, . The president is the chair of the Executive Committee. The bylaws outline the current duties of the Executive Committee.(3)\n\n\n\n(1) MIT. Corporation Minutes, April 11, May 23, May 29, October 10, 1883. Institute Archives & Special Collections, collection AC 278, box 1.\n(2) MIT. Executive Committee Minutes, October 22, 1883. Institute Archives & Special Collections, collection AC 272, box 1.\n(3) "
"Access note: Records are governed by MIT access policiies. In addition, this collection is not yet processed and material needs to be reviewed prior to access.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology Finance Research Center was originally established in the Sloan School of Management as the International Financial Services Research Center in September 1988. The Center hosts conferences on financial issues and provides sponsor firms with discussions with faculty and research collaborations.  In addition to connections with Sloan faculty, faculty from the Department of Economics and the School of Engineering participate."
"Access note: Records are restricted for 75 years from the date of creation. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Historical note\nThe Career Development Center is the placement office for the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Their mission is to provide students with opportunities to learn about potential career options, teach them the skills needed to market themselves successfully to the professional marketplace, and maximize their employment opportunities. The office coordinates with companies to arrange recruiting activities for Sloan School graduates. An annual placement report has been issued by the office since the 1957-1958 academic year. It is based on a questionnaire completed by graduate students concerning the jobs they have chosen.\nThe History of the Sloan School of Management can be found at "
"Access note: Reports in this collection have been designated as the preservation copy. Many are fragile. Access is restricted. Digital copies of reports are available for use in MIT Libraries digital repository, DOME., and the MIT Reference Publications Office web site. Duplicate reports in print form may be available in Distinctive Collections reading room."
"Access note: Series 2 of this collection requires permission for access. The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on some of the records. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe MIT News Office began as a news service when James Rowlands was hired by MIT president Samuel Stratton in 1925. Tech Talk started in 1957 as a newsletter, and in 1971 became an eight page tabloid newspaper, ceasing print publication after September 2009.\n"
"Access note: Since this collection comprises records of both the Office of the President and the Office of the Chairman of the Corporation, there are varied restrictions throughout according to MIT records policy. Three of the series are open for research: Series 2, Speech File, Series 3, Publications, and Series 7, Honors and Celebrations. The remainder of the collection must be screened before use. MIT records are open after 20 years with the exception of Corporation records (restricted for 50 years) and personnel, student, legal,  and development records (restricted for 75years).', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nHoward Wesley Johnson  (1922-2009) was apppointed president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) July 1, 1966. He was inaugurated on October 1, 1966. After five years as president, he  became chairman of the MIT Corporation, serving from 1971 to 1983.\nMIT News Office obituary: ', ""Biographical note\nHoward Wesley Johnson, 1922-2009, B.A. 1943, Central College; M.A. 1947, University of Chicago, was on the faculty of the University of Chicago from 1948 to 1955, when he came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as associate professor of management and director of the Sloan Fellowship Program. He became professor and dean of the Sloan School of Management in 1959, serving until 1966. He was the twelfth president of MIT, 1966-1971, and chairman of the MIT Corporation, 1971-1983. From 1975 to 1980 he served as president of the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Mass.). His public service includes membership on the National Commission on Productivity, the National Manpower Advisory Committee, the (U.S.) President's Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy, and the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital. He has also been a trustee or director of public and private institutions including the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Radcliffe College, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra."
"Access note: Some fragile material', 'Biography or Historical note\nThe alumni of the class of 1907 met on the first anniversary after their graduation and every five years following graduation."
"Access note: Student grades in Box 4 are restricted until 2056. All other materials in the collection are open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography \nE. Eugene ""Gene"" Larrabee (1920-2003), earned an S.B. from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1942; and an S.M. from the  Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1948. He was a member of the faculty of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetss Institute of Technology (MIT). A full biography can be found at the MIT News Office site:  "
"Access note: The collection is ""internal only"" pending review.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is closed until processed except for videocassettes of public events. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nhttp://web.mit.edu/sts/sites/rwilliams/"
"Access note: The collection is closed until processed. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use in accordance with MIT policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Institute Archives and Special Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to the Institute Archives. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nClement W. Andrews, Institute Librarian, 1889-1895\nRobert P. Bigelow, Institute Librarian, 1895-1925\nWilliam N. Seaver, Institute Librarian, 1925-1946\nJohn E. Burchard, Director of Libraries, 1944-1947\nVernon Tate, Director of Libraries, 1948-1955\nWilliam N. Locke, Director of Libraries, 1955-1972.\nNatalie Nicholson, Acting Director of Libaries, 1972-1973, Director of Libraries, 1973-1975.\nJay K. Lucker, Director of Libraries, 1975-1994.\nAnn J.Wolpert, Director of Libraries, 1996-2013"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to portions of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Department of Nuclear Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was established July 1, 1958. Research and education in nuclear engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began in the Departments of Physics and Chemical Engineering as early as 1935. To foster education and research in the field, the Institute actively recruited personnel who had been involved in atomic energy projects during World War II. Nuclear science was not yet the domain of any single group of academics; mathematicians, scientists, and engineers worked together, often on specific applications, as they had during the war years. Many of the subjects offered and much of the research undertaken at the Institute was classified. Civilians and military personnel came to MIT primarily to acquire graduate training related to nuclear weapons and propulsion, but there was no organized program in this field for several years.\nIn 1946, the Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Engineering, later named the Laboratory for Nuclear Science (LNS), was established under the direction of professor of physics Jerrold R. Zacharias. The lab reported to the Department of Physics, but the personnel were drawn from many departments, including metallurgy and various engineering departments. Under the auspices of the lab, faculty members from throughout the Institute taught classes and supervised graduate research. Subjects included a classified course in nuclear reactor design and an introductory course in which approximately 30 pioneers in the field of nuclear energy gave a series of unclassified lectures. Other early members of the lab include Clark C. Goodwin, a physicist who taught nuclear reactor design; Edwin R. Gilliland, a professor of chemical engineering; Robley D. Evans, a physicist who taught treatment of nuclear fusion; and Albert R. Kaufman, a metallurgist who directed classified research and taught about the metallurgy of nuclear materials.\nIn 1948, the Department of Chemical Engineering established an engineering practice school at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to solve problems that arose at the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) facilities. William A. Reed was the first director, and was succeeded by Thomas H. Pigford in 1950. In 1948, Walter C. Whitman, then head of the Department of Chemical Engineering, directed a classified ""summer study,"" called Project Lexington, to evaluate the feasibility and problems of alternative ideas for nuclear propelled aircraft. The MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) was also a partner in the project, which was staffed by scientists from many institutions.\nIn 1950, the Institute decided to focus instruction and research in nuclear engineering within one department. The Department of Chemical Engineering was chosen as it was the department most involved in nuclear related activities. The department appointed faculty members with nuclear experience and developed a curriculum leading to advanced degrees. Nuclear engineering was established as Course 22 in the Department of Chemical Engineering.\nIn January of 1951, Manson Benedict became MIT\'s first professor of nuclear engineering. Pigford, who transferred back to MIT from Oak Ridge in 1952, and Evans also taught in the program. In 1954, the degree of Master of Nuclear Engineering was first awarded and the first Doctor of Science degree was granted in 1956.\nDuring the mid-1950s the department grew and expanded the scope of its research and instruction. A significant part of the program involved summer studies such as Project Dynamo, headed by Ascher Shapiro from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Project Separation, directed by Professor J. Edward Vivian of the Department of Chemical Engineering.\nIn 1955, the Institute made two significant decisions: to offer a doctoral program in nuclear engineering and to build a first class university research reactor. Tom Cantwell was hired as business manager for the reactor project; Theos J. (Tommy) Thompson joined the faculty of MIT to take charge of the reactor project; and Edward Barnett came to MIT from Brookhaven National Laboratory to serve as reactor engineer. The AEC received the application for a permit in early 1956 and on June 6, 1956, ground was broken for the new reactor. The reactor, named MITR I, was completed in 1958 and on June 9 the AEC issued an operating license. On July 21, 1958, the reactor began to operate.\nCourse XXII separated from the Department of Chemical Engineering and became the Department of Nuclear Engineering on July 1, 1958. This was partly warranted by the sufficiently divergent interests and activities of the nuclear engineering faculty and students from the chemical engineering department and partly by the increased size of the program. Manson Benedict was named the first department head. In the five years that followed, the new focus on domestic applications of nuclear power production propelled the department to double the number of subjects and to increase the number of faculty from ten to sixteen. During this period, the first civilian nuclear power plants in the United States went into operation and many faculty members served as advisors to the AEC through its committees. Some of the more notable of the many research projects undertaken by the department during this period included: the Heavy Water Lattice Project funded by the AEC (1959- 1967); the Organic Coolant Project, also funded by the AEC (1960- 1968); the construction of a bent quartz crystal spectrometer to measure the energies of gamma rays emitted when different nuclides absorbed neutrons emitted from the reactor (1958- 1963); and the construction of a medical therapy facility in the early 1960s, which was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.\nBetween 1963 and 1968, student enrollment increased to 130. The department offered a number of postdoctoral fellowships funded by the Ford Foundation. In 1963, a second heat exchanger and cooling tower was installed at the MIT reactor to permit a power increase to five megawatts. One of the more salient projects of this period was the SIFTOR (Safety Information for the Technology of Reactors) project, the objective of which was to provide guidance for nuclear reactor designers, operators, and safety evaluation groups. With NASA support through the MIT Center for Space Research, Edward A. Mason and Kent F. Hansen made design studies for a hydrogen cooled nuclear reactor for propulsion of space vehicles such as the NERVA engine that was being developed by the AEC. Gamma ray detection was updated through the use of a newly developed resolution, triple coincidence lithium drifted germanium gamma ray detector. The Reactor Lattice Project, later referred to as the Reactor Physics Project, completed its eight year program in 1967. In 1966 a special summer session geared toward professionals, Nuclear Power Reactor Safety, was offered for the first time.\nBeginning in 1970, the department broadened its undergraduate curriculum and by 1975 offered a full undergraduate program. The first bachelor\'s degree was awarded in 1977. In parallel with increasing national concerns about the societal effects of advanced technology, the department placed increased emphasis on the historical, economic, environmental, safety, and policy aspects of both nuclear and conventional energy production. This new emphasis enabled the department to participate in joint research projects with other departments and research centers, notably the Research Laboratory of Electronics, the Energy Laboratory, and the Center for Policy Analysis. The new emphasis on environmental and policy related topics in conjunction with the undergraduate curriculum permitted the department to nearly double its subject offerings from 27 to 52.\nOne of the most significant experimental projects during this period was the reconstruction of the reactor, initiated in 1967. The redesigned reactor, MITR II, had a more compact core and was cooled by light water. The reactor began to operate again on August 14, 1975. Another significant project with long term applications for the department was ALCATOR, a plasma experiment. It was conceived by Bruno Coppi of the Department of Physics and was funded by the AEC and NSF. It was built at the Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory between 1971 and 1973.\nIn 1976, the federal government began to modify its strong support for the development of nuclear power. Dramatically rising energy costs caused a decline in the demand for new utility plants and the cancellation of projects already under construction. Because nuclear power plants were the bulk of new construction, the nuclear industry was especially hard hit. A growing anti nuclear movement that resulted in increased regulations for nuclear power plants was further fueled by the accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Station in Pennsylvania in 1979. Demand for nuclear engineers did not drop through this period, however, and the difficulties of the industry represented challenging research problems for the members of the program. Graduate enrollment remained high, at between 150 and 160 students.\nManson Benedict retired from the department in 1978. In 1982, the department reviewed the undergraduate program, determining that the program was still worthwhile in spite of low enrollment. In 1983, a new doctoral program was started by Gordon L. Brownell and Alan C. Nelson in radiological sciences to supplement the medical radiological physics program. Also in 1983, a new master\'s program in health physics was introduced under the leadership of Otto K. Harling. Research projects pertaining to reactor engineering included work in the areas of thermal hydraulics and heat transfer; thermal hydraulic computer codes; and interface between man and the machine as applied to nuclear power stations.\nRecognizing that problems encountered in the operation of nuclear power plants are related to materials science, the department also strengthened its program in materials research. In 1978, an Institute decision to integrate activities resulted in the creation of the Plasma Fusion Center. The center was first directed by Lawrence M. Lidsky. The center permitted more effective support for major projects such as ALCATOR, and important advances in fusion research were made by department members. Reactor physics remained essential to nuclear engineering training, and the basic subject material did not change much during this period.\nIn 1981, Neil E. Todreas became head of the department. In 1982, under Todreas, the department defined as its four fold mission: (1) providing education, through teaching and research, to individuals from the U.S. and abroad interested in the peaceful uses of nuclear reactions; (2) identifying and developing new scientific and engineering approaches to practical application of nuclear phenomena, and translating these approaches to education programs; (3) contributing to a thorough understanding of nuclear energy and radiation in national and international communities; and (4) contributing to a thorough understanding of the issues which will determine the role of nuclear power in meeting domestic and world energy needs. In the same year Richard Lester launched a major new research project in the area of nuclear power plant design innovation. The Nuclear Power Plant Innovation Project, which received NSF funding the following year, proposed to explore the role of nuclear power plant design innovations in increasing the attractiveness of the nuclear option to U.S. electric utilities in the 1990s.\nBy the late 1980s, research in the department was divided roughly into 40 percent fission, much of which was focused on next generation nuclear reactors; 25 percent fusion; 25 percent radiation science and technology; and 10 percent energy economics and policy. In 1990, the department began Know Nukes, a semi annual newsletter for faculty, alumni, and students. Also in 1990, the department established the Advanced Nuclear Power Reactor Program, and two years later hosted the first MIT International Conference on the Next Generation of Nuclear Power Technology. In 1993, a long range plan that called for the consolidation of the fission and fusion areas into an ""energy"" area and shifted more resources to radiation science and technology applications in the environmental, industrial, and biomedical areas was completed. To implement the plan, the department undertook a broad review of the graduate curriculum with the intention of creating a core curriculum for all graduate studies prior to specialization. The undergraduate curriculum had already been organized into two tracks: ""energy"" and ""radiation for medicine and industry.""\nThe department expanded its opportunities for professional education by offering a one week course on management issues of nuclear power plants in June of 1993 and a five week course, co sponsored by the National Academy for Nuclear Training, designed for utility executives, called Reactor Technology Summer Program for Utility Executives. The special summer session, Nuclear Power Reactor Safety, which started in 1966, was still popular in the summer of 1994. In 1993, graduate enrollment remained around 150 students and undergraduate enrollment fluctuated between 25 and 40 students. Also in 1993, Professors Harling, Allan Henry, David Lanning, John Meyer, and John Bernard undertook studies to upgrade and relicense MITR II.\nMajor centers and labs associated with the department in 1994 included the Laboratory for Nuclear Science, the Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, and the Plasma Fusion Center.\nIn 2000, the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) was developed jointly by the Department of Nuclear Engineering and the MIT Energy Laboratory (now the MIT Energy Initiative).  It opened in September 2000 with Mujid S. Kazimi serving as its first director. Research programs at the center focus on the development and application of methods for the design, operation, and regulation of current and advanced nuclear reactors and fuel cycles.\nIn the fall of 2004 the department proposed to change its name to Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering to reflect more accurately the range of research of its faculty and the interests of its students. In December 2004, the Executive Committee of the Corporation approved the name change."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nUntil 1903, classes in economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology were taught as part of Course IX, General Studies. In 1903 the Department of Economics, Statistics and Political Science was established; in 1907 it became the Department of Economics and Statistics, and Political Science became part of the Department of History and Political Science. In 1934 the Department of Economics and Statistics became the Department of Economics and Social Science, and in 1965 it became the Department of Economics. \nThe heads of the program in economics were: Davis R. Dewey, 1893-1933; Ralph Evans Freeman, 1933-1958; Robert Lyle Bishop, 1958-1964; Edgar Cary Brown, 1964-1982; Ann F. Friedlaender, 1983-1984; Edgar Cary Brown, acting head, 1984; Peter Arthur Diamond, 1985-1987; Richard Samuel Eckaus, 1987-1990; Peter-Temin, 1990-1993; Stanley Fischer, 1993- 1994; Paul Joskow, 1994-1998; Olivier Blanchard, 1998-2003; Bengt Holmstrom, 2003-2006; James Poterba, 2006-2008; and Ricardo J. Caballero, 2008 - present (2010)."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biographical / Historical\nKlaus Biemann is a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the Department of Chemistry. \nfrom MIT Chemformation, vol. 24 no. 3, April 2007: Born in Innsbruck, Austria in 1926, Biemann earned a Ph.D. in organic chemistry at the university therein 1951, before coming to MIT in 1955. Biemann's many awards and honors include the Thomson Medal(1991), the first Field and Franklin Award in applied Mass Spectrometry from the American Chemical Society (1986), the Fritz Pregl Medal of the Austrian Microchemical Society (1977), the Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal from NASA (1977) and the Stas Medal of the Belgian Chemical Society (1962). He was elected to the National Academy of Science in 1993 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966. He has authored over 350 scientific publications and a book, Mass Spectrometry: Organic Chemical Applications (1962). Professor Biemann, with his family, were faculty residents at McCormack Hall from 1967-1971."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Office of the Vice President for Research and Associate Provost was created in January of 1970, combining certain responsibilities formerly held by the Vice President for Research Administration (Dr. Carl F. Floe) with those of the Vice President for Special Laboratories (Dr. Jack P. Ruina), both of whom returned to teaching and research within the Institute at that time.\nThe Vice President for Research has overall responsibility for research administration and policy at the Institute. They oversee more than a dozen interdisciplinary research laboratories and centers, including the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the Plasma Science and Fusion Center, the Research Laboratory of Electronics, the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology, the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, the Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Haystack Observatory and the Division of Health Sciences and Technology. The Office of Sponsored Programs, Technology Licensing Office, International Scholars Office and Division of Comparative Medicine, among others, report to the Vice President for Research. The VPR is responsible for research integrity and compliance and plays a central role in research relationships with the federal government, industry, foundations, and international sponsors.(1)\n(1) http://web.mit.edu/vpr/www/  9/10/2010"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nHerman Nathaniel Eisen, 1918-2014, was professor emeritus of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received an AB in 1939 and an MD in 1943 from New York University (1). In 1973, he was appointed professor in the Department of Biology and was a founding member of MIT\'s Center for Cancer Research (now the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research). He also served as Whitehead Institute professor of immunology, 1982-1989, and professor emeritus, 1989-2014. \nMIT News Office memorial: http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/herman-eisen-obituary-1113\n\n1. Marquis Biographies Online, s.v.  ""Herman Nathaniel Eisen,"" accessed June 1, 2015."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography \nRobert J. Silbey, 1940-2011, was a professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), from 1966 to 2011; and Dean of the School of Science from 2000 to 2007."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nRichard Marx Held, 1922-2016, was professor emeritus of experimental psychology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received a BA, 1943 from Columbia College in liberal arts; BS, 1944 from Columbia College in engineering; MA, 1948 from Swarthmore College in psychology; and PhD, 1952 from Harvard University in experimental psychology. At MIT, he was visiting professor of psychology, 1962-1963; professor of experimental psychology, 1963-1993; and professor emeritus of experimental psychology beginning in 1993. He served as chairman of the Department of Psychology, 1977-1986; associate of the Neurosciences Research Program, 1978-1988; and has been on the board of directors of Project Prakash since 2000. From 1995 to 2008, Held also served as an adjunct professor of vision science at the New England College of Optometry. His field of research is vision and visual perception.\nMIT News Office memorial: http://news.mit.edu/2016/professor-emeritus-richard-held-dies-1209"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nDavid Gordon Wilson, 1928-2019, BSc 1948, University of Birmingham, UK; PhD 1953, University of Nottingham, UK; Commonwealth Fund Fellow, MIT and Harvard University, 1955-1957, was a senior lecturer at the University of Ibadan, Nigerian College of Arts, 1958-1960, and vice president and technical director, Northern Research and Engineering Corporation, London, 1960-1966. In 1966 he was appointed associate professor in mechanical engineering at MIT; and in 1971 professor. He was currently professor emeritus in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.\nWilson taught engineering design and applied thermodynamics, and his research activities include heart-pump design, gas-turbine hybrid engines, and regenerator development. He has published numerous books, including Bicycling Science, 1974, 1982; The Design of Gas Turbine Engines, 1991; Human-Powered Vehicles, with Allan Abbott, 1995; and Gas-Turbine Regenerators, with D. S. Beck, 1996."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography \nKaren R. Polenske is the Peter deFlorez Professor of Regional Political Economy in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). \nfrom the Department of Urban Studies:  http://dusp.mit.edu/faculty/karen-r-polenske\n""Karen R. Polenske is director of the multiregional planning (MRP) research team. Since earning her Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1966, she has conducted energy, environment, and transportation projects in many U.S. regions, including Appalachia, New Orleans, and Los Angeles, as well as outside the United States, including Brazil, China, Iran, and other countries. By the 1990s, her innovative group of collaborators included anthropologists, chemical engineers, energy, environmental, and transportation planners, lawyers, physicists, and public-health scholars. She is well-known as one of the most prominent input-output economists in the world and for her work on regional energy and environmental issues. She is a Fellow of the International Input-Output Association (IIOA) and of the Regional Science Association International (RSAI). She was President of the IIOA (1995-2000) and Head of the International Development and Regional Planning Group in DUSP (1995-2006). Her publications include numerous articles in key economic and planning journals, and eight books, including \'The Technology-Energy-Environment-Health (TEEH) Chain in China\' and \'The Economic Geography of Innovation\' that are published both in English and Chinese. She received the 2008 Sloan Industry Studies Best Book Award for the TEEH book."""
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical Note\nThe Institute for Learning and Teaching (TILT) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was a program sponsored by the MIT Council on Primary and Secondary Education in the 1990s. TILT provided professional development opportunities for school teachers by hosting a three-week residential workshop at MIT in which teams of teachers, school administrators, and community members worked on projects intended to help them rethink the learning process, with the ultimate goal of school reform. Through programs such as ""How a City Works,"" TILT staff showed teachers how providing local context to topics such as urban technology could make science and technology more engaging subjects for students. \nTILT began in 1991 as the MIT-ECSEL (Engineering Coalition of Schools for Excellence in Education and Leadership) teacher workshop, becoming TILT in 1992. It ran under the leadership of Leon Trilling, Professor Emeritus of Aeronautics and Astronautics and founder of the Integrated Studies Program at MIT. The program ran through the 1997/1998 academic year."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe commission was appointed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) president Paul E. Gray in November 1986 ""to identify what happened to U.S. industrial performance and what we and others might do to help improve the situation."" Seventeen faculty members were appointed to the Commission. Michael Dertouzous was chairman, Robert Solow was vice-chairman, and Richard Lester, executive director.  The findings of the Commission were published in the book, "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', ""Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Ford Motor Company formed the Ford-MIT Alliance in 1997 as an innovative program meant to address an array of 21st century challenges that confront the automotive manufacturer. The program concluded in 2011.\nDuring its existence, the Alliance created a model for mutually beneficial university-corporate research and grew beyond the initial focus areas of environmental science and policy, information technology in product development, virtual teams, and education. Interests included specialized research projects and program areas in active safety and powertrain technology research. The research projects were also linked with recruiting and MIT's educational programs, enrolling engineers and managers that brought new research knowledge back into Ford. \nKey projects included:\n-The MIT/AGS Consortium on Environmental Challenges, an environmental research center that supports integrated, cross-disciplinary teams.\n-Development, testing, and implementation of DOME (Distributed Object Modeling Environment) that allows engineers at automotive companies and suppliers to use each others' computer design and modeling tools.\n-Acceleration of the development of new 42 volt high-voltage vehicle electrical system standards through the use of virtual engineering concepts and global consensus.\n    \n-Initiation of active safety research projects that apply research results from military and aerospace projects to smart automobiles, with an awareness of vehicle occupants, environments, and threats.\nThe MIT Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Development (CTPID) administered the grant for the Alliance and sustained several Ford-MIT projects. Dan Whitney acted as CTPID Senior Research Scientist and Ford-MIT Alliance program area manager for Product Development Process Technology.\nFrom http://web.mit.edu/ctpid/www/ford.html"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biographical note\nDietmar Seyferth earned a B.A. from the University of Buffalo in 1951 and a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1955. He joined the Chemistry Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1957 as Instructor in Inorganic Chemistry, and retired as Robert T. Haslam and Bradley Dewey Professor Emeritus in 1999. During those years his research was devoted to the organometallic chemistry of both main group elements (Li, Hg, B. Si, Ge, Sn, Pb and P) and some transition metals (Co, Fe). He was a founding Regional Editor of the  in 1963 and the founding Editor of the  in 1982. Currently, he works as Editor-in-Chief of  and writes historical reviews on organometallic chemistry. He is also working on a history of the MIT Chemistry Department.\n(From , Vol. 26, No. 7, September 11, 2009. http://web.mit.edu/chemistry/www/cheminfo/2009/2009_09_11.pdf)"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nAnthony P. French was born in Brighton, England, in 1920. He attended Cambridge University, receiving a B.A. (Physics) in 1942 and a Ph.D. (Nuclear Physics) in 1948. In 1942 he joined the British atomic bomb project (Tube Alloys) at the Cavendish Laboratory and was sent to Los Alamos in 1944 as a member of the British Mission. He returned to the U.K. in 1946, worked for two years at the new Atomic Energy Research Establishment, and then became a faculty member at Cambridge University for seven years, doing nuclear research at the Cavendish Lab. He was also a Fellow and Director of Studies in Natural Sciences at Pembroke College, Cambridge.\nIn 1955 he emigrated to the U.S. to join the University of South Carolina, where he served as Physics department head. Since 1962 he has been at MIT, engaged chiefly in undergraduate teaching and the development of physics curricula and teaching materials, especially the MIT Introductory Physics series of textbooks. He also edited  (1979) and co-edited  (1985).\nFrom 1975 to 1981 he served as chairman of the Commission on Physics Education of The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, and in 1985–86 was President of the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT). He is also a Fellow of the American Physical Society. For his work in Physics Education, he has received the University Medal of the Charles University, Prague (1980), the Bragg Medal of the Institute of Physics, London (1988), the Oersted Medal of AAPT (1989), and the Melba Newell Phillips Award of AAPT (1993). He has been Professor Emeritus at MIT since 1991.\n(http://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/french_anthony.html)"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nRobert E. Ogilvie, MIT 1952, 1923 - 2013, was a professor emeritus of metallurgy in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He served in the Navy during World War II and pursued undergraduate studies at Gonzaga University and the University of Washington. He came to MIT for graduate school in 1950, studying x-ray absorption analysis with Professor John T. Norton. His graduate research led to the development of the electron microbeam probe and the founding of AMR, Inc. with Norton.\nAlso at that time, Ogilvie began working with William Young, founder of the Research Lab at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and developed a long collaboration and supportive relationship with what is now the Department of Conservation and Collections Management at the MFA, as well as with conservators and conservation scientists there and elsewhere. He was instrumental in establishing the series of workshops and publications on the Application of Science in the Examination of Works of Art. His use of the electron microprobe in detecting forgeries and authenticating art was the subject of cover stories in  and .\nAnother application of the electron microanalyzer was the examination of meteorites; the instrument could determine the objects\' thermal history and the size of the original body of which the meteorite was a fragment. Ogilvie was a member of the Harvard-Smithsonian Meteorite Discussion group, and in 2000 he was recognized for his long-time involvement and contributions with a named minor planet, 3973 Ogilvie.\nOgilvie\'s academic foundation in metallurgy and his insatiable curiosity led him to become a world-renowned expert in the detection of art forgeries, the construction of samurai swords, and the analysis of meteorites. His long fascination with the creation and structure of samurai swords led him to visit swordmakers in Japan, including the famous Gassan family. His extensive collection of samples and data has been invaluable for students and scholars.\nAt MIT, he taught ""Fundamentals of Crystallography and X-Ray Diffraction,"" ""Electron Optics,"" ""Materials Laboratory,"" and ""Celestial Navigation."" He directed the X-Ray and Electron Optics Lab at MIT and served as president of the Electron Probe Analysis Society of America. \n\n[Adapted from http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/robert-ogilvie-obituary.html]"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography \nPauline Maier, 1938-2013, was the William Kenan Jr. Professor of American History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She earned an AB at Radcliffe College in 1960 and a PhD in American history in 1968 at Harvard University. AT MIT, she was professor of history, 1978 to 1990 and William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American History, 1990 to 2013.  She served as associate head of the Department of Humanities, 1979 to 1980; head of the history faculty, 1979 to 1988; and acting head of the history faculty, fall 1993 and fall 1996. In 1988, Maier was awarded MIT's James R. Killian Faculty Achievement Award, given to one faculty member each year, recognizing extraordinary professional accomplishment.\nMIT News Office memorial:  "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nCharles A. Myers, 1913-2000, was a labor economist and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received a BA in 1934 from Pennsylvania State College and a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1939. At MIT he served as an instructor in economics and social science, 1939-1941; assistant professor of industrial relations, 1941-1946; associate professor, 1946-1949; professor, 1949-1978. In 1948, he became director of the Industrial Relations Section, and he held a joint appointment in economics and management starting in 1964. He was appointed Sloan Fellows Professor of Management in 1967. From 1988 until his death in 2000 he was professor emeritus at MIT.\nNews Office obituary: "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Knight Science Journalism Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was created in 1983 for mid-career journalists working in all media reporting in the areas of science, technology, medicine, and the environment. When inaugurated in 1983, the program was named the Vannevar Bush Fellowship Program in the Public Understanding of Science and Technology in honor of one of MIT\'s notable faculty members and leader in U.S. science policy. Fellows spend an academic year at MIT to improve their personal understanding of science research. The broader goal of the program is to improve public understanding of science. The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation was the initial sponsor, subsequently an endowment was raised from a variety of donors to ensure the permanence of the program. In 1987, the program was renamed the Knight Science Journalism Fellowship Program. Beginning in 1999, the program also started to offer a series of workshops or ""Boot Camps"" on specialized topics. The fellowship program is part of the Program in Science, Technology, and Society, located in the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nAfter a 1973 paper prepared by the Consortium of East Coast Schools of Architecture expressed concern about the relationship between architecture education and the demands of changing society and practice, the Architecture Education Study was established to explore ways to think about architecture education. The study was funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in 1974 and was directed by Maurice Kilbridge of Harvard University and William L. Porter, dean of the School of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where the study was based. The study initially addressed the relationship of curriculum to the profession, society, new knowledge, and the university. As work progressed, attention shifted from the concerns of administrators to those of teachers and students. Particular attention was directed to the study of learning in the design studio. The report of the study was published as the  (Mellon Foundation, c1981)."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nHeads of the Course and Department:\nJohn Henck, 1865-1881\nGeorge Vose, 1882-1887\nGeorge Swain, 1887-1911\nCharles M. Spofford, 1911-1935\nCharles Breed, 1935-1943\nJohn Wilbur, 1944-1960\nRolf Eliassen, 1960-1962 (Acting Head)\nCharles L. Miller, 1962-1969\nPeter Eagleson, 1970-1975\nFrank Perkins, 1975-1980\nJoseph M. Sussman, 1980-1985\nDavid Hunter Marks, 1985-1992\nRafael L. Bras, 1992-2001\nChiang Mei, 2001-2002 (Acting Head)\nPatrick Jaillet, 2002-2009\nAndrew J. Whittle, 2009-2013\nMarkus Buehler, 2013-\nClasses in civil engineering were offered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when students were first admitted in 1865. First designated Course II, it exchanged positions with Mechanical Engineering in 1873 to become Course I.\nMIT course catalogs from the 1860s and 1870s document the curriculum focus on surveying, roads, railways, and canal construction as well as a growing emphasis on water supply issues and distribution.\nA key element of the curriculum was the study of bridge construction. In the summer of 1872, Professor Henck and fifteen students traveled to examine major railroad bridges over the Hudson, Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Student thesis topics for this period show a concentration on aspects of bridge design.\nIn 1887, a summer course in surveying was held in South Deerfield, Massachusetts on the Connecticut River. The on-site summer studies moved to different locations throughout New England until a permanent summer surveying camp was established on Gardner Lake in East Machias Maine, which held its first session there in 1912 and continued through 1953.\nIn 1889, Civil Engineering merged with Course XI, Sanitary Engineering, and in 1892, the name of the department was changed to Civil and Sanitary Engineering. By 1911, when Charles M. Spofford became its head, the department had been organized into four divisions: Hydraulics; Structures; Surveying; and Railroad Engineering. The Railroad Engineering division was discontinued in 1933.\nIn the 1920s the first soil mechanics course and laboratory were created, under the direction of Karl Terzaghi. In 1934, Course XVII, Building and Engineering, was added to Course I and in 1961 or 1962, Sanitary Engineering was dropped from the name of the department. In 1992, reflecting further changes in the department's focus, Course I was renamed the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.\nIn 1950 a new Hydrodynamics Laboratory (later named The Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory) was built, the laboratory was directed by Arthur Ippen. Early laboratory facilities for the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering had been previously housed in the River Hydraulic Laboratory, which stood where the Sloan Laboratory now stands at the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Vassar St.  The River Hydraulic Laboratory was founded in 1930 with funds provided by John Aldred, a member of the MIT Corporation. In the early 1990s, funds from the National Science Foundation, alumni, and friends allowed for a $1.6 million renovation of the Parsons Lab to include a new microbiology laboratory, expanded computational facilities for modeling environmental transport, and a major refurbishing of the existing chemistry, biology, and hydrodynamics laboratories. In 2003 the Parsons Lab was renovated again, this time to include a new second floor over the hydrodynamics laboratory and a new laboratory space dedicated to genetic research. \nIn the 1960s Charles Miller established the Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory, it was one of the first computer labs for civil enginering students in the United States; the department was one of the first at MIT to incorporated computers into teaching and research.\nThe 1970s was a time of rapid growth for the department's interdisciplinary research and educational efforts in project  management; transportation; building technology; and in environmental\nareas. The Sea Grant Program, Center for Transportation Studies, Urban Systems Laboratory, and Energy Laboratory are early examples of collaboration. \nIn 2015 the department operated two laboratories – the Parsons Laboratory for Environmental Science and Engineering (Building 48), and the Pierce Laboratory for Infrastructure Science and Engineering (Building 1) to carry out  research in set of five broad areas that are priorities for the department: Ecological Systems; Resources and Sustainability; Structures and Design;Urban Systems; and Global Systems."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\n""Each of the following Committees  Curricula, Academic Performance, Undergraduate Admission and Financial Aid, Student Environment, and Discipline  shall, in addition to its specific duties as defined below, be responsible for (1) formulating and reviewing educational policies which apply to its work, (2) requesting any needed clarification of such policies from the Committee on Educational Policy, (3) recommending to the Committee on Educational Policy any changes of such policies which it deems to be advisable, and (4) performing any such other duties as may be delegated to it by the Committee on Educational Policy. Each elected member of these Committees shall serve a three year term, one third of the elected membership being elected each year. At their discretion, the Committees may invite the participation of representation of the student body . . . . The Committee on Student Environment shall consist of the Dean for Student Affairs, the Associate Dean for Student Affairs, six elected members of the Faculty, and a voting member appointed biennially by and from the Committee on Educational Policy, and three undergraduate students and three graduate students selected according to procedures of the respective student governments, all with voting rights. It shall be concerned with student life, especially with nonacademic features which have a direct bearing on the education of the student as a citizen and a member of the Institute community."" [, September 1977, pages 4 5, 7.]"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nFormed in 1972, the Energy Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)  engaged in multidisciplinary research on a wide range of topics related to energy supply, extraction, conversion, and utilization and its impact on the local, regional, and global environment. As a special laboratory reporting to the vice president for research, the laboratory was able to cross traditional disciplinary lines and integrate diverse approaches to energy issues.\nDuring the 1970s the three major areas of research concerned the processing and combustion of natural and synthetic fossil fuels; the design of nuclear and fossil fuels facilities for central power generation, and associated safety and environmental issues; and the effects on energy supply and demand resulting from the policies of government, industry,and other groups. During this period the federal government, particularly the United States Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) supplied most of the Energy Laboratory's funding, some of which was used for educational activities, course  development, and program coordination.\nDuring the 1978-1979 academic year, the Energy Laboratory collaborated with the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology to create the MIT Center for Health Effects of Fossil Fuels Utilization. The center offered an interdisciplinary research program on environmental toxicology. In the same year MIT, with twelve other academic institutions in New York and New England, helped organize the University Coal Research Consortium of the Northeast (UCERN). The consortium was formed in response to an effort by the U.S. Department of Energy to establish a network of coal research laboratories across the country to promote clean use of coal and foster development of natural resources.\nThe Energy Laboratory expanded its agenda to deal with inherent links between energy use and environmental effects. In July 2001, the Energy Laboratory and the Center for Environmental Initiatives (CEI) were merged to form the Laboratory for Energy and the Environment in an effort to bring researchers together in collaborations to support multi-disciplinary research on environmental and sustainability problems. \nDirectors of the Energy Laboratory: \nDavid C. White, 1972-1984; David C. White and Malcolm A. Weiss, co-directors, 1984-1988; and Jefferson W. Tester, 1988-July 2001.\nDirectors of the Laboratory for Energy and the Environment:\nDavid Marks, July 2001-July 2007\nErnest Moniz was named co-director in 2005. "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the  records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Analytical Studies Group (ASG) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was founded in July 1969 with funds from the Ford Foundation; it reported to the vice president for organization systems at MIT. The ASG provided staff support to Institute offices for studies on administrative policy and organization to improve internal processes, and to assist in the evaluation of alternative uses of MIT resources. The Analytical Studies Group was renamed the Analytical Studies and Planning Group in 1971. Paul V. Teplitz was the director of ASG from 1969 to 1971."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nIn July 1983, professor James D. Bruce was appointed Director of Information Systems, a group which incorporated Information Processing Services and Telecommunication Systems.  The new Information Systems organization consisted of four departments: Administrative Systems; Operations and Systems; Telecommunication Systems; and Research Computing Services. \nIn 1986 Bruce was named Vice President for Information Systems, a position he held until 2003. "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology\'s Committee on Academic\n        Computations for the 1990s and Beyond was appointed by Provost John Deutch in May 1989 to\n        review academic computing at the Institute and make recommendations for the future.\n        Professor Margaret MacVicar, dean for undergraduate education, chaired the committee, which\n        was charged to take a ""comprehensive look at the educational computing needs and\n        possibilities for MIT with attention to the costs and the likely technological\n        changes."" Gregory A. Jackson was the committee\'s staff officer. The final\n        report, , was issued 15 June 1990."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Rotch Library was a divisional library within the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries, serving the School of Architecture and Planning. In 2009 the Libraries as a whole re-organized and the divisional library structure was intergrated into a central functional Libraries organized.\nLibrarians: Margaret Beale (     -March 1951), Caroline Shillaber (1951-    ), Katherine Murphy (July 1963-September 1965), Elizabeth Graves (October 1965-May 1966), M. Reay Howie (May 1966-August 1973), Margaret dePopolo (September 1973-June 2005), Ann Whiteside (2005-2009)."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nIn 1986 Eugene  R. Chamberlain, Associate Dean in the Office of Student Affairs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) retired from MIT following 32 years of service to the Institute, including 21 as International Student Advisor."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Kanpur Indo-American Program, 1962-1972, was a consortium effort of nine American educational institutions to assist in the development of an Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Princeton University, University of Michigan, University of California, Purdue University, Ohio State University, and the Case Institute of Technology were members of the consortium. The US Agency for International Development provided funds and Educational Services Incorporated administered the program. The program provided personnel from the United States; on-the-job experience to members of the Kanpur faculty at consortium institutions; and funds for equipment, materials, and books not available in India. A steering committee, composed of a faculty representative from each of the nine American institutions and a representative of Educational Services, was responsible for determining policy and recruiting faculty from consortium institutions. The Indian Institute of Technology was patterned after American technological institutions, but with an emphasis on recognizing and solving India's problems.\nFive-year undergraduate degree programs in aeronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical, and metallurgical engineering were offered; and research and graduate study in these fields as well as chemistry, mathematics, physics, social science, and humanities. The program was scheduled to continue until 1972, when India Institute of Technology became self-sustaining."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Residence and Campus Activities Office of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Office of the Dean for Student Affairs (ODSA) was established in September of 1956 by the chancellor, Julius A. Stratton. The office was previously called the Office of the Dean of Residence (ODR), and was set up in recognition of the growing residential character of the Institute. Frederick G. Fassett was named dean and was concerned with all MIT living groups. Fassett and his family occupied Moore House on Memorial Drive. The dean reported to the Office of the Dean of Students (ODS) which became the Office of the Dean for Undergraduate Education and Student Affairs in 1991. \nThe ODR was responsible for managing the Institute residences, including dormitory assignments, maintenance, and remodeling; the Housemaster and Senior Faculty Resident System; facilitating student management of residences as well as living groups; and food services. The office also assisted in the planning of fund raising activities for new residences. The office worked closely with the Institute Planning and Housing Offices. \nIn 1969 the ODS was restructured and named the Office of the Dean for Student Affairs (ODSA). In the reorganization, the ODR became the section for the Living Environment. In 1977 the ODSA was again reorganized and the Living Environment Section was renamed Residence Programs. In 1982 the Residence Programs and Student Activities sections were merged under the title of Residence and Campus Activities (RCA) due to budget reductions. As a result of the merger, the office's responsibilities included the Alumni Inter-Fraternity Conference Steering Committee; Campus Activities; dining and residence programs; faculty and graduate residents; fraternities and independent living groups; the Graduate Student Council; graduate student housing; Institute houses; the Non-Resident Students Association; the Student Center art studios; and Talbot House. The office also served in advisory roles to the major student governing groups and student organizations. \n \nIn 1991 the ODSA merged with the Office of the Dean for Undergraduate Education to become the Office of the Dean for Undergraduate Education and Student Affairs (ODUESA), to which RCA reports. The RCA is directed by the associate dean for undergraduate education and student affairs/section head for residence and campus activities.\n"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creatiing office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nIn the early 1960s Robert Mann, professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a member of the Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory, began working on aids for Braille and other sensory aids and prosthetic devices. In 1962 the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's Office of Vocational Rehabilitation (OVR) began supporting his work, and in 1964 OVR sponsored the establishment of the Sensory Aids Evaluation and Development Center at MIT. The center's goal was to develop and evaluate sensory and prosthetic aids, especially for the blind and deaf-blind, and to be a resource for the work of other organizations. Policymaking and program review was carried out by a Steering Committee composed of faculty from MIT's departments of mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and psychology, plus representatives from Tufts, Brandeis, and Harvard universities. Robert Mann chaired the Steering Committee and was the first director of the center."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nRichard Douglas was head of the Department of Humanities, 1962 to 1973."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was formed in 1983 through the merger of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the Department of Meteorology. The Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences was established in 1969. From 1952 to 1969, it existed as the Department of Geology and Geophysics, and prior to 1952 it was the Department of Geology. The Department of Meteorology has its roots in 1928, although it wasn't officially named until 1941. Before 1941, the Department of Meteorology was a program in the Department of Aeronautical Engineering that began as a three year grant from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. Graduate instruction began in the fall of 1928, and undergraduate instruction was offered from 1944 to 1957. In 1957 the department moved from the School of Engineering to the School of Science. In 1981 the name of the department became the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology Supercomputer Facility (MITSF) opened in July 1989.  Its goal was to provide supercomputing opportunities to the MIT community through coursework, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels, and research projects. Formally called the MIT Cray-2 Supercomputer Facility, it was leased to MIT through a five-year research agreement with Cray Research. The system was equipped with four central processors and 2 gigabytes of memory and was available to all members of the MIT community. Those wishing to use the MITSF had to pay a usage rate of either $125 or $140 per hour. Users also had to submit a one-page proposal describing planned usage on a yearly basis. The MITSF closed on June 30, 1994. \nThe MITSF was co-directed by Robert A. Brown of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Anthony T. Patera of the Department of Mechanical Engineering."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) created the Institute Real Estate Office in 1965, and it reported to the Treasurers' Office. In part, the establishment of the Institute Real Estate Office was a result of recommendations made in 1964 by the Housing Committee of the MIT Committee on Faculty Environment.\nIn 1965, the Northgate Community Corporation was set up as a nonprofit corporation to acquire and manage properties for MIT. Northgate and the Institute Real Estate Office utilized the same office and staff. In 1977, Northgate Community Corporation was dissolved. \nIn the June 1971 MIT signed an agreement with the Cambridge (Massachusetts) Housing Authority to sponsor the building of housing units for the elderly in Cambridge using the federal (HUD) Turnkey Program. Ownership of the last of the 684 units was turned over to the Cambridge Housing Authority in 1974. Three projects were completed: Clarendon Avenue (North Cambridge), Hamilton Street (Cambridgeport), and Gore Street (East Cambridge) .  A fourth building was planned on a site on Massachusetts Avenue, but only preliminary work was accomplished before this effort was cancelled. "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Office of Vice President at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was introduced in 1932, when Vannevar Bush was appointed vice president (1). He served in that position from 1932 to 1939. James R. Killian (executive vice president, 1943 to 1945; vice president, 1945 to 1948) and Julius A. Stratton (appointed vice president and provost in 1952) had similar responsibilities.\nIn 1953, President Killian called for a further decentralization of the Institute\'s administration resulting in the gradual establishment of several vice presidential offices. In 1961, the Office of the Vice President for Operations and Personnel was created to provide executive responsibility for physical facilities, planning and execution of construction work, management of housing and dining facilities, and nonacademic personnel (2). In 1969, responsibility for personnel was assigned to the vice president for academic administration; the vice president for operations remained responsible for Physical Plant, Safety, Campus Patrol, Graphic Arts and Audio Visual Services, Housing and Dining, and Endicott House.\nPhilip A. Stoddard served as vice president for operations and personnel from 1961 to 1969, and vice president for operations from 1969 to 1980. Following Stoddard\'s retirement in 1980, William R. Dickson was appointed Vice President, Operations. By 1981, the Vice President for Operations was charged with the added responsibility of overseeing the administrative vice presidents and coordinating their responsibilities (3). In 1982, Dickson was promoted and the office was renamed the Office of the Senior Vice President. This office remained responsible for most of the operations of the Institute and much of the financial planning and activities. After Dickson\'s retirement in 1998, the role of Senior Vice President was replaced with the new position of Executive Vice President.\n(1) MIT, , p. 12.\n(2) ""Two New Vice-Presidents are Appointed,"" , November 1961, p. 40.\n(3) MIT, , p. 14"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Biography or Historical note\nThe degree program in Electrical Engineering at teh Massachusetts Institute of Technology began in 1882, although an official Department of Electrical Engineering was not established until 1902. In 1975 the department was renamed the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.  Detailed histories of research and teaching activities can be found in the following publications: A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982, by Karl Wildes and Nilo Lindgren; and The Electron and the Bit: EECS at MIT, 1902-2002, edited by John V. Guttag.\nHeads of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science:\nLouis Duncan (1902 - 1904)\nHarry E. Clifford (acting, 1904 - 1907)\nDugald C. Jackson (1907 - 1935)\nFrank A. Laws (acting, 1918 - 1919)\nVannevar Bush (acting, 1929 - 1930)\nEdward L. Moreland (1935 - 1938)\nHarold L. Hazen (1938 - 1952)\nGordon S. Brown (1952 - 1959)\nJerome B. Wiesner (acting, 1959 - 1960)\nPeter Elias (1960 - 1966)\nLouis D. Smullin (1966 - 1974)\nWilbur B. Davenport, Jr. (1974 - 1978)\nGerald L. Wilson (1978 - 1981)\nJoel Moses (1981 - 1989)\nPaul L. Penfield, Jr. (1989 - 1999)\nJohn V. Guttag (1999 - 2004)\nL. Rafael Reif (2004 - 2005)\nW. Eric L. Grimson (2005 - ) "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nInformation Processing Services (IPS) was formed in the fall of 1967 within the School of Engineering. Its goals were to coordinate the development of information processing capability at the Institute, and to strengthen and reorganize the Computation Center, the central computer facility established in 1957. Information Processing Services went through several organizational changes as it grew. In 1976, it was composed of two offices: Administrative Computing Services (ACS) and Academic and Research Computing Services. The activities of these two branches were supported by four separate groups--Systems Programming, Business Systems Development(BSD), Special Projects and Planning, and Computer Operations. In 1981, Administrative Information Systems (AIS) was formed as the successor to ACS and BSD.\nInformation Processing Services delivered production data processing and computer related services to the Institute until  July 1983, when professor James Bruce was appointed Director of Information Systems, with responsibilities for four new groups, incorporating old and new responsibiliites configured as Administrative Systems; Operations and Systems; Telecommunications Systems; and Research Computing Services.\nDirectors of Information Processing Services were Richard G. Mills, 1967-1970; Robert H. Scott, 1970-1976; and Weston Burner, assistant director, 1970-1976, director, 1977-1983."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Institute Archives and Special Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to the Institute Archives. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Office of the Associate Director for Systems and Planning was established in the Libraries in 1989.  T. Gregory Anderson served in the position from 1989 until 1995. In 2000 Eric Celeste succeeded in the position with the title of Assistant Director for Technology Planning and Administration."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records. Personnel records are restricted for 75 years from the date of creation.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Historical note\nThe Office of the Vice President for Research and Associate Provost was created in January of 1970, combining certain responsibilities formerly held by the Vice President for Research Administration (Dr. Carl F. Floe) with those of the Vice President for Special Laboratories (Dr. Jack P. Ruina), both of whom returned to teaching and research within the Institute at that time.\nThe Vice President for Research has overall responsibility for research administration and policy at the Institute. They oversee more than a dozen interdisciplinary research laboratories and centers, including the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the Plasma Science and Fusion Center, the Research Laboratory of Electronics, the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology, the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, the Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Haystack Observatory and the Division of Health Sciences and Technology. The Office of Sponsored Programs, Technology Licensing Office, International Scholars Office and Division of Comparative Medicine, among others, report to the Vice President for Research. The VPR is responsible for research integrity and compliance and plays a central role in research relationships with the federal government, industry, foundations, and international sponsors.(1)\n(1) http://web.mit.edu/vpr/www/  9/10/2010"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Laboratory Instrument Computer (LINC) was designed by Wes Clark in 1962 and is thought to be one of the first ""personal computers.""  About 60 LINCs were built in the summer of 1963 at an MIT Summer Camp, where researchers from across the country met to put together computers that they could use in their laboratories. LINC\'s main purpose was to gather real-time data and process and display the results for its users. After 28 years of service, LINC was decommissioned in 1992.*\nFor a detailed description and history of LINC, please see ""Lights Out for Last LINC,"" by John Cook, in , Volume 6, Number 1, Fall 1992.  This publication is available at the Institute Archives and Special Collections (T171.M42a.R3) and online at . \n*This information was taken from . "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nIn 1871 a new course, Course 7, in natural history was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) under professors Samuel Kneeland and Alpheus Watt. With the addition of William Thompson Sedgwick in 1883, the program became known for its work in microbiology and public health. At the same time, Sedgwick set up a curriculum, Course 7-B, designed to train students planning to enter the medical profession.\nIn 1889 a new Department of Biology replaced Course 7 in natural history; the new department not only included premedical training, but also emphasized bacteriology and sanitary biology. Studies in water supplies, food supplies, and bacteriology of foods led to a change in the name of the department in 1911 to the Department of Biology and Public Health. During this period Samuel Prescott's collaboration with William L. Underwood led to the development of procedures for the sterilization of canned foods which were basic to the development of the canned foods industry.\nIn 1936 a committee composed of MIT President Karl T. Compton, Vice President Vannevar Bush, and Professor John W. M. Bunker proposed that MIT develop a new type of biology–biological engineering–which would utilize basic knowledge of physics, mathematics, and chemistry, as well as several fields of engineering. Training in public health was abandoned in 1942 and the department name was changed to the Department of Biology and Biological Engineering. As teaching and research related to food continued to develop, a separate Department of Food Technology was established in 1944, and the department's name changed once again to the Department of Biology. The department was reorganized in 1955 and molecular biology was further developed with emphasis on biophysics, biochemistry, microbiology, and physiology-developmental biology. A strong program for post-doctoral training of MDs as well as PhDs was developed.\nIn 1962 Francis O. Schmitt organized the Neurosciences Research Program, which emphasized an understanding of brain function based on neurophysiology. The program remained at MIT until 1982 when it moved to Rockefeller University. As the research program continued to expand, a clinical research center was established in 1964 to provide facilities for faculty to conduct research with human patients and volunteers, and in December 1965 a new center for life sciences was established with the dedication of the Whitaker Building (building 56).\nPeriodic reviews of the curriculum kept the programs current with new developments in the discipline, and more classes in genetics and biochemistry were added to the course in the late 1970s and 1980s. During the 1970s and the 1980s increased research in cell and molecular biology, microbiology, and immunology resulted in the establishment of the Center for Cancer Research (ca. 1972), first directed by Salvador Luria, and in the late 1970s the Program in Health Sciences and Technology, later the Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology. In 1982 the Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research was established at MIT; first headed by David Baltimore, it greatly expanded the number of faculty in the department and strengthened the research program. In the late 1980s attention was focused on remedying the department's space problems, and in 1994 a new biology building opened (building 68), providing modern facilities for teaching and research programs in human health and disease, cancer, and AIDS.\nThe history of the Department of Biology is also available at ."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nProject Oxygen began in 1999 as a joint venture between the Laboratory for Computer Science and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory before the two labs merged to become the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) in 2003. \nCSAIL was formed on July 1, 2003, by the merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI). CSAIL is an interdepartmental laboratory, including faculty from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Biological Engineering Division, and the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. \n"
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nfrom:  http://web.mit.edu/be/index.shtml\nThe Department of Biological Engineering was founded in 1998 as a new Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)  academic unit, with the mission of defining and establishing a new discipline fusing molecular life sciences with engineering."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nfrom:  http://web.mit.edu/mitei/lfee/\nThe Laboratory for Energy and the Environment (LFEE), an integral part of the MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI), fosters collaboration among industry, government, academia, nongovernmental organizations, and the public to address not only the complex interrelationships between energy and the environment, but also the technological, economic, and social aspects of sustainable energy development and use."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and must be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nPlasma Fusion Center (PFC) was formed in 1976 to provide a focus for experimental and theoretical studies in plasma science, magnetic fusion research and fusion energy development, and related engineering disciplines. The Center consolidated the research that was being done by the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory and the Research Laboratory for Electronics. It provides the structure required for effectively undertaking all Department of Energy sponsored fusion research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  \nThe Centers fosters independent creativity and helps integrate the collective fusion activities into a cohesive program with broader Institute goals. These goals are to provide strong scientific leadership, both nationally and internationally, for the development of fusion energy; and to provide the intellectual environment for the educational training of students, research scientists, and engineers. Fusion research activities at the Plasma Fusion Center fall into five major programmatic divisions: Physics Research Division, Toroidal Confinement Division, Waves and Beans and Relativistic Electronics Divisions, Plasma Technology and Systems Division, Fusion Technology and Engineering Division. [The Center has been renamed to the Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC). The Center's new name more accurately defines the broad range of plasma science related research and education for which the Center has become known for since it formed.] "
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed and will need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is not yet fully processed, and portions of the collection are closed. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research, but some portions of the collection (government records) may be restricted.  Please contact Distinctive Collections for additional information about access to presidential papers in this collection.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research, however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nJule Gregory Charney, 1917-1981, was an international leader in theoretical meteorology and pioneer in the field of numerical weather prediction.  He earned a BA in mathematics and physics in 1938 from UCLA, an MA in mathematics in 1940, and a PhD in meteorology in 1946. During World War II he assisted in the training of weather officers for the armed services at the Army Air Forces Training School at UCLA.\nIn 1946 Charney went to the University of Chicago as a research associate of Carl-Gustaf Rossby, one of the founders of modern meteorology. He continued his post-doctoral work as a National Research Fellow in 1947-1948 at the University of Oslo, Norway. Charney spent the years in Chicago and Oslo developing his theory of quasi-geostrophic dynamics, deriving systematic approximations to the equations of fluid motions, thereby allowing large-scale atmospheric circulations to be described mathematically. His landmark research was to form the core of all theoretical work in modern dynamical meteorology.\nIn 1948 Charney joined the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, as director of the Meteorological Research Group. At IAS he collaborated with mathematician John von Neumann in pioneering the development of numerical weather prediction through the use of high-speed computers. Initial computations were made on the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) in 1950. The results were the first numerical predictions of a two-dimensional model approximating the actual flow at a mid-level in the atmosphere. In 1952-1953 Charney obtained the first prediction of cyclogenesis with a three-dimensional model. The results prompted the United States government's interest in the practical application of operational numerical prediction. Consequently, Charney contributed to the establishment of the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit in Maryland for the routine daily prediction of large-scale weather patterns. The facility served the Air Force, the Navy, and the United States Weather Bureau. The latter, with Charney's encouragement, established the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, a research-orientated facility utilizing computers for basic atmospheric and oceanic research.\nIn 1956 Charney came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as professor of meteorology and director of the Atmospheric and Ocean Dynamics Project. In the quarter of a century until his death in 1981, he continued to make fundamental contributions to the theory of ocean currents, atmospheric wave propagation, large-scale hydrodynamic instability, hurricanes, drought, and atmospheric blocking ridges.\nIn 1966 Charney was appointed the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at MIT, the first individual to occupy the chair established through a fund pledged by A. P. Sloan, Jr. In 1974 Charney became head of the MIT Department of Meteorology and was responsible for its reorganization into the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography. In 1977 he resigned his post as department head in order to pursue his research interests.\nDuring the years 1960 to 1965, while a member of the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences, and later as chairman of the Committee on International Meteorological Cooperation, Charney assisted in organizing the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). GARP developed from several sequences of scientific, technical and political advancements. The United States began to concentrate on the establishment of an American space program during the years following the first successful Soviet satellite launch in 1957. In April 1961 President John F. Kennedy, anxious to strengthen the US space effort and lessen tensions generated by Cold War politics, consulted Special Assistant for Science and Technology Jerome B. Wiesner for suggestions to promote collaborative space programs with other nations, including the USSR. Charney, contacted by Wiesner, was instrumental in initiating a series of discussions among atmospheric scientists on methods to advance international cooperation. In 1962 the International Council of Scientific Unions joined the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in the administration of the Global Atmospheric Research Program. Charney continued to be active in GARP projects and became the first chairman of the United States Committee on GARP.\nCharney was a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Geophysical Union, and an Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including the American Meteorological Society's Meisinger Award, the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, the Losey Award of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, the Symons Memorial Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society, the Hodgkins Medal of the Smithsonian Institution, the Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union, and the Cleveland Abbe Award of the American Meteorological Society.  Jules Charney died June 16, 1981.  \nLink to National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir: http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/charney-jule-g.pdf"
Access note: The collection is open for research.
Access note: The collection is open for research.
Access note: The collection is open for research.
"Access note: The collection is open for research.  Materials in the collection were also digitized and digital access copies with accompanying metadata are available for use in the reading room of the Department of Distinctive Collections, Masachusetts Institute of Technlogy.', 'Historical note\nThe Theodore N. Vail Collection of Aeronautical Prints, Broadsides, and Clippings is held in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Institute Archives and Special Collections. It consists of pictorial engraving prints, cuttings and excerpts from newspapers and magazines, and a large number of hand-bills and posters about balloon ascents primarily in England, France, and Germany.  The collection\'s contents range from the fanciful to depictions of historic events, including the first successful balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783.The bulk of the collection covers approximately the years 1720 to 1880 and was assembled by English collectors.\nThe original collector appears to be John Cuthbert; later the collection was acquired by J. Fillinham, and then by George Dering.  All three men lived in England. In 1912, Theodore N. Vail, a member of the MIT Corporation, acquired and donated to MIT, a collection of ""electricity"" books belonging to George Dering. The Dering materials were shipped from England to Boston and managed by the MIT Libraries. The aeronautical materials were part of the overall purchase, but were housed separately at MIT in the aeronautical library, not with the Vail electrical books in the engineering library. Later the aeronautical materials were transferred within the MIT Libraries into the Institute Archives and Special Collections.  "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.  Some items are small, not full pages, and care needs to be taken when opening folders.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nTheodore Grover began his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)  as assistant janitor in 1878. In 1883 Grover became head janitor of the Walker Building and dedicated much of his time to the Rogers Laboratory, caring for the laboratory rooms and assisting with the transport of lecture apparatus. Grover was made superintendent of janitors and paymaster in 1902, superintendent of buildings in 1903, bank messenger in 1913, then went on to become chief assistant to MIT professor William Sedgwick.\nGrover was well respected by the MIT community and recognized for his special talents beyond his job-related duties, including his skill in lettering and map making. He was known to put lecture notices on classroom blackboards that included illustrative maps and beautiful lettering.\nTheodore Grover was also a trustee of the Revere Public Library and a member of the Revere Historical Society in Revere, Massachusetts. As a personal interest he collected autographs and signatures of well-known people. Since he was employed at the Institute for a number of years, he also obtained the autographs or signatures of many MIT-related people."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy. Boxes 243-244 are restricted for 75 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Historical note\nWhen Karl Compton took office as the ninth president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on July 1, 1930, he assumed duties somewhat different from those of his predecessor, Samuel Stratton. Compton accepted the presidency with the understanding that Stratton would assume the newly-created office of chairman of the Corporation and chairman of the Executive Committee of the Corporation. After Samuel Stratton's death in October 1931, the chairmanship was left vacant and President Compton presided over both Corporation and Corporation Executive Committee meetings. When Compton retired from the presidency in 1948, he assumed the position of chairman of the Executive Committee.\nThe office of the president was small in 1930, and the president made virtually all administrative decisions. The registrar, bursar, dean of undergraduate students, dean of graduate students, and director of admissons were the administrative officers assisting the president and each reported directly to him. The faculty, over which the president presided, had virtual control over academic programs and policies.\nDuring the early months of 1932, Compton brought a proposed new organization before the Corporation and the Executive Committee for discussion. The plan proposed the creation of a vice president, three academic schools (Engineering, Science, Architecture) administered by deans, and two divisions (Humanities, Industrial Cooperation and Research). The positions of registrar, bursar, director of admissions, librarian, dean of undergraduate students, and dean of the graduate school were retained and the incumbents reported directly to the president and vice president. A new body, the Administrative Council, was to coordinate the administration of the Institute. This body consisted of the president, the vice president, the deans, the bursar, and the chairman of the faculty. The plan was adopted by the Corporation in March 1932.\nThree administrative levels were implied in the plan: president; vice president; and deans and administrative officers. All administrative officers reported directly to the president. The first vice president, Vannevar Bush, served largely as an advisor to Karl Compton and as chief administrative officer in Compton's absence.  They shared files and support staff.\nAs Compton saw the responsibilities of the deans:\n\nCarroll L. Wilson was the first of many administrative assistants and executive assistants to the president. As the responsibilities of the office increased, so did the number of assistants and their responsibilities. In 1939 James Rhyne Killian joined the staff as executive assistant to the president. When Vannevar Bush left MIT in 1938, Killian assumed additional duties, responsibilities acknowledged with his appointment as executive vice president in 1943.\nThrough Compton's recommendation, many of his assistants secured positions of influence outside of MIT. This network of contacts served MIT especially well when the Second World War began in December 1941. Mobilization for war began at MIT more than a year before the declaration. Military training was mandated for all fit male students. Army, Navy, and National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) war research contracts totalled nearly $4 million during academic year 1940-1941. The president's office was one of the first offices affected by these changes--it felt a manpower shortage long before the draft was instituted. \nWhen war was declared, the responsibilities and commitments of the Institute grew at a staggering rate, compounding its manpower shortage. Many of the responsibilities and burdens of the presidency fell to James Killian.\n  \nAfter the war ended in 1945, MIT's student body increased as did the number of important research contracts. Thus the administration expanded rather than shrinking to its pre-war size. In 1949, the new senior administrative post of provost was created. The primary focus of the provost was the administration and coordination of educational and research activities that did not fall within the jurisdiction of any single school.\nIn the fall of 1948 Compton was called to Washington to serve as chairman of the Research and Development Board, an agency established to oversee military scientific research efforts in the postwar period. He resigned as president of the Institute. James Killian was named president-designate by the Corporation in September. Early in October the Corporation voted to make the transfer effective October 15, 1948, and on that date Karl Compton's position changed from president to chairman of the Corporation.\nAs James Killian's presidency began, he was quick to express his administrative style. He increased the responsibilities and authority of the senior administrative officers and chose to follow their work closely rather than having the work performed directly through the office of the president. \nThe president of MIT was now a national figure, expected to serve as a spokesman for the scientific and engineering community, to serve on the committees and boards that represented that community, and to hold himself available for government service. The president also was expected to participate in MIT fund raising campaigns and to encourage actively cooperative efforts between industry and MIT.\nThe decentralization of administration activated by response to the growth of the Institute during the postwar period accelerated during the 1950s. In 1951, two positions were expanded: vice president and provost, and vice president and treasurer. Three years later a vice president for industrial and governmental relations was appointed to assume responsibilities for sponsored research initially assigned to the vice president and provost. In 1956, the Corporation appointed Julius A. Stratton as chancellor. The chancellor served as deputy to the president, and as the general executive officer for all Institute affairs was authorized in the absence of the president to have all the powers and perform all the duties and functions of the president. \nDecentralization increased the influence and responsibilities of coordinating groups, such as Administrative Council, the Budget and Personnel Committee, Faculty Council and coordinating bodies formed by Institute Schools. \nIn November 1957 President Killian was named Special Assistant for Science and Technology to President Eisenhower. From that date to December 31, 1958, Julius Stratton, MIT's chancellor, took on the additional role of acting president of the Institute. On January 1, 1959 Stratton became the eleventh president of MIT."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', ""Historical note\nThe Staff-Administration Committee was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1938 to promote the free exchange of ideas between staff and administration. (1) The committee was first proposed at a meeting of the American Association of University Professors on January 5, 1938. This committee originated as an advisory committee with no administrative or judicial powers. Members of MIT's faculty nominated members from the teaching staff to serve on the committee. Among the members of the teaching staff it was designated that one member was chosen from the Student-Faculty Committee and another was a local representative of the American Association of University Professors. Members of the administration were appointed by President Compton, and were chosen from heads of departments, deans, and members of the Executive Committee of the Corporation. Julius Stratton served as the committee's first chair. The earliest topics considered by the Staff-Administration Committee included dissatisfaction with the Technology Photo Service, complaints about the Hygiene Department, and tenure and promotion problems. (2)  The committee would later examine issues involving relationships between administration and faculty or other academic staff with teaching responsibilities. The committee developed ad hoc arrangements to ensure that academic staff not of faculty rank were adequately represented in discussion and debate of issues with special impact upon their interests.\nThe committee was composed of a Staff Section and an Administration Section. The Staff Section consisted of six elected faculty members and one non-faculty member with the rank of instructor. Each member with faculty rank served a three-year term, with two members being elected each year by the faculty. At least three members were to have tenured appointments and at least two members were to have non-tenured appointments. It was recommended that there be two members of each of the professorial ranks. The non-faculty member served an appointment of one year and was elected by members of the staff with the rank of instructor. (3) In 1953, the Staff Section of the Staff Administration Committee became a standing committee of the faculty.\nThe committee was renamed the Committee on Faculty Administration in 1979. It no longer included non-faculty instructors among its members. The Faculty Policy Committee absorbed the responsibilities of the Committee on Faculty Administration on April 18, 2007, after being disbanded by vote of the faculty. (4)\n\n(1) MIT , p. 23.\n(2) MIT Office of the President, Records of Karl Taylor Compton and James Rhyne Killian, AC 4, box 206.\n(3) MIT , Section 17, 1962.\n(4) MIT Faculty records, AC 1, series 1, box 7."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', ""Biography or Historical note\nThe Office of Student Conduct (OSC), formerly the Office of Student Citizenship, is the department at MIT responsible for helping students develop and enforce their standards and values and manage conflict. To this end OSC publishes the Mind and Hand Book and educates the campus community about the Institute's expectations related to student life; OSC responds to reports alleging a student or student group has engaged in misconduct by activating MIT's student discipline process according to standards created by the Committee on Discipline; OSC operates the Conflict Management @ MIT program, which provides mediation, restorative justice, facilitated dialogue, and other conflict management techniques and provides extensive training to the Institute community on related skills; OSC provides critical incident interventions when appropriate and structured educational outcomes for students who have violated MIT policies; OSC consults with students, faculty, and others about issues related to student life and student behavior; OSC advises student judicial committees operated by residence halls, FSILGs (Fraternities, Sororities, and Independent Living Groups), and student governance organizations; OSC assists student groups develop, articulate, and enforce values and standards for their community. Finally, OSC is the beginning point of all formal complaints against students, serving as staff to the Committee on Discipline, and as an impartial resource for all parties in a complaint. \nFor more information visit their website: https://studentlife.mit.edu/osc"
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) was one of the first large-scale and extensively instrumented field experiments carried out by physical oceanographers. Conducted in two phases between November 1971 and July 1973, the experiment explored the role of mesoscale eddy motions in the dynamics of general oceanic circulation. Henry Stommel of MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) was a driving force behind the plans for the experiment. It was during British oceanographers John Swallow and James Crease\'s R/V  expedition in 1959-1960 that evidence for the existence of energetic, rotating water columns or eddies was obtained. For their experiment, free drifting floats, since known as Swallow floats, were ballasted at 2000 and 4000 meter depths in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and tracked in an attempt to measure slow drift in deep water. Plans for a mid-ocean dynamics experiment were solidified during a summer panel meeting at WHOI on July 20-24, 1970. Thirteen academic and oceanographic institutions and an international team of oceanographers from the United States, Great Britain, Sweden, and West Germany would later agree to participate in the experiment.\nMODE was as much an exercise in organization as it was a scientific experiment. Collective responsibility and authority for the experiment resided in the twenty-one-member MODE Scientific Council, formed in mid-1971. Its membership consisted of the principal investigators from each of the experimental projects and representatives from the MODE Theoretical Panel. In addition, a six-member Executive Committee, two co-chairmen, Allan R. Robinson of Harvard University and Henry Stommel, and an executive officer, Dennis Moore of Nova University, monitored the overall operation of the experiment. Standing committees were created out of a need for cooperation and collective guidance among investigators. The National Science Foundation\'s Office for the Decade of International Ocean Exploration was the principal source of funding for the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment. Other sources included the Office of Naval Research, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, and the British National Environmental Research Council.\nThe intensive MODE-I field program, carried out between March and July 1973, was the culmination of a sixteen-month theoretical and observational field study known as both MODE-0 and PREMODE. The MODE-I program was a collection of twelve individual experimental and theoretical scientific projects performed simultaneously, each a substantial experiment in its own right. The field program for MODE-I was concentrated in a 600-square-kilometer test site that extended from 28 N 69 40\'W, an area in the mid-ocean between Bermuda and Florida.\nThe duration of MODE-I was limited by the endurance of the equipment. Six ships, two aircraft, and a variety of new, sophisticated instruments, neutrally buoyant floats, ""free fall"" velocity profilers, and air-dropped current probes, were utilized for the experiment. The design of the experiment relied on an objective mapping scheme previously developed by meteorologists, and applied to oceanography for this experiment.\nA coordinated communications network was necessary to organize the movements of the six-ship MODE fleet, personnel, and instrumentation. Undersea cables were extended from a communications center set up at the Bermuda Biological Station to land lines in the US, making phone communications between ships and participating institutions possible. Termination points were at WHOI, MIT, and Harvard, Yale, and Johns Hopkins Universities.\nInformation critical to the ongoing evolution of the field program, hydrostatic data, float positions, instrumentation launches and recoveries, was relayed daily to the ""Hot-Line Center"" and disseminated in weekly  and biweekly  publications.\nMODE-I generated a massive amount of data. An important component of the experiment was the use of different instruments to measure the same phenomena from dissimilar views. In this way a greater understanding of instrument accuracy could be determined and ultimately synthesized into a description of an eddy. To provide a forum for theoretical and dynamical discussions of the eddy problem and general oceanic circulation, to disseminate synthetic analysis of MODE-1, and to develop a draft for a synoptic atlas, scientists followed MODE-I with a two-month ""Summer Institute"" at the University of Rhode Island in July and August of 1974. Discussions with the ten-member USSR delegation at the Summer Institute led to plans for a joint US and USSR experiment, to be called POLYMODE. The goal was to investigate the eddy field not only on the main thermocline, but also in the deep ocean and upper mixed layer.\nTwo films, ""Storms in the Deep Sea"" and ""The Turbulent Ocean,"" both made by Centre Films, Inc. of Hollywood, California, document the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment. The latter film was made for television and aired on the Public Broadcasting System in June of 1974. A third film, the ""Recovery of a MODE Mooring,"" by Adam Gifford and Buoy Group Film, was developed for a presentation to one of the funding agencies, the Office of Naval Research."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe International POLYMODE Program was a bilateral US-USSR project to study mesoscale dynamics in the ocean to improve understanding of the role of eddy processes on scales of 50 to 500 kilometers. Robert Heinmiller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was executive manager of the US POLYMODE Organizing Committee."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor or creator of the collection.', ""Biography\nFrancis Bitter was born in Weehawken, NJ, on July 22, 1902, to Karl Bitter, the sculptor, and Marie Schevill Bitter. He grew up in Weehawken and New York City.\nStarting in 1919, Bitter attended the University of Chicago but, after working on a cattle boat in order to visit Europe in 1922, he transferred to Columbia University. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1925 and spent the next year studying in Berlin. He began a lifelong study of magnets when he returned to Columbia for graduate work. Under A. P. Wills's supervision, Bitter wrote his dissertation on the diamagnetic susceptibility of hydrocarbons.\nBitter received his doctoral degree in 1928 and continued his studies under Robert Millikan at the California Institute of Technology with the support of a National Research Fellowship. The same year Bitter married Mrs. Alice Coomara (nee Richardson). Under the stage name of Ratan Devi, his wife was a popular singer.\nIn 1930 Bitter left academia to accept work in Pittsburgh with the Research Department of Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. His magnet studies expanded to include ferromagnetism. A symposium on this subject was held in 1931 by the American Physical Society due in part to Bitter's impetus. The same year he discovered the powder pattern method for visualizing magnetic domain structure.\nWith the help of another fellowship, a Guggenheim, Bitter went to the Cavendish Laboratories at Cambridge University in 1933. There he studied with Peter Kapitza, who was working with powerful pulsed magnetic fields. He returned to Westinghouse in 1934, but only for a few months. In the fall of 1934 Bitter began his long career with MIT while continuing as a consultant for Westinghouse.\nAt MIT Bitter became an associate professor in the Department of Mining and Metallurgy. He designed a high field magnet through the use of water-cooled copper coil electromagnets. His work was partially funded by grants from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society and the Joseph Henry Fund of the National Academy of Sciences. By 1938 MIT had a magnet laboratory established largely through Bitter's efforts. His early experiments succeeded in creating a solenoid magnet that produced a constant field of 100,000 gauss. Bitter also collaborated with George Harrison on the use of new magnets for investigations of optical phenomena, the Zeeman effect in particular. Another project involved the study of the connection between magnetism and geology; this work helped to reconstruct the history of the earth's magnetic field.\nDuring World War II Bitter spent five years with the Naval Bureau of Ordnance. He worked in England on methods to demagnetize German mines in the English Channel. Other work included development of detection and target-seeking instruments. Bitter attained the rank of Commander in the Navy and became a reserve officer in 1947.\nWhen he returned to MIT in 1945, Bitter joined the Department of Physics. With one of his students, Jean Brossel, he experimented with double resonance. His magnet laboratory was converted during the war, so Bitter reconstructed the lab after the war to facilitate his experiments.\nBitter maintained an active interest in MIT and in education in general. He became a full professor in 1951 and from 1956 to 1960 he served as associate dean of science. His interest in curriculum studies led to his association with the Physical Science Study Committee of Educational Services, Inc. (ESI). He and his second wife, Katherine Welchman, served as masters of MIT's Graduate House from 1962 to 1965.\nIn 1960 Bitter became professor of geophysics in the Department of Geology and Geophysics and assumed primary responsibility for the design and completion of the National Magnet Laboratory, which was funded by the US Air Force. The facility's program was to focus on earth and space science, hence Bitter's departmental change. In an October 22, 1963, letter to Bruce Kingsbury of ESI, Bitter explains his association with the National Magnet Laboratory:\n\nDuring Bitter's tenure, the National Magnet Laboratory produced a water-cooled magnet that gave a constant magnet field of 250,000 gauss.\nAn active consultant, Bitter worked with Arthur D. Little and Sylvania, where he contributed to fluorescent light improvement. His work with Clarence Max Fowler of the Los Alamos laboratories concerned the precise control of high explosives which led to transient magnetic fields of a great intensity, in other words, to megagauss magnets. In 1966 Bitter spent a semester at Chicago's Illinois Institute of Technology serving as advisor in their high field laboratory.\nFrancis Bitter died on July 26, 1967. In his honor, the National Magnet Laboratory was renamed the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory on November 21, 1967."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', ""Biography\nPaul Edward Gray, 1932-2017, was 14th President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and professor emeritus of electrical engineering. He was born February 7, 1932, in Newark, New Jersey. After completing his secondary studies at Grover Cleveland High School in 1950, he entered MIT as a freshman in electrical engineering, He earned an SB in 1954 and an SM in 1955. He then served in the US Army Signal Corps for the next two years. After his discharge in September 1957, he had reached the rank of first lieutenant. In fall 1957, Gray returned to MIT to pursue his doctorate and begin work as an instructor in electrical engineering. He received his ScD in electrical engineering in 1960. He then joined MIT's faculty where he served as assistant professor, 1960-1964; associate professor, 1964-1967; professor, 1967-1968; and MIT Class of 1922 Professor of Electrical Engineering 1968-1971. In addition to his teaching duties, Gray also served in MIT's administration as chair of the Freshman Advisory Council, 1964-1977; associate dean for students, 1965-1967; assistant provost, 1967-1968; associate provost, 1968-1970; and dean of the school of engineering, 1970-1971. From 1968-1973, he was chairman of the Task Force on Educational Opportunity which addressed the recruitment and retention of minority students. \nIn July 1971, Gray was appointed to the newly reestablished position of Chancellor. With this position, he became an ex-officio member of the MIT Corporation and resigned as a member of MIT's faculty. In 1980, Gray was named the 14th President of MIT, a position he served in for a decade. As president, he encouraged curriculum reforms that strengthened the humanities, social sciences, and biology in the undergraduate curriculum. After stepping down in 1990, he returned to teaching part-time and took over as chairman of the Corporation. Gray returned as a full-time member of the electrical engineering faculty in 1997 when he resigned as chairman of the Corporation. In 2007, Gray became a professor emeritus and Corporation life member emeritus. At MIT, he helped establish several programs including: the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), the Leaders for Manufacturing Program, and the affiliation with the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. Gray also was actively involved with the Alumni Association as both a fundraiser and as part of the Class of 1954 Executive Committee.\nHis public service includes four years on the White House Science Council and membership on the Council's Panel on the Health of Universities; he was also vice chairman of the Council on Competitiveness. His field of research is semiconductor electronics and circuit theory. He is the author of two basic texts,  (1960) and  (1967), and co-author of five other books including a major text, (1969), written with Campbell L. Searle of MIT.\nMIT News Office memorial: http://news.mit.edu/2017/former-mit-president-paul-gray-dies-0918."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creator of the collection.', ""Biography\nRobert Jemison Van de Graaff, 1901-1967, BS 1922 and MS 1923, University of Alabama,  BSc 1926 and PhD 1928, Oxford University, joined the MIT Department of Physics as a research associate in 1931. He became an associate professor in 1934, and retired in 1960 as professor emeritus. During World War II Van de Graaff was appointed the director of the MIT High Voltage Radiographic Project, sponsored by the Office of Scientific Research and Development.\nAfter his graduate studies at the University of Alabama, Van de Graaff worked as a research assistant for the Alabama Power Company. Between 1924 and 1929 he studied in Europe, first at the Sorbonne (1924-1925), and later at Oxford University. During that period he became interested in designing a source of energetic particle beams for the study of atomic nuclei. His first working model of the high-voltage electrostatic generator was built in 1929, when Van de Graaff was a National Research Fellow at Princeton University's Palmer Physics Laboratory. The invention was reported at a meeting of the American Physical Society in 1931, and patented in 1935. In collaboration with John G. Trump and William W. Buechner, both of MIT, Van de Graaff continued working on his generator in an effort to achieve higher voltages, more homogeneous particle beams, and more compact designs. In 1946, together with Trump and Denis M. Robinson, a professor of engineering from England, Van de Graaff founded the High Voltage Engineering Corporation, where he served as  chief physicist (later chief scientist) until his death in 1967. The company began its manufacturing operations in 1947, becoming a leading supplier of the particle accelerator systems used in cancer therapy, radiography, and studies of nuclear structure.\nVan de Graaff published many scientific papers and received numerous patents, including those of the high-voltage electrostatic generator and the insulating-core transformer. His work on electrostatic generators was widely recognized within the scientific community. Van de Graaff received several honorary degrees and awards, including the 1947 Duddel Memorial Medal of the Physical Society of Great Britain and the 1966 Tom W. Bonner prize of the American Physical Society. In 1935 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Cassette recordings are restricted.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Historical note\nThis collection comprises oral history interviews that were conducted as part of the Margaret MacVicar Memorial AMITA (Association of  MIT Alumnae) Oral History Project, which has been directed by MIT Associate Professor Margery Resnick (Foreign Languages and Literatures) since 1990. The goal of the project is to document the life histories of MIT alumnae through interviews conducted by students working in MIT's Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). The project also provides an opportunity for students to learn about women of another generation by collecting background information about the alumnae subjects and conducting interviews. The project is endowed by funds provided by MIT alumnae and is ongoing."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Historical note\nThe Science Action Coordinating Committee (SACC) was founded in early 1969 by a small group of physics and biology graduate students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to work for radical economic and political change within MIT and the country through education and symbolic protest. SACC\'s members were undergraduate and graduate students; Noam Chomsky was the group\'s faculty advisor. Between 1969 and 1973 SACC participated in many anti-military research and anti-war protests. Together with the MIT faculty chapter of the Union of Concerned Scientists, SACC co-sponsored a research work stoppage and teach-in on March 4, 1969, to ""devise a means for turning the application of research from military uses and toward the solution of environmental and social problems."" Late in 1970 SACC changed its name to the Social Action Coordinating Committee and became involved in a broader range of causes, including local tenants\' issues, workers\' job actions, preventing the deportation of Vietnamese students at MIT, and opposing the training of Iranian nuclear engineers. SACC ceased in 1977."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\n\nIn May of 1973, Carroll Wilson delivered the Elihu Root lectures at the Council on Foreign Relations. The third and final lecture, ""New Modes of Assessment and Action,"" discussed a new method for assessing global energy and environmental problems and solutions, which would engage leaders from industry and government from a dozen or more countries in intensive ad hoc study projects. Encouraged by colleagues to implement this process, in 1973-74 Wilson enlisted the participation of seventy-five experts from fifteen countries to participate in a two-and-a-half-year study called the Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies, or WAES. \nWilson selected energy as the study topic because he believed that the world was moving steadily, and with little apparent concern, toward a massive energy crisis.  In the preface to the third report of the Workshop, Wilson explained, ""According to the best estimates, world crude oil production will peak and begin to decline with the next twenty-five years. The transition from oil to other forms of energy is coming more rapidly than most people realize.""(1) The objective of WAES was to estimate energy supply and demand for the non-Communist world through the year 2000 and, using these projections as a basis, to identify feasible alternative energy strategies that individual nations might employ. The Workshop headquarters and secretariat expenses at MIT were supported by foundation grants.(2) Participants provided financial support for activities conducted in their countries and for the expenses involved in attending and sponsoring Workshop meetings.\n\nWilson believed that the organization of WAES was unique as it was an independent organization with no official ties to any governments or private firms, and members, whether from public or private institutions, participated in their individual capacities rather than as official representatives of their organizations. As a result, members were free to express their own views rather than those of a sponsoring institution. \nThe organizational structure was based on a system similar to that of the National Defense Research Committee where Wilson worked as assistant to the director during the Second World War. The WAES system allowed senior people (Participants) with time restrictions to direct the study while it created a larger, decentralized project staff (Associates) to implement Workshop projects. Wilson selected the thirty-five Participants from fifteen countries(3), who in turn chose one or more Associates to conduct energy supply and demand studies for their own countries and formulate global energy strategies. The Workshop adapted to the multinational membership by the series of thirteen conferences held in ten of the fifteen WAES nations. These conferences served as the forum by which members defined tasks, reported progress, developed standard methods of analysis, and resolved issues arising from the program.\n(4)\nThe Workshop published four volumes which outlined its findings, a three-volume technical report series and a final report.\nTechnical Reports: I.  (MIT Press, November 1976); II.  (MIT Press, June 1977); III.  (MIT Press, June 1977).\nFinal Report:  (New York: McGraw-Hill, June 1977).\nWith the exception of Part II of the final report, the reports represent a group consensus reached by WAES members while the papers document the decision-making processes leading to the reports\' publication.  Part II of the final report consists of chapters authored by individual WAES members about specific fuel types. Only Wilson\'s chapter on nuclear energy is represented in the records.\nThe findings of WAES were intended to be useful to companies, industries, national governments, and international bodies which make energy choices. Through its technical analyses, WAES was intended to provide a quantitative basis for policy decision-making. In addition, Wilson hoped that the WAES members, influenced by the Workshop findings, would then help turn the options identified by the Workshop into realities in their own countries. The prefatory material in the McGraw-Hill volume offers a summary of the scope and history of WAES.\nThe WAES projects included:\n\n\n\n\nA summary of the conclusions reached by WAES is as follows:\n\n\n(1)  (Cambridge: MIT Press, June 1977), vii.\n(2) Rockefeller Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Andrew Mellon Foundation, German Marshall Fund, National Science Foundation.\n(3) Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela.\n(4) Information extracted from , May 1976. This pamphlet may be found in box 29."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. However, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy, portions of this collection may be restricted.', 'Historical note\nfrom the Report to the President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985-1986:\nFiscal Year 1986 for the Office of the Dean for Student Affairs (ODSA) was one of significant change and\nunique opportunity. The year began with a change in reporting structure for the ODSA from the Vice President in the Office of the President to the Associate Provost in the Office of the Provost.\n.\nWithin the Office of the Dean for Student Affairs, the Undergraduate Academic Support (UAS) Office coordinates the freshman and undesignated sophomore advising programs; the orientation programs for all new undergraduates; and serves as an academic  information center for students, individual faculty members, and departments. The office also serves as the administrative support structure for the Faculty Committee on Academic Performance, the January Independent Activities Period, and the Wellesley-MIT Exchange Program. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to MIT records  Administrative records in box 30 are closed for 20 years. Records in box 31 are closed for 75 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nCharles M. Vest (1941-2013) earned a BS in 1963, West Virginia University; MS 1964, and a PhD 1967, University of Michigan. In 1990 Dr. Vest was elected president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)  and served in that position through December 2004, when he became professor and president emeritus. He was a life member of the MIT Corporation until his death in December 2013.\nBefore serving as president of MIT, Charles Vest was dean of engineering and later provost and vice president for academic affairs at the University of Michigan.  He served on various federal committees and commissions, including the Presidents Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) during the Clinton and Bush administrations, the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, the Secretary of Education's Commission on the Future of Higher Education, the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on Transformational Diplomacy and the Rice-Chertoff Secure Borders and Open Doors Advisory Committee.  From 2007-2013 Vest served as president of the National Academy of Engineering. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Additionally, boxes 1-6 of this collection are confidential survey responses and records and are restricted.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to the department. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nLotte Bailyn is the T. Wilson (1953) Professor of Management, Emerita at the MIT Sloan School of Management. For the period 1997-99 she was Chair of the MIT faculty, and during 1995-97 she was the Matina S. Horner Distinguished Visiting Professor at Radcliffe's Public Policy Institute. \nBailyn earned a BA in mathematics from Swarthmore College and an MA and a PhD in social psychology from Harvard University.\nfrom her faculty research web site: \nShe studies the relationship between managerial practice and employees' lives. Her research investigates how institutional and organizational processes intersect with people's lives, with special emphasis on the dynamics of gender and diversity in business organizations and academia. Bailyn argues that industries will fail in an intensely competitive world unless they take into account the changing nature of the professional workforce— including the influx of women and the consequent lifestyle changes for both women and men. Her work in organizations shows that work and personal life are complementary, even synergistic, rather than adversarial. By challenging the assumptions in which current work practices are embedded, the goals of both business productivity and employees' family and community concerns can be met in ways that are equitable for both men and women.\nTeaching: MIT 15.339 Social Psychology of Work and Organizations; 15.349 Personal issues In the Management\nof Human Resources; 15.348 Workshop in Research Methods. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Digital files must be used on site in the reading room.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nMarkus Zahn, 1946-, was the Thomas and Gerd Perkins Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 2000 to 2015. He earned his bachelor\'s, master\'s, and doctoral degrees from MIT between 1964 and 1970. Zahn joined the faculty teaching electrical engineering at the University of Florida, Gainesville, in 1970. He returned to MIT in 1980 as associate professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department and was promoted to full professor in 1992. Zahn was appointed the Thomas and Gerd Perkins Professor of Electrical Engineering in 2000 and served as director of the VI-A Internship Program from 1994 to 2015. Zahn is a principal investigator in the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and a member of the Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems and the High Voltage Research Laboratory (HVRL).\nZahn received numerous teaching awards and was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1993 for his ""contributions to the understanding of the effects of space charge and flow electrification on the conduction and breakdown properties of dielectrics.""(1) Zahn is the author of the textbook Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach first published in 1979. He also co-developed with Dr. James R. Melcher a series of educational videotaped demonstrations of concepts in electromagnetic fields and energy.\n(1) http://www.rle.mit.edu/cehv/biography.htm"
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Portions of the collection may require permission for access.', 'Intellectual property rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Committee on the HASS (Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences) Requirements was convened by Ann Friedlaender, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Science, and Margaret MacVicar, Dean of Undergraduate Education, in July 1985 to evaluate the existing HASS requirements and to propose an alternative structure that would better serve the interest of students and faculty in the technology and scientific disciplines as well as humanities. The committee, chaired by Professor Pauline R. Maier of the history faculty, issued a final report in 1986.  \nReport to the President, 1985-86.\nReport of the Committee on the HASS Requirements, MIT, 1986 (T171.M42K.H3 1986)"
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Historical note\nSIPB (pronounced ""Sip-bee"") is the Student Information Processing Board, a volunteer student group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  The group was started in 1969 to provide students better access to campus computer systems and to support students interested in developing and providing computer services to the MIT community."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT Policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography \nWilliam F. Schreiber, 1925-2009, was a professor emeritus and the director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. \nHe received both a Bachelor's of Science (1945) and a Master's in Science (1947) in electrical engineering from Columbia University. Schreiber then earned a doctorate in electrical engineering (1953) at Harvard University. Soon after he began his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 as an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and as part of the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE)'s Cognitive Information Processing Group. \nFrom 1964 to 1966, he was a visiting professor at the Indian University of Technology in Kanpur, India. In 1968, Schreiber became professor of electrical engineering at MIT and from 1979 to 1982 he was the Bernard Gordon Professor of Electrical Engineering. In 1983, Schreiber became director of the newly established Advanced Television Research Program (ATRP) at RLE. \nPrior to his career at MIT, Schreiber was an engineer at Sylvania Electric Products in Bayside, New York, from 1947 to 1949. From 1953 to 1959, he directed electronics research at Technicolor Corporation in Hollywood, a career that helped shape his future research in the field of image processing and transmission coding and the eventual development in his lab of high-definition television (HDTV).\nOutside of the classroom, Schreiber was an active member of  the Boston Area Faculty Group on Public Issues (BAFGPI or BAFGOPI) during the 1960s. BAFGPI was founded in 1961 to provide a forum for academic faculty to address public issues. Schreiber was concerned about the civil defense program and its effectiveness in protecting United States citizens against nuclear fallout. In addition to activities with BAFGPI focusing on this issue he also testified in 1963 before Subcommittee #3 of the House Armed Services Committee. \nhttp://www.eecs.mit.edu/news-events/announcements/william-f-schreiber-1925-2009"
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe provost is the senior academic officer of the Institute. He or she shares responsibility with the president and the academic deans for supervision and leadership of the Institute's policies, plans, and priorities as they affect all academic programs. The provost, working with the executive vice president, also has responsibility for coordinating the budgeting of the Institute.\nThe academic offices within the Institute that report directly to the provost include the deans of the schools; the deans of the interdisciplinary centers, laboratories, and programs; the director of the Libraries; the director of Lincoln Laboratory; and the associate provosts. The provost also coordinates educational and research activities that do not fall under the jurisdiction of any one school, such as interdepartmental collaboration among faculty sponsored jointly by different departments.\nThe Office of the Provost was created in the spring of 1949. The first provost was Julius Adams Stratton, who continued to have the responsibilities of the Office of Provost when he was later appointed vice president and provost in 1952. During his term as MIT president, Stratton appointed the second provost, Charles Hard Townes, in 1961.\nPaul E. Gray was associate provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1969 to 1971. He served concurrently with Associate Provost Walter A. Rosenblith. Gray and Rosenblith served under the Institute's third provost, Jerome Wiesner.\nhttp://libraries.mit.edu/mithistory/institute/offices/office-of-the-mit-provost/"
"Access note: The collection is open for research. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe position of president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was established at the first organizational meeting in 1862 following the incorporation of the Institute on April 10, 1861. Currently, the president is elected by the MIT Corporation and serves as the chief executive officer of the Institute and an ex officio member of the MIT Corporation and of the following Corporation committees: Membership Committee, Development Committee, and Executive Committee. The president presides over Executive Committee meetings and sets the agenda. As the chief executive officer, the president makes recommendations to the Executive Committee regarding the organizational structure of MIT and oversees the Institute's faculty and Academic Council. The president is also responsible for initiating budgets, tuition increases, changes in the educational and research programs, new plant and facilities needs, and all other matters relating to Institute operations on which Executive Committee action or concurrence may be necessary or appropriate. In all matters that do not require Executive Committee action or concurrence, the president is responsible for both initiation and action.\n\n"", 'Biographical note\n\nPaul Edward Gray, 1932- , B.S. 1954, S.M. 1955, Sc.D. 1960, in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was an instructor at MIT, 1957-1960, assistant professor, 1960-1964, and associate professor, 1964-1967; he became professor in 1967 and was MIT Class of 1922 Professor of Electrical Engineering, 1968-1971. He was associate dean for student affairs, 1965-1967; associate provost, 1969-1970; dean of the School of Engineering, 1970-1971; and chancellor, 1971-1980. He was the fourteenth president of MIT, 1980-1990, and chairman of the MIT Corporation, 1990-1997. After his retirement as chairman, he continued teaching and advising activities. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research. Materials will be reviewed prior to use for personally identifiable information (per federal and state laws).', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\n \nFor a full biography see ""John George Trump,"" by Louis Smullin. In , volume 3 (1989), pages 332-337.\nJohn G. Trump, 1907-1985, BS in electrical engineering, 1929, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn; MA 1931, Columbia University; ScD in electrical engineering, 1933, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He was a research associate at MIT in (1933-1936), assistant professor (1936-1941), associate professor (1941-1952) and was appointed professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering in 1952. Working with Robert J. Van de Graaff, he designed one of the first million-volt x-ray generators used in cancer therapy.\nHe was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950, and to the National Academy of Engineering in 1977. \nDuring World War II, John Trump served as a member of the Steering Committee overseeing the U.S. government research laboratory, the Radiation Laboratory, which was located on the MIT campus, Division 14 (radar) of the National Defense Research Committee. This Laboratory was responsible for research and production of radar systems. Trump was also the Head of Division 12, Field Service, in the Radiation Laboratory, as well as the director of the BBRL (British Branch of the Radiation Laboratory) when it was established in 1944 in Malvern, England.\nAfter the war he co-founded, with Robert Van de Graaff and Denis Robinson, the High Voltage Engineering Corporation to manufacture generators for use in nuclear research, industrial processing, radiography, and medicine. Trump directed the High Voltage Research Laboratory on the MIT campus from 1946 to 1980. \nTrump\'s research interests included the generation of high voltage power, vacuum insulation, and the physics of high energy electron and x-radiations and their application to physical, biological, and medical problems."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nDonald L.M. Blackmer is professor emeritus of political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He joined the MIT Center for International Studies in 1956, and became a member of the faculty in 1961. He served as Associate Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Science from 1973 until 1980, was the first Director of the Program in Science, Technology and Society from 1977 to 1980 and was Head of the Department of Political Science from 1980 to 1988. Outside of MIT, he served as chairman of the Council for European Studies and is a member on the Council on Foreign Relations.\nPublications:\nCommunism in Italy and France. With Sidney Tarrow. Princeton University Press. 1976.\nThe International Role of the Communist Parties of Italy and France. With Annie Kriegel. Center for International Affairs, Harvard. 1975.\nUnity in Diversity: Italian Communism and the Communist World. MIT Press. 1968."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection.', ""Biography\nKevin Andrew Lynch was born in Illinois in 1918. He began his study of architecture at Yale University in 1935; then Taliesin (under Frank Lloyd Wright), 1937-1939 and  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1939-1940. He earned a B.C.P. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. He was appointed instructor in city planning at MIT in 1948, assistant professor in 1949, associate professor in 1955, and professor in 1963. Lynch retired from MIT in 1978 to found, with Stephen Carr, the design firm Carr, Lynch and Associates. \nLynch consulted for many cities in the United States and abroad on projects including Boston's Government Center and Waterfront Park, Detroit's Riverfront, major art institutions in Dallas, and urban design plans in Minneapolis, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego. Lynch's publications include  (1960), which summarizes a five-year study he directed with Gyorgy Kepes on how people perceive their cities;  (1972), which examines how time may be passed in cities, as well as urban conservation; and  (1977), which he edited and which explores how environments affect children.\nLynch influenced the field of city planning through his work on the theory of city form, and on the perception of the city environment and its consequences for city design. Kevin Lynch died in April 1984."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Department of Psychology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was first established in 1952 as the Psychology Section of the Department of Economics and Social Science. Hans-Lukas Teuber was hired as chair of the section in 1960 with the goal of strengthening the study of psychology at the Institute and establishing a graduate program. In 1962, the section was authorized to begin awarding graduate degrees. On July 1, 1964, the Department of Psychology was formally established and designated as Course 9. While the department offered undergraduate courses, it did not administer undergraduate degrees until 1982 when the interdisciplinary degree in cognitive sciences was introduced. On July 1, 1986, the Department of Psychology merged with the computational neuroscience and molecular neurobiology programs of Whitaker College, establishing the new Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nIrwin Oppenheim, 1929-2014,  was a theoretical physical chemist, who joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the Department of Chemistry in 1961, and was promoted to full professor in 1965. \nMIT News Office article: http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/irwin-oppenheim-professor-emeritus-chemistry-dies-84"
"Access note: The collection is open for research. The collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography or Historical note\nDavid C. Gossard received bachelor's (1968) and master's (1970) degrees in mechanical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD (1975) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology also in mechanical engineering. He joined the Mechanical Engineering Department faculty in 1975. His research interests include solid modeling and computational geometry, and computer-aided design (CAD)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research. The collection is not yet fully processed and records may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish is necessary.', 'Biography \nCharles Weiner (1932-2012) was professor of the history of science and technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). \nfrom the MIT News Office Febuary 2012 obituary: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/obit-weiner.html\n""...Weiner was the pre-eminent historian of his generation focusing on the political, social and ethical dimensions of contemporary science and the responses of scientists to public controversies arising from their work. Educated at the Case Institute of Technology first in metallurgy (BS 1960) and then in the history of science and technology (PhD 1965), he had a strong generational attachment to the cultural currents of the American working class. He worked for a time as an autoworker, traveled the country, and sought out and knew singers such as Woody Guthrie. He served briefly in the U.S. Army both in Korea and Japan.\nUpon receiving his PhD, Weiner became director of the Center for the History of Physics at the American Institute of Physics from 1965 to 1974, and then moved to MIT, serving from 1975 to 1986 as director of the MIT Oral History Program. \nWhen an STS graduate program was established, Weiner taught a key graduate seminar, often with historian of science Lily Kay, on the history of molecular biology with a strong emphasis on ethical questions over patenting, eugenics, privacy, insurance and health policy. A central topic in the course was the self-regulation of molecular biology that had been initiated by the Asilomar Conference in 1975 as part of the debate over recombinant DNA. ..."""
Access note: The collection is open for research. There are no restrictions on access to this collection.
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Biographical note\nadapted from: ""What\'s the Score: Spring 2000,""  MIT Music Library newsletter\nPaul Earls, 1934-1998, was a fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) from 1970 to 1998. He was a composer known mostly for theatrical and multi-media works that included his laser art such as The Death of King Phillip, Icarus: a Sky Opera (with Otto Piene, Ian Strasfogel and Guenther Schneider-Siemssen), and Mozart and Cosmology (with Beth Soll). He also wrote symphonic, choral, chamber and electronic music. Examples include Brevis Mass, And On the Seventh Day for full orchestra, Nun Danket Fantasy for organ, and Five Notables for solo violin. Recordings of his music currently available in the MIT Music Library include Electronic Music of Paul Earls, 1968-1993 (call no. PhonCD Ea73 elemu) and Instrumental and Vocal Music (call no. PhonCD Ea73 sel). "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Biography\nStanley Backer, BS, 1941, MS, 1948,  Sc.D., 1953, Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was a professor in the MIT Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1951-1989.  Much of his research focused on the weaving characteristics of fabrics exposed to high stress."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Biography\nVirgilio Barco-Vargas (17 September 1921 - 20 May 1997) earned an S.B. degree in Civil Engineering at the  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1943, and later studied economics at MIT. He a member of the MIT Corporation from 1970 to 1980, and was the invited commencement speaker at MIT in 1990. He was active as an economist and prominent political figure in Colombia, serving as president from 1986 to 1990, and as ambassador to the United States from 1977 to 1980, among many positions."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use note: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to materials in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', ""Biography\nMildred Dresselhaus (November 11, 1930 – February 20, 2017) was Institute Professor, and Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Emerita at the Massachusetts Institutute of Technology (MIT). \nRecent honors and awards include:\nPresidential Medal of Freedom, 2014    \nvon Hippel Award, Materials Research Society, 2013\nKavli Prize in Nanoscience, 2012\n    Enrico Fermi Award, 2012\n    Vannevar Bush Award, 2009\n    ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences, 2009\n    Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize, American Physical Society, 2008\n    Oersted Medal, 2007\n    L'Oréal UNESCO Award for Women in Science, 2007\n    Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment, 2005\n    IEEE Founders Medal Recipients, 2004\n    Karl T. Compton Medal for Leadership in Physics, American Institute of Physics, 2001\n    Medal of Achievement in Carbon Science and Technology, American Carbon Society, 2001\n    Honorary Member of the Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2000\n    National Materials Advancement Award of the Federation of Materials Societies, 2000\n    Honorary Doctorate from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, February 2000\n    Nicholson Medal, American Physical Society, March 2000\n    Weizmann Institute's Millennial Lifetime Achievement Award, June 2000\n    SGL Carbon Award, American Carbon Society, 1997\n    National Medal of Science, 1990"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe inauguration of James R. Killian as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\'s tenth president on April 2, 1949, was preceded by the two-day ""Mid-Century Convocation on the Social Implications of Scientific Progress"" on March 31 and April 1. The idea for the convocation originated in the wish of the MIT Corporation to examine the role MIT was to play in the post-war era, after the Institute had become a leader in government scientific research during World War II. The convocation and inauguration were the occasion of a gathering to listen to Winston Churchill, Harold E. Stassen, and prominent scholars who examined the role of science and technology in addresses that included the following themes: The State of Science; The Twentieth Century; Men against Nature; Men against Men; Science, Materialism and the Human Spirit; The Role of the Individual in a World of Institutions; The Problem of Specialization in Twentieth Century Education; The State, Industry, and the University; The Store of the Future; and The Obligations and Ideals of the Institute of Technology.\nLarge numbers of MIT alumni were invited as guests and since almost 18,000 persons attended, Churchill\'s speech was given in Boston Garden with television signals sent back to the MIT campus. Convocation program events were held in Rockwell Cage on the MIT campus. Representatives from institutions of higher learning and learned societies took part in the inauguration of President Killian on the third day of the convocation. Verbatim accounts of the convocation discussions were published in , edited by John Ely Burchard (Cambridge, 1950)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Program on Communications Policy was founded by political science faculty member Ithiel de Sola Pool in 1972, with seminars an important feature of the program. After Pool's death in 1984, the program was reformed as the Communications Forum continuing a relationship with business through the MIT Industrial Liaison Program, and also funded by foundation grants. The purpose was to bring together researchers, students, and outside experts to examine a range of communications related issues of interest to the MIT community, and better understand cutting edge developments in the field. Forum seminar sessions speakers are from the communication industry, media producers, government figures, and from academia. In 1998, the Communications Forum launched the Media in Transition project in collaboration with the new MIT Program in Comparative Media Studies (CMS). Funded by the Markle Foundation, this initiative involved a series of forums and conferences comparing earlier periods of decisive technological and social change with our contemporary experience of media transformation and convergence.\nThe strongest papers and reports generated by the project are now available in two volumes published by the MIT Press, Democracy and New Media and Rethinking Media Change, as part of a book series supervised by Forum Director David Thorburn. A website about the book series can be viewed at http://web.mit.edu/transition. \nadapted from MIT Communications Forum publications"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\n\nBetween 1974 and 1977 Carroll Louis Wilson, Mitsui Professor of Problems of Contemporary Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, organized and directed the Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies (WAES)—a three-year study in which seventy-five people from fifteen countries examined global energy prospects to the year 2000. The WAES final report called for an immediate effort to wean the world economy from its dependence on oil and identified only two energy sources—coal and nuclear power—that could serve as substitutes before the year 2000. As there was great uncertainty about nuclear energy, it became evident that coal should be examined more closely. Towards this end, Wilson organized the World Coal Study—WOCOL—(originally termed the Coal Trade Study - COTRA) in 1978, which involved over eighty people from sixteen major coal using and producing countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Netherlands/UK, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, West Germany). The members convened several times during an eighteen-month period to develop and present an assessment of coal\'s potential to meet world energy needs.\n\nModeled on the WAES project, WOCOL operated as an independent organization with no official ties to governments or private industry. Members, whether from private or public institutions, participated as individuals and were free to express their own views rather than those of a sponsoring institution. The WOCOL organizational structure was identical to the WAES structure: senior level people (Participants) directed the study while a larger, decentralized project staff (Associates) implemented WOCOL projects. Wilson selected the thirty-five Participants who in turn chose one or more Associates. As Project Director, Wilson gave overall direction to the study. The sixteen national ""teams"" first assembled data and projections on the supply and use of coal for their own countries. They then combined their information with data from other teams to make regional and finally global estimates. WOCOL headquarters and secretariat expenses at MIT were supported by grants from private organizations(1) and the US Government. Participants provided financial support for activities conducted in their countries and for the expenses involved in attending and sponsoring WOCOL meetings.\n\nThe project\'s two-volume final report was published in 1980. Volume I, , includes a summary of the findings and a more detailed presentation of issues considered, such as world energy prospects, coal markets and prices, and coal-using technologies. Volume II, , contains the full texts of the reports by each of the sixteen national teams. Like WAES, the findings of WOCOL were intended to be useful to industries, national governments and international bodies which make energy choices. As summarized in the  on May 13, 1980, the day following the final report\'s public release, the report concluded that \n\n\n(1) Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, AMAX Inc., Atlantic Richfield Company, Bechtel National Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Rockefeller Foundation, US Department of Energy."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJohn Harbison, BA, Harvard University, 1960, MFA, Princeton University, 1963, is Professor of Music at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was named Institute Professor in 1995.  Harbison is a composer and conductor who won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1987."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nFrank S. MacGregor received his SB from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1907. He was a mining engineer."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nMargaret Compton was the wife of Karl T. Compton, the ninth president (1930-1948) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Historical note\n\nArthur D. Little, Inc., for many years one of the largest and most diversified consultancies in the world, was founded in 1886. The firm had its origins in a partnership formed by two chemists, Arthur D. Little and Roger B. Griffin. Little attended MIT 1881-1884, where he studied chemistry and edited the student newspaper, . Leaving MIT in 1885 he went to work at the Richmond Paper Company in Rumsford, Rhode Island, the first sulfite paper mill in the United States. He was hired as a chemist, but was soon made superintendent and became expert in the new sulfite process for making paper. Griffin, a graduate of the University of Vermont and a skilled analytical chemist, was hired to replace Little when he was sent to start up a second sulfite pulp and paper mill in North Carolina. When Little returned, the two men worked together and in a short time began their own business. \nLittle and Griffin opened an office and laboratory at 103 Milk Street, Boston, with Griffin as the lab man and Little in charge of sales. The company\'s initial activities were largely in chemical analyses and testing, and consultation on papermaking. Both men were interested in what they referred to as ""investigations for the improvement of processes and the perfection of products,"" and Little tried hard to find potential customers for long-term, significant applied research.\nAlthough hardly prosperous, the business did survive. Much of their work was routine analysis, but it was a few paper mill clients that kept them alive, and each year their income grew a little and their reputation a great deal. Twice the firm moved to bigger quarters and built up a small staff of carefully chosen specialists. Together Griffin and Little worked on the manuscript for , for many years the authoritative text on the subject. But the book was only partially completed when Roger Griffin was killed in a laboratory accident in 1893. Little carried on the business alone for a number of years. \nDuring these years Little founded the Cellulose Products Company and demonstrated that cellulose acetate could be used in producing nonflammable wire insulation and artificial silk. The venture was not a financial success, but its accomplishments were considerable. When the firm was dissolved, its results were distributed among several firms: Eastman Kodak purchased the patents for the first nonflammable motion picture film, and the Lustron Company bought the artificial silk patents and was, for many years, the only American manufacturer of acetate silk. \nIn 1900 Little formed a second partnership with William H. Walker, instructor in analytical chemistry at MIT. The new partnership moved to 7 Exchange Place in Boston, and the firm of Little & Walker continued for five years. In 1905, however, when MIT opened its Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry with Dr. Walker in charge, Walker left to assume full-time duties at the Institute and the partnership was dissolved. Little was again on his own, and in 1909 the firm was formally incorporated as Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL). \nAs the scope of the company\'s activities broadened, specialists were added to the staff and departments were formed. More significant than actual size was the increased diversity of work done. One of the earliest outstanding assignments outside of routine testing and analysis was for General Motors Corporation in 1911 when ADL organized, staffed, and put into operation General Motors\' first centralized research department. \nAmong the more interesting projects of the period were several which unmasked hoaxes. One of these involved a scheme to generate electricity directly by the oxidation of carbon electrodes. Some $5,000,000 had been committed to the venture which, in theory at least, seemed plausible. The apparatus turned out a respectable amount of power, but it also turned out that the inventor had bypassed a number of technical difficulties by drawing his power, through ingenious attachments on the ""bushings"" of the generator, from the regular power lines. \nIn 1916 ADL undertook for the Canadian Pacific Railway a series of surveys of the natural resources of Canada and their industrial potential. This activity was one of the earliest and most important in that field. An office was opened in Montreal, and Arthur D. Little Ltd. of Canada came into being. Before the work was over, 165 separate studies had been completed and, in a sense, ADL had become an international operation.\nIn 1917, ADL moved again, this time to a building of its own at 30 Memorial Drive in Cambridge, alongside the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of  Technology. By 1918 the company had conducted 16,287 investigations. Most of these were analytical in nature, but some also involved entire processes, for example, the production of alcohol from wood waste and the recovery of turpentine and rosin from pine stumps. \nThe growth of research-based industry, which had been stimulated by the First World War, and had continued during the twenties, was slowed down by the depression. Arthur D. Little remained head of the company until his death in 1935. After his death the company continued along the paths Little had pioneered, with Earl P. Stevenson as president. \nDuring World War II the staff of ADL worked on projects as varied as the design of a compression still for distilling water (Kleinschmidt still), flame throwers, incendiary bombs, protection against attack by flame, wound healing ointments, surface coatings, and food modifications. \nAfter the war, the company continued its research and engineering activities and expanded its interests in new directions. Primary among these were the investigation and evaluation of overall technological aspects of various industrial situations. This work led the company into the broad area of systems research and analysis. The company continued to carry out consulting contracts for industry, state and federal agencies, and many foreign governments, especially those in the developing countries. Its interests ranged from pure science research through engineering to the systematic planning of large economic developments in all their technological, social, and political aspects. \nBeginning in the 1960s, as part of research for the Apollo program, ADL developed much of the instrumentation for the lunar experiments. The company continued to assist NASA on projects designed to expedite the commercialization of space and further assert its leadership in exploiting opportunities in space. \nADL also advanced American objectives in the Third World through economic development by transferring technology in a variety of ways, including the operation of an accredited graduate school of business management, the Arthur D. Little Management Education Institute, Inc., directed to the needs of developing nations. \nAround 1972, staff members with common professional interests were organized into new or consolidated professional units such as energy economics, transportation and management economics, telecommunications systems, environmental services, and organization development. The company\'s multi-disciplinary approach typically led it into a wide range of projects, and also into unusually thorough explorations of subjects. For example, one ADL team found a way to store energy, which led to the formation of a team of ADL construction engineers who adapted the technique so that it could be used to heat and cool residential and industrial buildings. This development, in turn, led to the formation of a third unit that analyzed the government\'s options as to a future solar energy policy. \nAt any specific moment, the company had approximately 1,000 cases or projects under way. Some of the projects required the skills of only a few employees while others required the work of as many as fifty scientists, engineers, technicians, and other supporting staff. The range of disciplines was impressive. From bio-environmental systems to telecommunications sciences, statistics to energy economics, operations research to literature research. \nBy the 1980s the company saw the need to exploit technology to solve problems created by pollution and also the lack of energy resources and the need to conserve energy. \nADL\'s affiliated and subsidiary companies included Arthur D. Little Decision Resources; ADL Management Education Institute, Inc.; Arthur D. Little Program Systems, Inc.; Delphy Associates, Inc.; Opinion Research Corporation; Pilgrim Health Applications, Inc.; the S. M. Stoller Corporation; and Uranium Supply Service Corporation. \nInternationally, the company was represented by Arthur D. Little of Canada Limited; Arthur D. Little Limitada in Latin America; Arthur D. Little International, Inc., throughout Europe and the Middle East; Cambridge Consultants Limited in England; and in the Far East, Arthur D. Little, Inc.\nDuring the 1970s and 1980s Arthur D. Little, later ADL Decision Resources, provided client corporations access to the insight and expertise of ADL on the businesses and technologies of the future.  Their publications, Spectrum and DR Reports, presented analyses and forecasts of industries, products, markets, and emerging opportunities.\nIn the late 1980s and 1990s, however, a change in the business environment and a slowdown in the management and technology consulting industry hit Arthur D. Little, Inc.  On February 5, 2002, the firm filed for bankruptcy and its assets were sold to five separate companies. Global Management Consulting and Global Environment & Risk divisions of Arthur D. Little were sold to Altran Technologies of France; Chemical and Energy Ventures to Charles River Associates of Boston; Technology and Innovation to TIAX; Public Sector Program Management to IRC Consulting; and Advanced Energy Systems to Navigant Consulting, Inc. of Chicago. \nArthur D. Little was a pioneer in the consulting industry in the 1880s. His operating principles stressed technical excellence, commitment to the client\'s success, leadership in areas of expertise, and a challenging and fulfilling work environment for the company\'s staff. The company gained an unmatched reputation for excellence by devising novel solutions to challenging problems, developing new techniques, and leading the way in management systems development."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Historical note\nRadar, an acronym for radio detection and ranging, was patented by British scientist Sir Robert Watson Watt for meteorological applications in 1935. Since practical applications for airborne microwave radar had not been developed before World War II, the government of Great Britain requested assistance from the United States to develop this capability. Britain\'s secret Tizard mission was dispatched to Washington, DC, in September 1940 to introduce the 10 centimeter cavity magnetron. Beginning in late 1940 and continuing through World War II, large-scale research at the Radiation Laboratory, which operated as part of Division 14, Radar, of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) and was sited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was devoted to the rapid development of microwave radar. \nThe ""Rad Lab"" designed almost half of the radar deployed in World War II, created over 100 different radar systems, and constructed radar systems on several continents. Physicist Lee DuBridge directed the Radiation Laboratory. From a staff of 30 physicists the lab grew to comprise almost 3,900 research and support staff by late 1945. The Radiation Laboratory was officially terminated on December 31,  1945, but the NDRC set aside funds for a Basic Research Division to continue from January 1 to June 30, 1946, under the direction of MIT professor Julius A. Stratton, and it was known as the NDRC Research Laboratory of Electronics. Beginning July 1, 1946, the laboratory continued operations as the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Historical note\nThe development of Whirlwind I, one of the first large-scale high-speed computers, began during World War II as part of a research project to develop a universal flight trainer that would simulate flight (the Aircraft Stability and Control Analyzer project). It was initiated by the Office of Naval Research and began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Servomechanisms Laboratory in 1944. Eventually the focus of the grant, a flight simulator (using an analog computer), changed to developing a high-speed digital computer.  While building the computer, researcher Jay W. Forrester invented random-access, coincident-current magnetic storage, which became the standard memory device for digital computers. For this he was granted a patent in 1956. Prior to Forrester\'s discovery, electrostatic storage tubes were used. The introduction and change to magnetic core memory provided high levels of speed and of reliability.\nA public announcement was made in late 1951 that the computer known as Whirlwind I was operational and available for scientific and military research.  In 1951 Project Whirlwind was detached from the Servomechanisms Lab to become the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Digital Computer Laboratory.  Unclassified research projects using the Whirlwind I computer were managed by the Digital Computer Lab staff on the MIT campus, where Whirlwind I occupied the Barta Building (N42), which had been acquired in 1947 to provide sufficient space for the computer as it was designed and constructed.  In 1952 staff working on classified projects left to be part of the newly organized Lincoln Laboratory off campus, to form Division 6, Digital Computer Division. Although their projects were classified, the Whirlwind computer itself was not, and remained in the Barta Building. Jay Forrester served as director of both the Digital Computer Laboratory and Division 6, Lincoln Laboratory until 1956, when he became a member of the MIT faculty pursuing interests in system dynamics in management. Robert Everett served as associate director of both labs until he succeeded Forrester as director. \nDivision 6 – Digital Computer Division was initially comprised of six groups that were primarily concerned with Whirlwind I, Whirlwind II, Cape Cod System, Magnetic Materials, and Storage Tubes.  The Division was eventually expanded to nine groups:\nGroup 60 – Administration and Services\nGroup 61 – System Design\nGroup 62 – ESS Installation\nGroup 63 – Digital Comuter Development\nGroup 64 – ESS Shakedown Testing\nGroup 65 – Vacuum Tubes\nGroup 66 – Special Studies\nGroup 67 – Advance SAGE Program Development\nGroup 68 – System Office\nThe U.S. Air Force provided substantial financial support for Whirlwind applications and it was a key component in the design of the Air Force\'s SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) air defense system in the 1950s.  Research projects at Lincoln Laboratory resulted in the further development of two additional computers, the MTC (memory test computer) and TX-0 (transistor computer), by Group 63 of Lincoln Lab, Division 6.\nIn July 1958 the MITRE Corporation was incorporated as a non-profit organization to continue classified research and development projects that had transitioned to an operational stage and needed to be phased out of Lincoln Laboratory.  Robert Everett joined MITRE at that time as technical director, later serving as president of MITRE from 1969 to 1986. \nAs described in MIT\'s , ""the Beast"" of the Barta Building, the Whirlwind I computer, was shut down on May 29, 1959.  It was leased by the Navy to the Wolf Research and Development Corporation of Massachusetts, and was disassembled and moved out of the Barta building in the spring of 1960. Computer artifacts from Whirlwind I and related Whirlwind projects are held by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Museum and the Computer History Museum, Mountain View, California. \n "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creators of the collection.', ""Historical note\nIn 1969 a group under the leadership of Jerrold Zacharias at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Education Research Center developed an integrated program for freshmen and sophomores which placed strong emphasis on the laboratory as a vehicle for introducing students to a multidisciplinary approach to the study of science. Some students had the opportunity to study some or all of their core subjects in a seminar-tutorial format. The program provided flexibility in pace and encouraged a more active involvement of both students and teachers in the learning process. The program was offered from 1969 to 1973. When it ended, MIT professors Earle E. Lomon and\nGian-Carlo Rota were directors of the program."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Historical note\nIn November 1950 architect Eero Saarinen was appointed to design an auditorium and chapel at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The buildings were built on the west side of Massachusetts Avenue, with the non-denominational chapel located across from Kresge Auditorium.\nThe buildings (designated as W15 and W16) were donated to MIT by the Kresge Foundation, and turned over to the Institute at a dedication ceremony which took place on May 8, 1955.  Minister of State of the Netherlands, and former President of the UN General Assembly, Eelco Nicolaas van Kleffens, was the principal speaker, Also speaking was Sebastian Kresge, the founder of the Kresge Foundation. For the dedication Aaron Copland\'s Canticle of Freedom"" was performed for the first time."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', ""Historical note\nThe Faculty Committee on Petitions was a standing committee which existed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology between 1882 and 1951. It was usually chaired by the assistant secretary of the faculty and dealt with all student petitions brought before the faculty with the exception of those concerning an individual student's grades and discipline, which were handled by the Committee on Provisional Students and Discipline."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Laya and Jerome B. Wiesner Student Art Awards were established in 1979 by the Council for the Arts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to honor Dr. Jerome Wiesner, president of MIT from 1971 to 1980, and his wife, Laya, for their contribution to the arts at MIT.  An endowment fund provides two annual monetary awards to individual students, either graduate or undergraduate, or to student groups for achievement in the creative or performing arts.  The first awards were presented 12 May 1980 at the annual MIT Awards Convocation."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Historical note\nStudents at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began playing football with other schools in 1883 and in 1884 began playing a regular schedule. The Football Association was established to supervise football at MIT and was in existence by 1887. It was more formally organized on March 6, 1895, and a constitution later adopted. (1) In addition to overseeing the Institute Football Team, the association also had charge of the annual sophomore-freshman football game, the cane rush, and cane spree. (2)\n1. , March 14, 1895.\n2. MIT ,  1902."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. John Cook was the photographer hired by MIT to create the images.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', ""Historical note\nThis collection is an intentionally created collection of images from a project on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to document Building 20, a rambling wood-frame structure located on the Vassar Street on the MIT campus. Building 20 was originally constructed in 1943 as a temporary home for war-related radar research during World War II. Although it was intended to be demolished six months after the end of the war, for over 50 years the complex housed and nurtured a number of MIT's important research and academic developments, including the Research Laboratory of Electronics and the Department of Linguistics.\nIn 1996 MIT announced that Building 20 was to be torn down in early 1998, to make room for a new building.The Ray and Maria Stata Building, building 32,opened in 2004, now occupies the space. As departments, offices and laboratories began to move out of the old building in 1997, funds were provided to support an archives project to deal with the records of the occupants. As part of the project, a photographer was hired to take photos illustrating the structure itself and how the space was used—to create a visual record of the architecture, facilities, ambiance, people, and activities in the last year of the building's occupation.  John Cook was the photographer, working with Institute Archives and Special Collections project archivists Nancy Heywood and Jeffrey Mifflin.\nFor further information about Building 20 see "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) branch of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers appears to be a successor to the MIT Electrical Engineering Society.  Its purpose was to provide a preprofessional group for students in Course VI, Electrical Engineering. On January  1, 1963,  the professional parent organizations--the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and the Institute of Radio Engineers merged to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE ).  The student group then became the Massachusetts Institute of Technology branch of the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Historical note\nThe Walker Club, a student organization at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was named in honor of Francis Amasa Walker, president of MIT, 1881-1897. The club was first organized in 1896 by students in the Course [major] in General Studies with the goal of furthering interest at MIT in the areas of politics, history, and literature. The club engaged in activities such as meetings, debates, dinners, and theatrical productions. Walker Club continued after the cessation of the General Studies Course."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography or Historical note\nThe Employees' Mutual Benefit Association (EMBA) was formed on June 21, 1895, with the mission of assisting its members who were sick or in distress with funds generated from monthly membership dues. Members who were sick received a weekly payment, and if a member died, a fixed dollar amount was paid to the member's beneficiary. Annually, the EMBA elected four officers (President, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer) and a three-person Executive Committee. Membership to the Employees' Mutual Benefit Association was open to any employee of the Institute. The EMBA is no longer in existence, although its closing date is unknown."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Society of Women Engineers (SWE) was founded in 1950 as a non-profit educational and service organization to support and advance careers of women in the engineering professions. The Society was formally incorporated in 1952.  The MIT SWE student section was one of the first.  In 1976, SWE membership was opened to men.    \nInformation about the section at MIT can be found at http://swe.mit.edu/"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', ""Biography\nHoward Adams Carson, 1842-1931, SB in civil engineering, 1869, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was the first alumnus elected to the MIT Corporation, serving from 1878 until his death in 1931.  He was president of the MIT Alumni Association from 1884 to 1887.  As chief engineer of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, Boston, he was responsible for the design and construction of the city's sewage and drainage system.  Later, he was chief engineer of the Boston Rapid Transit Commission, under which the Washington and Tremont Street subways and the East Boston Tunnel were built.  He was also a consultant for the New York subway and the railway tunnel under the Detroit River."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Biography\nhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2003/kelly-1008.html"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nIn 1914 the Menorah Society, a group for Jewish men at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was founded. It provided educational, social and cultural programs for Jewish students and in the 1930\'s began to admit women. The Menorah Society was affiliated with the IMA. It continued to be the Jewish organization on campus until the fall of 1945, at which time it was replaced by the MIT chapter of the B\'nai B\'rith Hillel Foundation. Today MIT Hillel is a part of the Hillel Council of New England which in turn is part of Hillel, The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. MIT Hillel\'s mission is to be the center for Jewish life at MIT and create a welcoming, pluralistic environment for all Jewish students, alumni, faculty, and staff.(1) \nThe MIT Hillel is run by a staff including directors, educators, and administrative staff. Alumni serve on the board of directors, and current students participate through the student executive board for undergraduates and the graduate student board. Staff is responsible for religious leadership, running the office, leading retreats and trainings, and financial development. Students organize and run events.\nIn 1953 Rabbi Herman Pollack joined the MIT Hillel and became the first full time Director. In 1956 Kresge Chapel opened on the MIT campus and MIT Hillel began High Holy Day services and Sabbath Eve services every Friday night at the chapel.\nIn the past to satisfy their social obligations, the MIT Menorah Society, hosted dances with Societies at Simmons, Radcliffe, and Emerson. Examples of academic activities include lectures such as the Morris Burg Memorial lectures in the 1960s. From 1983 to 1989 MIT Hillel sponsored a lecture series titled Texts from Tech. This series brought together distinguished MIT faculty to provide new interpretations of the Bible.\nIn the 1990s, Hillel split from B\'nai B\'rith and was renamed Hillel, The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. \n[USE MULTI-PART]\nList of directors:\n1953-1972\tRabbi Herman Pollack (founding director);\n1972-1973\tAlan Lehman (part time program director);\n1973-1976\tRabbi Mel Gottlieb;\n1976-1993\tRabbi Daniel R. Shevitz;\n1993-2008\tMiriam Rosenblum; \n2008-2009\tRabbi Sam Seicol (interim director);\n2009-present\tRabbi Michelle Fisher.\n(1) MIT Hillel mission statement, http://hillel.mit.edu/content/our-mission\n(2) Daniel C. Stevenson, ""Hillel Wins Wiesel Award for Sukkah,""  113, no. 59 (November 19, 1993).  http://tech.mit.edu/V113/N59/sukkah.59n.html\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Hillel Foundation is a campus chapter of the national organization Hillel, The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. MIT Hillel\'s mission is to be the center for Jewish life at MIT and create a welcoming, pluralistic environment for all Jewish students, alumni, faculty, and staff.(1) \nThe MIT Hillel is run by a staff including a Rabbi who serves as director, educators, and administrative staff. Alumni serve on the board of directors, and current students participate through the student executive board for undergraduates and the graduate student board. Staff is responsible for religious leadership, running the office, leading retreats and trainings, and financial development. Students organize and run events.\nIn 1914 the Menorah Society, a group for Jewish men at MIT, was founded. The Menorah Society was affiliated with the Intercollegiate Menorah Association (IMA). It provided educational, social and cultural programs for Jewish students and in the 1930\'s began to admit women. During the 1920s and 1930s, as part of its social activities, the MIT Menorah Society hosted dances with societies at the all-female schools in Boston such as Simmons College and Radcliffe College. The Society continued on campus until the fall of 1945, at which time it was replaced by the MIT chapter of the B\'nai B\'rith Hillel Foundation. In 1953 Rabbi Herman Pollack joined the MIT Hillel and became the first full time Director. Examples of academic activities hosted by Hillel include lectures such as the Morris Burg Memorial lectures in the 1960s and the lecture series Texts from Tech in the 1980s. Texts from Tech brought together distinguished MIT faculty to provide new interpretations of the Bible. \nIn the early 1990s MIT Hillel sponsored a contest for the design of a new sukkah. Drawing on the strong engineering and architectural design skills of the student body, Hillel sponsored an Independent Activities Period (IAP) session to find a new design. H. F. Tzviyah Rosenstock and Avigail Shimshoni were the principal designers with help and instruction from architecture Professor Leon B. Groisser. Construction began during IAP of 1992 and was completed in September 1992. In 1993 the MIT sukkah won the Elie Wiesel Award for Jewish Arts and Humanities and the award was presented to MIT Hillel by Elie Wiesel. The sukkah is built each year for Sukkot. \n(1) MIT Hillel mission statement, http://hillel.mit.edu/content/our-mission"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Historical note\nIn 1995, Louise Chawla embarked on a project to revive Growing Up in Cities, an initiative begun in 1970 by city planner Kevin Lynch and documented in Lynch's book,  (MIT Press, 1977). Lynch set out to explore the experience of children growing up in urban Third World areas and to gather ideas from those children on how their living environments could be improved. The project stalled after the 1977 publication of Lynch's book until 1995, when Chawla, an environmental psychologist and Fulbright Scholar at the Norwegian Centre for Child Research, decided to revive it. She collaborated with the Management of Social Transformations (MOST) Programme of UNESCO and was successful in reestablishing the project, which grew to become a global effort to address the issues affecting urban children and youth. Growing Up in Cities (GUIC) enlists the help of interdisciplinary teams of municipal officials, urban professionals, and child advocates, in addition to young people themselves, to create better communities in which to grow up. Chawla served as the international coordinator of the Growing Up in Cities program of UNESCO from 1996 to 2006.\nLouise Chawla is a professor emerita in the Program in Environmental Design at the University of Colorado Boulder. She specializes in the areas of developmental psychology and environmental psychology. She earned a bachelor's degree at Hunter College, a master's degree at Bryn Mawr College, and a PhD at the City University of New York. \nKevin Lynch, 1918-1984, was a city planner and a pofessor at MIT. He studied at Yale University, 1935-1937; Taliesin (under Frank Lloyd Wright), 1937-1939; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1939-1940; and received the BCP degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Conditions Governing Use note: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', ""Historical note\nThe Technology Athletic Club of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was founded in 1920 by Frank Maconi, class of 1920, who wrote the club's constitution and bylaws. The object of the club was to organize school spirit, render support to the athletic teams at MIT, to encourage support of athletics by undergraduates, and to aid vocally, financially, and spiritually athletics at the Institute. The first meeting of the Technology Athletic Club took place May 21, 1920."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Several items are fragile and require special handling.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Alumni Council appointed Charles A. Stone, class of 1888, as chairman of the Dedication Reunion Committee to oversee the celebrations for the dedication of MIT\'s new Cambridge campus, which took place on June 12, 13, and 14, 1916, a move from the original campus in Boston to the new campus in Cambridge.\nPresident Richard C. Maclaurin named Edwin S. Webster, Ralph Adams Cram (faculty, Department of Architecture), C. Howard Walker, William T. Sedgwick, and others to a Technology Pageant Committee in January 1916. The Committee was charged to plan a suitable program for the dedication of the new MIT campus in Cambridge in June 1916. The completed program included a series of ""masques"" celebrating various subjects related to MIT history; also the construction of the , a ceremonial barge constructed to convey the charter (a facsimile) of the Institute from Boston to Cambridge across the Charles River. \nThe three-day reunion of MIT alumni and alumnae was described by MIT professor Robert E. Rogers as ""the coming-of-age of Technology, the moment when the Institute consciously took her place among the great world universities."" Almost 4,000 graduates of MIT, approximately half of the entire alumni body, attended the extravagant celebration to open the completely new Cambridge campus, a campus made possible after an anonymous donor gave MIT the money to purchase the land and construct the new buildings.\nIt was the organized opposition of MIT graduates which thwarted a proposed merger of MIT and Harvard a few years earlier at the turn of the century, so it was appropriate that the 1916 reunion, which also bid farewell to the Boston buildings that had been home to MIT for the previous fifty years, was organized and run by the alumni themselves along with faculty and undergraduates.\nThe Dedication Reunion Committee was divided into over twenty subcommittees responsible for an elaborate set of festivities.  Reunion highlights were a ""Farewell to Rogers,"" referring to the Rogers Building on the Boston campus; an open house and exhibition at the new Cambridge campus; a water fete on the Charles River; graduation day exercises of the class of 1916; and the ""Day of the Classes"" trip to Nantasket Beach for a  parade of reunion classes. On the final day, the new Great Court (now Killian Court) of MIT was the setting for the Pageant and Masque of Power, a spectacle organized by Professor Ralph Cram of the Department of Architecture. This included the arrival of the , a ceremonial barge constructed to carry the Institute\'s seal across the Charles River from Boston to Cambridge. That evening the reunion ended with a banquet at Symphony Hall. Banquet attendees in Boston were connected by telephone with those present in thirty-four cities throughout the United States who were able to listen to the program and participate in the proceedings in a telephone roll call of each alumni club.\nThe publicity and souvenir subcommittee produced a special booklet that offers a glimpse of the extensive program of activities with intriguing descriptions such as ""Flight by Farnum Fish in a Wright Biplane"" and ""Masque of Power."" \nMember names and subcommittees of the Dedication Reunion Committee are listed in , volume 18, pages 585-587."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nThomas Gaffield, 1825-1900, was a glass manufacturer. He was a partner in the firm of Tuttle, Gaffield and Company from 1847 to 1869 and helped form the Boston Crystal Glass Works in 1861. Mr. Gaffield became a member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Corporation beginning in March 1896, serving until his death in 1900. Prior to this he was an active member of the MIT Society of Arts and lectured to students in Chemistry on the topic of glass manufacture."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nA drill hall and gymnasium was built in 1874 at the corner of Boylston and Clarendon Streets, Boston, for students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Subscribers, including William Barton Rogers and John Runkle, and friends of the Institute helped raise $3240 to fund the building. \nThe Gymnasium Committee of MIT first met on December 14, 1875. The committee created a constitution, bylaws, and rules which were adopted in 1876. Membership consisted of the professor of military science and tactics, ex officio chairman, four members of the fourth year class, three members of the third year class, two members of the second year class, and one member of the first year class, elected by their respective classes.  The purpose of the committee was ""to sustain, and perpetuate the Gymnasium; to consider its interests; to establish rules and regulations for its government; to cause apparatus to be kept in repair; to purchase new apparatus; to take measures to pay the running expenses of the Gymnasium; to keep it in repairs; to audit accounts and authorize expenditures.""\nIn 1882 the gymnasium was moved to Exeter Street on to land leased from the Boston & Albany Railroad Company."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\n\nIn 1862, William Barton Rogers issued a notice for the first meeting of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Seventeen persons responded to the notice and the meeting was convened on April 8 at the rooms of the Boston Board of Trade. The Act of Incorporation of M.I.T. was read and the first By-Laws of the Institute were enacted. The group thus convened referred to themselves as a Society of Arts. William Barton Rogers envisioned that the Society would be only one of three elements of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The other elements would be a school and a museum. Between 1862 and 1865, however, the Society of Arts was the only element of Massachusetts Institute of Technology extant.\nSection II of the 1862 By-Laws described the Government of the Institute:\n\nSection V of the By-Laws established a Nominating Committee to nominate Officers of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and noted that the membership would elect such officers at their annual meeting.(2) During the first meeting, the Nominating Committee was formed and nominated officers. William Barton Rogers was unanimously elected president.\nDuring a recess in the April 8th meeting, the newly elected officers convened a separate meeting of the ""Government of the Institute,"" a rather small group since only the members of the committees on Instruction, Museum, Publication and Finance had been elected. This was the first meeting of the Government, later called the Corporation, of MIT.\nFrom 1862 to 1865, membership in the Society rapidly expanded. The meetings of the Society generally consisted of discussions of Institute business led by the president or other members of the Government followed by a lecture on a scientific or technical topic. As the agenda grew, the business meetings were held separately and referred to as ""ordinary meetings"" of the Society. Only a few of the Committees on Arts as proposed in the 1862 By-Laws were formed, so the Government remained small. President Rogers expressed his concern about this problem during his annual reports to the Society given at the May meetings.\nIn June 1864, Rogers asked the Society of Arts to authorize the Committee on Instruction to open the School of Industrial Science. According to the 1862 By-Laws, the Committee on Instruction was charged with\n\nThe Society of Arts granted Rogers\'s request, and the School was organized on February 20, 1865.\nThe expansion of the responsibilities of the Government and the creation of a distinct School raised questions affecting the By-Laws and the respective roles of the Society of Arts, the Government and the Committee on Instruction. As early as February 10, 1864, the Government had appointed a Committee on Revisions of the By-Laws chaired by the president. Since that date several minor changes had been made in the By-Laws, but at their meeting on January 20, 1865, the Government decided that a revision of the By-Laws should be presented to the Society of Arts which, according to the 1862 By-Laws, was the only body empowered to change them.\n\nOn February 24, 1865, E. B. Bigelow, a member of the Government\'s Committee on Revisions of the By-Laws, presented recommendations of the Committee to the Society of Arts, and the By-Law revision was adopted by the Society of Arts during their April 6, 1865, meeting. The statement that the membership of the Society of Arts would elect officers was dropped, implying that the officers would be elected by the Government itself in the future. In the annual report of the secretary presented to the Society of Arts on May 25, 1866, it was noted that\n\nIn 1870, however, a complication arose which was explained to the membership in a circular written by the secretary:\n\nNew By-Laws were unanimously adopted at a meeting of the Corporation held July 23, 1870. These By-Laws were entitled ""By-Laws of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,"" though they also concerned the Society of Arts. The Society was defined by the 1870 By-Laws:\n\nAs newly defined by the 1870 Corporation By-Laws, the Society of Arts was only one of three elements which constituted the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The other two elements were a School of Industrial Science and a Museum of Technology. The planned Museum of Technology was never organized.\nThe 1870 Corporation By-Laws made it clear that the affairs of all of the elements constituting the Massachusetts Institute of Technology were to be conducted henceforth by the Corporation. The Standing Committees of the Society of Arts on Museum and Finance became Committees of the Corporation. The Committee on Instruction, formerly a Society standing committee, was renamed the Committee on the School of Industrial Science and its duties were more clearly defined. The By-Laws stated that the Society of Arts in the future was to be governed by a Committee on the Society of Arts defined as a Committee of ten members\n\nThe Society of Arts adopted its new By-Laws at its meeting of December 15, 1870. The objects of the Society were written into its preamble:\n\nAccording to the 1870 Society By-Laws, the Society of Arts elected officers who served as members of the Executive Committee of the Society of Arts. Henceforth the only direct link between the Society of Arts and the Corporation was that the secretary of the Institute was  the secretary of both of these bodies. Four Society standing committees were established on Publication, Communication, Membership and Finance. The members of these committees met together as a Council which was to\n\nThe Executive Committee of the Society of Arts conducted the business of the Society, appointed times for meetings and chairmen for committees, reported annually to the Society of Arts and served as ""the medium of communication between the Council and the Corporation, and between the Council and the Society of Arts.(10) \n\nThe 1870 Society By-Laws were not fully implemented but continued in effect until 1877. At its meeting on December 23, 1875, the Society raised the question of a By-Law revision and, on January 3, 1876, appointed a committee to consider it. This committee reported to the Society on January 27 that the existing By-Laws were\n\nThe draft By-Laws prepared by the committee were discussed at Corporation meetings on November 10, November 17, December 13, 1876, and February 14, 1877, and at the Society of Arts meetings on November 23, 1876, March 8 and March 22, 1877. Discussions on the revision were prolonged as legal questions concerning the relationship between the Society of Arts and the Corporation were raised. On February 14, 1877, the Corporation convened a special meeting for the adoption of By-Laws relating to the Society:\n\nThe long deliberations were ended on April 11, 1877, when the Corporation ""voted to approve the New By-Laws of the Society of Arts, which had already received the approval of the Society""(13) on February 27, 1877. The 1877 Society By-Laws dropped the concept of Council and regulated the disposition of funds received by the Society. The Executive Committee of the Society undertook responsibilities previously assigned to Council.\nThe By-Laws of the Society of Arts had included provisions for a Committee on Publication, but the committee did not become active until 1879 when they began to publish . This publication printed minutes of the ""ordinary meetings"" of the Society and abstracts of lectures presented before the Society.\nAnother revision of the By-Laws was accepted by the Corporation on February 11, 1880, and by the Society on February 26, 1880. This revision clarified the responsibilities and changed the appointment procedure of the secretary of the Society. The secretary of the Society became an elected post rather than an  duty of the secretary of the Institute. Minor revisions of the By-Laws were also made in November 1881 and October 1882, and discussion on the formation of Society sub-committees took place in October 1884. Dues regulations were clarified by a minor revision of the By-Laws accepted in June 1893.\nThese modifications and revisions were not, apparently, reflected in a new printing of the Society\'s By-Laws until October 1893 when the By-Laws were published in the . \nThe , a magazine published by MIT students, was established in September 1887. It included articles on scholarly subjects as well as articles about MIT and some papers presented before the Society of Arts. At its meeting on January 28, 1892, the Society of Arts voted\n\nAt the meeting of the Society of Arts held on April 29, 1892, a committee of the Society appointed to address the question reported that they and the Corporation committee were in favor of the consolidation of publications. The Society henceforth ceased to publish  and undertook the publication of the  through its Committee on Publications.\n\nThe mission of the Society of Arts--the diffusion of scientific and technical information--was one better suited to the nineteenth century than to the twentieth. In 1907, the Executive Committee noted the ""advance in complexity and specialization of the various special societies and in the publication of journals devoted to narrow lines of science and industry.""(16)  The editor of the  encountered difficulty in securing manuscripts for publication because ""investigators generally desire to publish their results in journals devoted especially to the sciences or arts to which they appertain.""(17)\nMembership in the Society began to decline, and the secretary felt that the MIT faculty did not adequately support the Society.(18) In the absence of a permanent president, the Executive Committee of the Society of Arts met infrequently and many responsibilities fell upon the secretary. By 1908, the Executive Committee of the Society of Arts reported:\n\nThe Executive Committee did not, apparently, have a solution for the problem, and they ceased to meet after 1909. The  was a casualty of the decline. The Society replaced it with the less ambitious  from 1908 to 1910 and from 1910 to 1916 published , planned to ""contain a brief general survey of the field of science and its applications""(20) for the general public.\nThe decline of the Society of Arts continued until January 1917 when Richard C.  Maclaurin, president of the Institute, considered disbanding it.(21) Legal questions concerning the charter were raised, and Maclaurin apparently decided to alter the mission of the Society rather than dissolve it. As Walter Humphreys recalled:\n\nMaclaurin invited high school principals and superintendents to a conference at MIT after his meeting with Humphreys and received their endorsement of the plan.(23)  The first such lecture was delivered in February 1917. The lectures were called Free Popular Experimental Science Lectures and they were so popular that they were opened to the general public as well as students in 1921. Since there was no longer an Executive Committee of the Society of Arts, Maclaurin had simply made an informal arrangement with Humphreys and started the lectures; he gave an account of his activities to the Corporation at their meeting on March 4, 1917.\n\nThe Society of Arts existed from 1917 to 1953 in this form. In 1953 budget constraints led to a reduction in lectures from four to two annually. By 1962, only one lecture was offered and the question of disbanding the Society of Arts was again raised. Malcolm Kispert was asked by President Julius A. Stratton to investigate the possibility. Since no objections were raised by Institute counsel, the Executive Committee of the Corporation voted on December 2, 1962, to discontinue the Society. On December 13, Kispert informed the secretary of the Society of this decision:\n\n\n1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Society of Arts Records, 1862-1941, AC 11 (hereafter cited as Society of Arts Records), Minutes vol. I, April 8, 1862, p. 7.\n2. Ibid., p. 12.\n3. Ibid., p. 10.\n4. Society of Arts Records, Minutes vol. II, May 25, 1866, p. 239a.\n5. Samuel Kneeland, Secretary, ""Circular,"" October 1870. In Society of Arts Records, folder 1.\n6. By-Laws of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [MIT  1870], p. 3. \n7. Ibid., p. 6.\n8. By-Laws of the Society of Arts of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 1870, p. 1.\n9. Ibid., p. 3.\n10. Ibid., p. 4.\n11. Report of the Committee on the Revision of the By-Laws, Society of Arts Records, Minutes vol. V, February 24, 1876, p. 14. \n12. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Corporation, Minutes of meetings, AC 278, Series I. vol. III, February 14, 1877, p. 74.\n13. Ibid., April 11, 1877, p. 79.\n14. By-Laws [of the Society of Arts], [October 1893], , vol. 6 (1893), p. iii.\n15. ""Proceedings of the Society of Arts, January 28, 1892,"" , vol. 5 (1892), p. 3.\n16. ""Report of the Executive Committee of the Society of Arts for the Year 1906-1907,"" , vol. 20 (1907), p. 255.\n17. Ibid., p. 256.\n18. I[ssac] W. Litchfield to Richard C. Maclaurin, June 21, 1913, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Office of the President Records, 1897-1932, AC 13, folder 539. \n19. ""Report of the Executive Committee of the Society of Arts,"" , vol. 21 (1908), p. 229.\n20. ""Report of the Secretary of the Society of Arts,"" , 1909-1910, [MIT], p. 129.\n21 Richard C. Maclaurin to Frederick Fish, January 11, 1917, MIT Office of the President Records, 1897-1932, AC 13, folder 212.\n22. Walter Humphreys to Avery Ashdown, December 4, 1947, MIT Office of the President Records 1957-1966, AC 134, subject file ""Society of Arts.""\n23. ""Report of the Secretary of the Society of Arts,"" , January 1918, [MIT], p. 102.\n24. Malcolm Kispert to Julius A. Stratton, December 13, 1962. MIT Office of the President Records, 1957-1966, AC 134, subject file ""Society of Arts."""
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nBetween 1883 and 1930 the following individuals served as president of the        Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Francis Amasa Walker, 1881-1897; James Mason Crafts, 1897-1900; Henry Smith Pritchett, 1900-1907; Arthur Amos Noyes, acting president, 1907-1909; Richard C. Maclaurin, 1909-1920; Ernest Fox Nichols, 1921; Elihu Thomson, acting president, 1921-1922; and Samuel Wesley Stratton, 1923-1930.\nFurther information about the  may be found on the website of the Institute Archives and Special Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nIn 1875, seven years after the first class graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1868, an Alumni Association was formally set up to foster contact between the Institute and its graduates. Members of the class of 1873 first discussed a formal organization at their first annual dinner in 1874, leading to the formation via a Constitution in 1875, ""to further the well-being of the Institute and its graduates by increasing the interest of members in the school and in each other.""  Membership was initially limited to graduates of the Institute, but in 1898 the membership was opened to include all those who attended the Institute. \nProfessor Robert H. Richards (class of 1868) was the first president of the Association. In 1878, the Association formed a Committee on the School, composed of alumni who were to report to the Association annual on courses of instruction, Institute administration and policy. In 1899, a Committee on Publication was formed, which planned and started publishing .\n\nA small Executive Committee was established and first met in January 1897 to oversee the general interests of the Alumni Association. A broader Alumni Council was created by a revision of the By-laws of the Association in 1909 which provided a mechanism for closer collaboration with the Association of Class Secretaries, which then served as an adjunct group to the Alumni Council. The first meeting of the Alumni Council was held on May 12, 1909, and the 401st and last meeting of the Alumni Council was held on May 28, 1968. On July 1, 1968, it was reconstituted as the Alumni Advisory Council.\nThe Association of Class Secretaries was formed as a distinct group in 1896 to promote class spirit and to systematize all matters pertaining to class organization and record.  This group initiated several activities which continue today. The Association of Class Secretaries formed a three-member Committee on Publications, made up of Arthur D. Little, class of 1885, C. Frank Allen, class of 1872, and James P. Munroe, class of 1882. They conceived the plan to publish a quarterly alumni magazine. The first issue of   was published in January 1899.  In 1910, the magazine began to be published monthly during the academic year.  Oversight of  was later turned over to the Alumni Association.  Another project of the Class Secretaries was the tradition of the annual sponsorship of Technology Night at the Pops. The Class Secretaries were also important in organizing and focusing alumni support against the Harvard-MIT merger proposed by MIT President Henry Pritchett.\nThe Executive Committee last met on June 11, 1968, and ceased to exist on June 30, 1968, as specified by the amendments to the Constitution and By-laws.  Most of its functions were taken over by the Board of Directors of the Alumni Association, which first met in October 1968. The Board of Directors sets policy for the Association, and is  overseen by an Executive Vice President.  A National Selection Committee nominates alumni and alumnae for appointment to the MIT Corporation, under whose by-laws at least one-third of term members must be alumni or alumnae.  In 1990 the name of the Association was changed from the Alumni Association to the Association of Alumni and Alumnae of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n\n1. From the Executive Committee and Alumni Council Minutes."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', ""Historical note\nPresident Howard W. Johnson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology established the Commission on MIT Education in 1969 to reevaluate the goals of the Institute, its commitment to knowledge, its relations to society, and its principles and methods of education, research and administration, and to propose appropriate modifications in the Institute's environment and regulations. The final report of the committee was issued in November 1970 as . The committee consisted of professor of mathematics Kenneth Hoffman as chairman, seven other faculty members, and three students."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Art Committee was started by Julius A. Stratton (MIT president, 1959-1966) and was initially known as ""Friends of Arts at MIT."" Catherine N. Stratton was a founding member of the committee and continued to work actively for many years to secure support for the arts. By 1960 the committee was more organized and used the name Art Committee. Initial projects included working with an existing faculty Museum Committee responsible for Hayden Gallery programs, headed by Professor Herbert Beckwith, and also advising the president on gifts of art. By 1961, the committee also sponsored sales of contemporary art and began building a collection of contemporary art including outdoor sculptures for the MIT campus. The committee studied and advocated for the visual arts, which led to the appointment of a separate Committee on the Visual Arts in 1966 to coordinate the non-curricular program of visual arts at MIT, and the establishment of the Center for Visual Arts in 1967, headed by professor Gyorgy Kepes. The Art Committee was at the same time considering its own future structure and the goal of a larger ""arts council"" which came into being in 1971 under MIT President Howard Johnson as the ""Council for the Arts.""  The council was composed of a nationally-based select group of MIT alumni, friends of the arts, faculty, staff, and students.  James Killian (MIT president, 1949-1959) and Jerome Wiesner (MIT president, 1971-1980) were also closely involved with the Art Committee and the Council for the Arts. Earlier in 1949, Dr. Wiesner and Dr. Stratton were members of the Committee on Educational Survey, which produced the ""Lewis"" report that was instrumental in articulating a strong role for the humanities and arts on the MIT campus."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Historical note\nAthletic activities in the early years after the establishment of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston, Massachusetts in 1861 were student run and supported; in order to participate, individual students paid their own expenses. Competition was largely intramural, with keen competition between classes. Intercollegiate events were also held, involving sports such as football, baseball, track and field, and tennis. Each team was responsible for raising funds to support its activities and for regulating and managing competitions, which after some years resulted in confusion sufficient to necessitate the establishment of an umbrella organization to provide oversight of athletic activities.\nIn 1904 the MIT Athletic Association (MITAA) was founded to manage and promote athletic activity at MIT, under the supervision of the Alumni Advisory Council on Athletics. A student organization, MITAA was responsible for distributing Institute funds to various sports teams, for providing general management and promotion of athletic activities at MIT, and for participating in planning and policy decisions. Membership included captains and managers of individual Institute teams and undergraduate members of the Alumni Advisory Council. When the campus moved from the Back Bay in Boston, to the much larger site in Cambridge in June 1916, new facilities and space were available for athletic activities.\nMITAA oversaw the activities of several athletic teams, including baseball, basketball, crew, fencing, golf, hockey, lacrosse, swimming, and tennis during the first half of the twentieth century. The Association also sponsored various events, including Tech Field Day. Field Day, an annual MIT tradition of intramural competition between the freshman and sophomore classes, included favorite contests such as tug-of-war and the glove fight, a free-for-all in which participants attempted to capture the gloves and clothing of opponents.\nAfter World War II, increased enrollment in undergraduate programs and in the Graduate School led to an awareness of the limitation of an advisory body to serve the sports, recreation, and athletic needs of MIT's larger student population. Governance of athletic activities was reorganized, and more responsibilities were assumed by the Institute. In 1947, Ivan J. Grieger became the first athletic director and director of physical education at MIT. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe Department of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy began in 1865 as the Department of Geology and Mining. In 1889,  after a series of name changes and curriuculum changes, the study of metallurgy was formally absorbed and the department became the Department of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy. As time passed, the name changed again several times and two distinct departments emerged: Geology and Metallurgy. The most recent change came in 1975 when the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science became the Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Course III)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Historical note\nIn 1871 a new course, Course 7, in natural history was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under professors Samuel Kneeland and Alpheus Watt. With the addition of William Thompson Sedgwick in 1883, the program became known for its work in microbiology and public health. At the same time, Sedgwick set up a curriculum, Course 7-B, designed to train students planning to enter the medical profession.\nIn 1889 a new Department of Biology replaced Course 7 in natural history; the new department not only included premedical training, but also emphasized bacteriology and sanitary biology. Studies in water supplies, food supplies, and bacteriology of foods led to a change in the name of the department in 1911 to the Department of Biology and Public Health. During this period Samuel Prescott's collaboration with William L. Underwood led to the development of procedures for the sterilization of canned foods which were basic to the development of the canned foods industry.\nIn 1936 a committee composed of MIT President Karl T. Compton, Vice President Vannevar Bush, and Professor John W. M. Bunker proposed that MIT develop a new type of biology—biological engineering—which would utilize basic knowledge of physics, mathematics, and chemistry, as well as several fields of engineering. Training in public health was abandoned in 1942 and the department name was changed to the Department of Biology and Biological Engineering. \nFor more information about the history of the Department of Biology, please see our website at ."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nIn 1888 Lewis Mills Norton established a program in chemical engineering, Course X, in the Department of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which eventually became the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. In July 1920 Chemical Engineering became a separate department.\n\t\nThe School of Chemical Engineering Practice was established in 1916 to provide students with practical experience in industrial facilities. MIT practice stations were established at industrial plants where students worked on projects but remained under the supervision of the MIT resident staff and director. Since its founding, the practice school has operated about twenty stations.\n\t\nIn 1951 a division of nuclear engineering was established in the Department of Chemical Engineering. This division became the Department of Nuclear Engineering in 1958.\n\t\nThe heads of the Department of Chemical Engineering included Warren K. Lewis, 1920 to 1929; William P. Ryan, 1929 to 1933; Walter Whitman, 1933 to 1961; Edwin R. Gilliland, 1961 to 1969; Raymond F. Baddour, 1969 to 1976; Kenneth A. Smith, acting head, 1976 to 1977; James Wei, 1977 to 1989; Robert A. Brown, 1989 to; Klavs Jensen, 2007 to 2015; Paula T. Hammond 2015 to present (2016)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Committee on Nominations was established at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1933 as a standing committee of the faculty. The committee was originally dubbed the Nominating Committee and was composed of five members of the faculty appointed by the president at the annual meeting of the faculty. This committee was tasked with nominating a chairman, secretary, assistant secretary, and members of the standing committees of the faculty. The committee grew to six members in 1951 and to seven in 2000. In 1953, the committee received its current title, the Committee on Nominations. As of 2015, the committee is responsible for nominating the following officers of the faculty: a chair, an associate chair, and a secretary, and candidates for the elected membership of the standing committees; it also has power to fill any vacancies that occur during the year in those offices and committees.\nhttp://web.mit.edu/committees/con/ "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe Department of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy began in 1865 as the Department of Geology and Mining. In 1889,  after a series of name changes and curriuculum changes, the study of metallurgy was formally absorbed and the department became the Department of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy. As time passed, the name changed again several times and two distinct departments emerged: Geology and Metallurgy. The most recent change came in 1975 when the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science became the Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Course 3)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by creating office.', 'Historical note\nIn 1995 the writing competition was named in honor of Ilona Karmel, a senior lecturer in the Program in Writing and Humanistic Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nIn May 1909, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Alumni Association Council formed the Committee on Summer School of Engineering; President Arthur Noyes named Leonard Metcalf chair, and Albert F. Bemis and Frederick H. Fay members. The committee worked with Professor George Swain, head of the Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, to investigate and report on the establishment of a permanent summer camp for surveying. A site was located on the easterly shores of Gardner Lake in East Machias, Maine, and construction began in 1911. The summer courses offered extensive field practice from1912 until 1953 in surveying and geological study."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Boston Stein Club of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was founded in 1944 by a local group of MIT Jewish alumni, whose purpose was to foster the spirit of MIT in business and social life, as well as stimulate cooperation among MIT alumni, faculty, and staff.\nClub members have raised funds for various scholarships, including the Jerome B. Wiesner Scholarship, the National Freshman Scholarship, and the New England Freshman Scholarship.Another fund established by the Boston Stein Club is the Karl Taylor Compton Prize, awarded each year to an MIT undergraduate in recognition of outstanding contributions to citizenship.\nWhen the MIT Libraries new Hayden building was built in the early 1950s, the Boston Stein Club sponsored the furnishing and equipping of the Libraries map room."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nEllen Swallow Richards, the first woman awarded a degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),  with the generous cooperation of the Women\'s Education Association of Boston which purchased microscopes and other apparatus, worked to establish a laboratory for women to study chemical analysis, mineralogy, and chemistry in space provided by MIT.  According to the October 1876 announcement, ""The courses are intended for such as may be able to devote their whole time to the work, as well as those who, by reason of other engagements, can spend only a few hours a week in the laboratories.""  Fees for an eight-month term were $200 for attendance six days per week, $80 for two days per week, and $45 for one day per week. The Women\'s Laboratory formally opened in November 1876 with Professor John M. Ordway in charge, assisted by Ellen Richards.  The laboratory began with 23 students, many of whom were public school teachers. During its seven years of operation the laboratory served more than 500 women students.  The Women\'s Laboratory closed in 1883 after the MIT Corporation voted ""that in view of the facilities afforded by the new chemical laboratories, and in pursuance of the wishes of the benefactors of the Woman\'s Laboratory, the present so-called Woman\'s Laboratory will be discontinued and students will be admitted to the Kidder Laboratories without distinction of sex."" Ellen Richards received thanks from the Corporation for her service in November 1883. Later the next year, in April 1884, she was formally appointed assistant under Professor Nichols to give instruction in a course of sanitary chemistry. Her salary of $600 per annum was raised in May 1884 to $1,000 per annum, for a year\'s trial of the course, a course she continued to teach at the Institute for many years."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nOsiris was a student organization founded in 1904 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology student Arthur J. Sweet. It was a secret society with the purpose of  promoting contact among students, administrators, and faculty. Each year the fifteen active student members selected their successors and a member of the administration or faculty or an alumnus to be an honorary member. The honorary members included each president of the Institute. The club was also referred to as ""270"" for an early meeting site at 270 Beacon Street in Boston.\nThe group met for monthly dinner meetings that provided informal settings in which undergraduates discussed issues and suggestions about Institute affairs to administrators and faculty. Osiris disbanded in the late 1960s."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nAlbert Farwell Bemis (1870-1936) studied civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and received his SB degree in 1893. He spent most of his business career in Boston with the Bemis Brothers Bag Company, serving as president (1909-1925) and then chairman (1925-1934). He founded the Angus Company, Ltd., a jute mill and jute machinery works, in India in 1912. For many years he served as a director of various Massachusetts mills and two Boston banks. Bemis was a member of MIT\'s governing body, the Corporation, and of several Institute visiting committees.\nBemis was primarily a businessman; he also became a noted authority on housing after World War I. He established a personal holding company, Bemis Industries, Inc., which included The Housing Company, Atlantic Gypsum Co., Penn Metal Co., Fiber Products, Inc., an architectural partnership, and several other endeavors in the housing field. Building and construction research led to his development of the Cubical Module Method of design, also known as Dimensional Coordination. Bemis Industries supported low-cost housing research. Just before his death, Bemis completed the third volume of his in-depth study of the house, . These books described in detail his conception of the history, economics, and rationalization of shelter.\nBemis\'s will established the Albert Farwell Bemis Charity Trust in 1936 to fund research on housing. On behalf of the trust, John Ely Burchard, a vice-president of Bemis Industries, Inc., and MIT class of 1923, conducted a study of existing agencies that supported research in housing. Burchard met with directors of research from the building industry, directors of governmental bureaus and housing agencies, and individual experts and associations. His study provided guidelines for the proposed foundation and assured cooperation between other facilities and the foundation.\nAs trustees, Bemis\'s sons, F. Gregg Bemis, Alan C. Bemis, and Judson Bemis, decided to establish the foundation at MIT because of their father\'s involvement with the Institute. The Albert Farwell Bemis Charity Trust\'s Deed of Gift, submitted to the Institute\'s Executive Committee on June 14, 1938, gave funds to be ""…allocated annually to the search for and dissemination of knowledge pertaining to more adequate economical and abundant shelter for mankind for such a time as the usefulness of the aforementioned purposes shall exist, but in no event for less than twenty years; after such a time, to the aid of students by scholarships, student loans or otherwise.""\nThe Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation became a separate division within MIT, with its director reporting to the president of MIT or his representative. The Institute furnished space for offices and research activities and assumed the administrative and incidental overhead of the foundation\'s activities. An advisory committee consisting of prominent architectural and building professionals and a member of the Bemis family provided guidance for the foundation.\nJohn E. Burchard was the first director of the Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation. He was also professor and later dean of humanities. As director of the Bemis Foundation he was succeeded by Burnham Kelly in 1948; Kelly had been the assistant director. The foundation remained a separate division of MIT until MIT\'s dean of architecture assumed its direct administration in 1948. The foundation\'s major research activities ceased in 1954, with only educational support continuing.\n\nThe Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation\'s research aims were:\na) to coordinate existing knowledge and research in material, construction methods, and economics of shelter\nb) to stimulate and plan research in various phases of the building industry\nc) to provide information for pertinent MIT research projects to the building industry, and to help define the industry\'s research requirements for pertinent MIT departments\nd) to participate in the Institute\'s educational programs.\nThe foundation\'s research projects evolved over the years. Some of these projects are summarized below. (See also the annotated bibliography.) \n\na) The broad aspects of housing were analyzed, including the development of proposals for planning and housing studies. Specific studies included ""A method of analysing the economic distribution of shelter.""\nb) A more detailed analysis was conducted on specific housing problems, such as windows, ventilation, plumbing, resins, and effects on construction costs of new methods and materials.\nc) The foundation tried to evaluate problems sent to them by other groups. For example, the American Public Health Association asked the foundation to publish a field study of thermal conditions, illumination, and sound control in occupied dwellings.\nd) The foundation provided general information and advice to visitors and correspondents. As a result, they established and maintained an information file on building materials and construction systems. The foundation also assisted with the MIT teaching program and public lectures and helped to bring leading building designers, such as Alvar Aalto, Paul Nelson, Antonin Raymond, and Siegfried Giedion, to the Institute.\n\nDuring this period the foundation was largely inactive, except to maintain minimal administrative operations. They financed the organization of an Urban Redevelopment Field Station in MIT\'s Department of City and Regional Planning in 1942.\n\na) Prefabrication became popular in the US in the 1930s and had a resurgence of popularity after World War II because of grave housing shortages. As a result, the foundation conducted a survey of the prefabrication industry in the US. In part, this survey illustrated the problems inherent in creating mass-produced housing units. This comprehensive prefabrication survey was the best-known project undertaken by the foundation. Through their survey and other sources, the foundation established and maintained extensive files on construction and prefabrication methods used in the US and abroad. At that time, these files were one of the largest information sources available on this topic. Besides written information, the foundation staff interviewed major producers. In an effort to supplement their information on prefabrication in the US, the foundation later conducted a similar survey on an international scale.\nb) The foundation commissioned a study of ways to determine long-range changes in housing requirements through social science techniques. The University of Michigan\'s Research Center for Group Dynamics studied Westgate, MIT\'s married students\' dorm. They conducted a survey of social factors in the home and in the neighborhood when families were obliged to live in close quarters.\nc) Eric Carlson conducted a study of the possibilities for mass-production in the cooperative housing field.\nd) Herbert Heavenrich investigated the state of housing research in Great Britain.\ne) During the 1949-1950 school year, the foundation helped to formulate and to teach the School of Architecture\'s Industrialized House course. A special conference on industrial aspects of housing followed the course. This combination of course and conference continued until 1953.\nThe 1951 conference concerned housing as a national security resource and the program in 1952 dealt with mass-produced housing. The final conference was on the topic of economic development and foreign housing. Conference reports were prepared and distributed by the foundation.\nf) The Bemis Fellowship in Housing was instituted in 1951 to attract students of varied backgrounds to the housing field.\ng) The foundation helped to establish the Building Research Advisory Board of the National Research Council and the Housing Research Division of the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) as well as assisting several legislative bodies on building code improvements. \nh) The foundation sponsored research for the development of a heat-operated heat pump in combination with a solar energy conductor and assisted the MIT Committee on Space Heating and Solar Energy.\ni) Harold Horowitz conducted technical research on the mechanical facilities of the house, including the rationalization of kitchen facilities, the simplification of waste treatment and disposal methods, and other sanitation concerns that would be beneficial for conservation.\nj) Victor and Aladar Olgyay worked on a climate and housing research project for the HHFA under the auspices of the foundation.\nk) A study of heating and air conditioning systems for housing was conducted by Tamas Vretorisz. \nThe MIT School of Architecture completed two research projects that were not finished when the foundation\'s research activities ceased in 1954:\na) Monsanto Chemical Company commissioned a study of the use of plastics in housing. The report came out in 1955.\nb) Retirement Homes, Inc., sponsored a design study of houses for elderly couples.\n\nAfter the foundation ceased its administrative and research functions, the files were transferred to MIT\'s Rotch Library which assumed the responsibility for answering inquiries from the building and housing community that were once addressed to the foundation. MIT\'s students and faculty used the remaining foundation funds for research activities in architecture and planning."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nRandom Hall, 282-290 Massachusetts Avenue, formerly the Cambridge Inn, was renovated in 1968 to become a Massachusetts Institute of Technology undergraduate dormitory housing 93 men and women."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology Women's Independent Living Group, WILG, was founded in 1975 as a residence for women to be managed by its residents with help from a corporation of alumnae.  It was first located at 351 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge (Mass.), 1975-1976, and then at 355 Massachusetts Avenue, 1977-present (as of 1994).  It remains an all-female house of about 45 members."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institue of Technology Tech Electric Club was founded by students in their junior year on 25 October 1888.  There was disagreement on the purpose and membership of the club, and it ceased to exist in 1893, to be replaced by the Electrical Engineering Society."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Community Players was formed in 1933 as the MIT Drama Club. The name changed during World War II to the Staff Players, and changed again in 1957 to the Community Players. The organization was a cooperative effort among those with an interest in theater from MIT, including staff, faculty, students, alumni, as well as people from the greater Cambridge-Boston theater community."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Office of the Vice President was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1932 as part of a new plan of administration for the Institute.The vice president served as an ex-officio member of the MIT Corporation, the governing body of the Institute.  Vannevar Bush served as vice president from 1932 to 1938 when he left MIT to become president of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe Walker Memorial Committee was formed in 1897 to arrange the memorial exercises for MIT President Francis A. Walker (1840-1897). The committee members included representatives from the MIT Corporation, the faculty, the alumni, and the student body. They were as follows:\nJames M. Crafts (Corporation)\nFrancis H. Williams (Corporation)\nJohn R. Freeman, Esq. (Corporation)\nJames P. Munroe, Esq. (Corporation)\nWilliam T. Sedgwick (Faculty)\nDavis R. Dewey (Faculty)\nHenry M. Howe, Esq. (Alumni)\nWilfred Bancroft, Esq. (Students)\nBiographical and administrative information about Francis A. Walker can be found in MC 298, Francis Amasa Walker papers,1862-1897,  and AC 13, MIT Office of the President records, 1897-1930, which are available at the Institute Archives and Special Collections. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nfrom MIT Digital Computer Laboratory report, The Whirlwind I Computer:\n""Until late 1951 the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT operated as a division of the Servomechanisms Laboratory, which was established in 1940 to develop automatic control systems and military fire control. The work in servomechanisms led naturally into digital compters for real-time control applicatons, where the logical nature and performance requirements of the job are often beyond the capability of analog systems. In 1951 the Digital Computer Laboratory became an independent laboratory in the Electrical Engineering Department for research and development in digital computers and their application to engineering, both industrial and military. \nProject Whirlwind, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research in the Digital Computer Laboratory, effected the successful operaton of the Whirlwind I digital computer in November 1950. The basic logical plans of the machine had been published in 1947. During the intervening three years, components were developed, basic circuits established, and the mechanical and electrical details designed.""\nIn 1952 part of the Digital Computer Laboratory staff left to join MIT\'s Lincoln Laboratory in the newly established Division 6, Digital Computer; the rest of the staff continued to operate Whirlwind I to discharge MIT\'s remaining contractual obligations to the U.S. Navy and worked on projects including numerical control. Jay Forrester directed both the Digital Computer Laboratory and Lincoln Laboratory\'s Division 6 until Digital Computer Laboratory was succeeded by the Computation Center in 1957."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Young Men\'s Christian Association (YMCA) established a branch at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on January 17, 1895; by 1909 it was reorganized as the Technology Christian Association (TCA). Its goal was to ""unite all Christian men of the Institute into one vigorous body, with the purpose of promoting the moral and spiritual welfare of the undergraduate."" Their activities included promoting social gatherings, directing MIT students to local churches, and providing service to the Tech House in Roxbury, a home for the care of poor people. \nAn important part of the Technology Christian Association\'s work focused on new students and the production of a handbook for freshmen to help them adjust to life at MIT. The association published the handbook from 1895 until 1969, when the Institute administration began to publish HoToGAMIT (How to Get Around MIT). In addition to the handbook, the Technology Christian Association began holding annual Freshman Camps in 1926 to give incoming students the opportunity to become acquainted with each other and the Institute\'s history and traditions. Upperclassmen, student leaders, administrators, and faculty were involved with these orientation activities. The outings were initially held at Camp Massapoag in Dunstable, Massachusetts. Technology Christian Association would go on to build a cabin at the camp for use of Tech students increasing capacity for the event; construction was completed in September 1930.The Freshman Camp was held on Institute grounds from 1942 to spring 1946. That fall, Freshman Camp activities were relocated to Camp Wonderland in Sharon, Massachusetts. By fall 1949, a committee of students, faculty, and staff assumed responsibility of running the Freshman Camp program. In later years the Technology Christian Association contributed to the MIT community with donations to the United Community Fund and by co-sponsoring the semiannual blood drive with the Red Cross. In 1957 the Technology Christian Association became the Technology Community Association."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe Department of Geology and Mining, as Course III, was formed when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened in 1865. In 1871 the course was renamed Geology and Mining Engineering, and in 1892 Geology was made a separate department. In 1920, Geology rejoined Course III, which was renamed the Department of Mining, Metallurgy, and Geology. Geology was separated into its own department again in 1926, and from there underwent several name changes: Department of Geology and Geophysics (1952), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences (1969), and, as it is currently known, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (1983).\nhttp://web.mit.edu/science/about/history.html"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nMathematics was taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from the time the Institute first held classes in 1865. John D. Runkle, second president of MIT, oversaw the mathematics program until his death in 1902; he viewed it as a service department for the instruction of engineers. For many years the mathematics department was Section III of Course IX, General Studies. \nIn 1933, under the direction of MIT president Karl Taylor Compton who strengthened the study and research of scientific disciplines at the Institute, mathematics became an independent department, designated Course XVIII in the School of Science."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nElectrical Engineering was originally taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the Physics Department. A degree program in Electrical Engineering was started in 1882, and the Department of Electrical Engineering was formed in the Fall of 1902. At that time, when MIT was still located near Copley Square in Boston, the Department's home was the Lowell Building. The first doctorate in electrical engineering was awarded by the Department in 1910. The Department dedicated its present facilities in the Sherman Fairchild Electrical Engineering and Electronics complex (Buildings 34, 36, and 38) in the Fall of 1973. A year later, it recognized its growing activity in computer science by changing its name to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. The first bachelor's degrees in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering were awarded in 1975. The Department's activities in computer science, communications, and control are presently housed in the Ray and Maria Stata Center on the Cambridge campus. The Stata Center was dedicated in 2004.* With the Deparment's primary goal of the education of its students, its four undergraduate programs attract more than 20% of all undergraduate students.\n*This information was taken from the EECS webpage, http://www.eecs.mit.edu/about-us/mit-eecs-department-facts"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Department of General Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) did not officially exist until 1882.  Courses in general studies were offered as early as 1865, when the MIT Catalog offered a curriculum option called the Course in Science and Literature. At that time, all regular MIT students were required to take ""general studies"" classes from the Course in Science and Literature, in addition to English, history, and modern languages. In 1882 the Course in Science and Literature became the Course in General Studies (designated as Course IX) and expanded its offerings in history, economics, language, and literature. The department was initially led by MIT president Francis A. Walker and later by faculty member Davis R. Dewey.\nIn 1904 Course IX was discontinued; however, in 1905 courses in general studies were reintroduced in the form of electives open primarily to students in their third and fourth years. In 1932 President Karl Compton set up a Division of Humanities with three departments: economics and social science, English and history, and modern languages, expanded to a School of Humanities and Social Studies in 1950. \nHistorical information about the Department of General Studies and the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences can be found at: ."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe MIT Flying Club was organized in 1927 and incorporated in 1928.  The purposes of the club, as described in its constitution, were ""to provide instruction and practice in the art of flying, to conduct scientific tests and research, to advance the science of aeronautics by encouraging and promoting interest in aviation and for those purposes to own and operate an aeroplane.""  The club owned an American Eagle plane on which students received instruction from experienced pilots.\nThe first president of the club, Frederic Celler, served until 5 December 1928, when he resigned due to what he described as a ""\'suggestion\' from the powers that be due to scholastic complications.""  Celler was succeeded by Dick Holihan. \nThe prospect of a Flying Club at MIT was met with some objections from faculty members and administrators who believed that the airplane would not be safe and that such a club would be better suited if it were part of the ROTC or Aerospace Engineering programs.  The club members answered these objections and the club was officially recognized by MIT.  It operated for about two years and disbanded sometime in 1929.\nAnother flying club was established by MIT students in 1946.  This club, although it shares the same name, was not related to the original flying club. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe Ten Club, a secret student society whose members were chosen from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering (Course X), began on 24 November 1936.  Its objective was ""at least two and one-half hours of uninterrupted leisure every month… of which one hour shall be free from all talk, thought, or consideration of matters pertaining to chemical engineering.""   Limited to ten undergraduate and six graduate students, the only club officer was a treasurer, elected at the start of each semester.  The charter organization consisted of eight members, but approximately 175 members enrolled over the Ten Club\'s thirty-year existence.\nFormed as a social and creative outlet, meetings centered around invited speakers who addressed a wide variety of topics, including architecture, engineering, history, industry, law, medicine, and music.  Gatherings generally took place about ten times a year, but as few as one and as many as twelve were held during individual years.  During the last five years of the club\'s existence (1964-1969), only nine took place overall.  The 201st and last meeting occurred on 1 December 1969."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators.', ""Historical note\nWithin two hours on the morning of September 11, 2001, four planes on scheduled passenger flights crashed—two into the World Trade Center towers in New York City, the third into the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth into a field in Pennsylvania—in a terrorist attack on the United States.\nMIT President Charles Vest addressed this statement to the students, faculty, and staff of MIT: \n\n\n\nThe next day, September 12, 2001, students, faculty and staff were invited to gather outside in Killian Court for a community meeting. Throughout the year students, staff, and faculty sponsored many programs, seminars, and events to help people consider the tragic events and their impact on the MIT community. Out of the first gathering on September 12th came a request for a temporary reflecting space for individual meditation. A committee of faculty and students appointed by the President's Office worked with Professor John Fernandez of the Department of Architecture and Hélène Lipstadt, a visiting professor in architecture. The space was designed as a replica of a piece of the World Trade Center wall. The wooden replica (12 feet by 25 feet) was built by staff of the MIT Facilities Department and installed next to the MIT Chapel on Friday afternoon, September 14, 2001. It contained shelves to hold messages and flowers left by visitors.\nDuring the same week, at the initiative of an MIT student, blank paper banners were put on the wall of Lobby 10 in the main corridor of MIT to encourage members of the MIT community to express their thoughts and feelings. At the end of September 2001, coordinated by the Dean for Student Life, the banners were taken down by Bradley Ito, the student who installed them, and staff of the MIT Institute Archives. The reflecting wall remained in place for a year, until September 11, 2002. After a memorial service, it was dismantled and note cards left by visitors were gathered and transferred to the Institute Archives.\n_____________________\n"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection', 'Historical note\n""Black Women in the Academy: Defending Our Name, 1894-1994,"" was a national conference convened to address historical and contemporary issues faced by African-American women in academia. The conference, which took place January 13-15, 1994, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was attended by over 2,000 people. Historians Robin W. Kilson and Evelyn Hammonds organized the conference. The MIT Program in Women\'s Studies co-sponsored the program with additional sponsorship from the Ford Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Ms. Foundation, Microsoft Corporation, and the W.E.B. DuBois Institute at Harvard University. Logistical support was provided by the MIT History Department and Program in Science, Technology, and Society.\nThe conference was planned and organized by two faculty members at MIT, Robin W. Kilson, professor in history and women\'s studies, and Evelynn Hammonds, MIT professor in science, technology, and society. With Florence Ladd of Radcliffe College\'s Bunting Institute, they constituted the Executive Committee. The conference Advisory Committee was made up of representatives from major colleges and universities, including Charles Vest of MIT, Linda Wilson of Radcliffe College, Neil Rudenstine of Harvard University, and Diana C. Walsh of Wellesley College.  \n""Black Women in the Academy: Defending Our Name, 1894-1994,"" offered workshops, panels, and roundtables, and featured addresses by Angela Davis, Lani Guinier, and Johnnetta Cole. Performance artist Vinie Burrows presented her one-woman show, ""Sister, Sister."""
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nRobert Hallowell Richards, MIT class of 1868, and Professor of Mining Engineering at the  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was appointed Secretary of the Faculty Pro Tem on April 12, 1879, serving until  1883.  During his administration, the Secretary of the Faculty was responsible for communicating decisions of the faculty, coordinating curriculum and student schedules, receiving student petitions, and assisting in the admissions process for students. \nAt the time of his appointment, Richards was head of the Department of Mining and Metallurgy, having been a faculty member in that department since 1869. Richards was a member of the first graduating class of MIT, and the first president of the MIT alumni association. He married the first female graduate of MIT, Ellen Swallow, in 1875.\nDuring his tenure as Secretary of the Faculty, Richards spent considerable time corresponding about and coordinating the Lowell Free Courses, which were offered at MIT through an arrangement between MIT and the Lowell Institute. The arrangement arose in 1865 when John Amory Lowell, a member of the governing board of the Lowell Institute, suggested to MIT President William Barton Rogers that a program of free evening courses supported financially by the Lowell Institute but occurring at MIT and given by MIT professors would benefit both institutions. Rogers agreed to the plan, and MIT received an annual payment from the Lowell Institute to compensate for instruction and the use of its classrooms. Although the Lowell Free Courses were open to the public, those wishing to attend were required to submit an application form."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nThe MIT Logarhythms (the Logs) is an all male a capella student group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The group was formed in 1949 as a double octet by Ted Metzger, class of 1950, and then the president of the MIT musical clubs. Their first public performance was given following a Glee Club concert at Radcliffe College.\nThe Logarhythms perform concerts on campus, on tours, and on radio and television shows, and have a strong alumni connection, and have performed in Boston\'s Symphony Hall for the annual alumni ""Tech Night at the Pops"".\n"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual property rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nWilliam Barton Rogers was one of four sons of Patrick Kerr Rogers and Hannah Blythe Rogers/The eldest of his brothers, James Blythe Rogers, was trained as a physician, but spent most of his life as a professor of chemistry. Henry Darwin Rogers made his primary scientific contributions in the field of geology, and the youngest brother, Robert Empie Rogers, was a professor of chemistry and physician. Throughout their lives, the four brothers worked in close conjunction in their scientific endeavors, with the result that a description of one brother's achievements in incomplete without some account of the others' activities.\nBest known as founder and first President of M.I.T., William Barton Rogers began his career as Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry at the College of William and Mary and later taught natural philosophy at the University of Virginia. WBR also served as State Geologist of Virginia and led the first Geological Survey of the state. At about the same time, Henry Darwin Rogers was State Geologist of New Jersey and State Geologist of Pennsylvania. Although WBR taught many facets of natural history, he made significant contributions in geology, and his articles were often co-authored by Henry David Rogers.\n\nIn June 1849, William Rogers married Emma Savage of Boston, and in 1853, the couple moved to Boston. Supported by the scientific community of Boston, Rogers brought to life his conception of technical and scientific education, and largely through his efforts, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was incorporated in 1861. William Barton Rogers served as President of M.I.T. from the first meeting of the incorporators in 1862 until 1870, then served a second term as President from 1878 until 1881. He died in 1882 an is buried in the James Savage plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts. \nThe youngest of the Rogers family members represented in this collection of papers is William Barton Rogers II, who was a son of James Blythe Rogers and was named in honor of his uncle. William B. Rogers, II, was exposed early to the scientific activities of his father and uncles, who encouraged him to seek a career in science. Although he maintained an amateur interest in science, William B. Rogers, II, turned to a career in banking and served the Western Savings Fund Society of Philadelphia for thirty years.\nWilliam Barton Rogers was one of four sons of Patrick Kerr Rogers and Hannah Blythe Rogers. The eldest of his brothers, James Blythe Rogers, was trained as a physician, but spent most of his life as a professor of chemistry. Henry Darwin Rogers made his primary scientific contributions in the field of geology, and the youngest brother, Robert Empie Rogers, was a professor of chemistry and physician. Throughout their lives, the four brothers worked in close conjunction in their scientific endeavors, with the result that a description of one brother's achievements is incomplete without some account of the others' activities.\nWilliam B. Rogers married Emma Savage of Boston, Massachusetts (born March 4, 1824  and died May 18, 1911) in 1849.\nBest known as founder and first president of MIT, William Barton Rogers began his career as professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the College of William and Mary and later taught natural philosophy at the University of Virginia. He also served as state geologist of Virginia and led the first Geological Survey of the state. At about the same time, Henry Darwin Rogers was state geologist of New Jersey and state geologist of Pennsylvania. Although Willam Rogers taught many facets of natural philosophy and chemistry, he made significant contributions in geology, and his articles were often co-authored by his brother Henry.\n\nIn 1849 after William Rogers married Emma Savage in Boston, they lived in Virginia, but later in 1853 the couple moved to back to Boston. Supported by the scientific community of Boston, Rogers brought to life his conception of a dual theoretical and technical scientific education, and largely through his efforts, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was incorporated in 1861. William Barton Rogers served as President of MIT from the first meeting of the incorporators in 1862 until 1870, then served a second term as president from 1879 until 1881. He died in 1882 and is buried in the James Savage plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts. \nThe youngest of the Rogers family members represented in this collection of papers is William Barton Rogers 2nd, who was a son of James Blythe Rogers and was named in honor of his uncle. William B. Rogers 2nd, was exposed early to the scientific activities of his father and uncles, who encouraged him to seek a career in science. Although he maintained an amateur interest in science, William B. Rogers 2nd, turned to a career in banking and served the Western Savings Fund Society of Philadelphia for thirty years."", 'James Savage\nJames Savage, 1784-1873, was born in Boston, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard College in 1803. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1807. In 1816 he helped found the Provident Institution for Savings, and in 1823 married Elizabeth Lincoln. Savage was an active member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, serving as treasurer. He worked for many years, including conducting research in Great Britain for his book Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, which was published in 1860.\nIn June 1849 his daughter Emma Savage married William Barton Rogers, future founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
"Access Note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of collection.', 'Biography\nWilliam Barton Rogers II, 1833-1893, son of James Blythe Rogers, and nephew of William Barton Rogers, the founder and first president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was an amateur scientist who worked as an assistant to another uncle, geologist Henry Darwin Rogers, on the Pennsylvania Geological Survey from 1852 to approximately 1857. He later became a banker and served the Western Savings Fund Society of Philadelphia for 30 years."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Blatchford, Seward & Griswold firm was formed by the merger of two partnerships, one started in New York City by Richard Blatchford in 1819, and another in Auburn, New York, by William Henry Seward and Elijah Miller in 1823. In 1854 the two firms merged, maintaining one office in New York City. The partners were Samuel Blatchford (1820-1893), Clarence Armstrong Seward (1828-1897) and Burr Wakeman Griswold (1823-1886). The firm was known as Blatchford, Seward & Griswold until 1869, when Charles Mandes Da Costa (1837-1890) became a senior partner. The firm specialized in patent cases; they worked with many prominent nineteenth century American inventors on patent applications, provided counsel during infringement suits, and worked with newly formed manufacturing firms on patent license matters. Between 1885 and 1910, six other men became senior partners. Blatchford, Seward, and Griswold retired from the firm in 1867, 1897, and 1884 respectively. The firm has been known as Cravath, Swaine & Moore since 1941."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nDugald Caleb Jackson, 1865-1951, BS in civil engineering, 1885, Pennsylvania State University, studied and taught electrical engineering at Cornell University from 1885 to 1887, when he and three partners formed the Western Engineering Company in Lincoln, Nebrska, contractors for electric light and railroad companies. After the business was sold to United Edison Electric Light Company of New York in 1889, Jackson worked as an engineer for various Edison concerns on electric light utilities and railway electrification. In 1891 he was appointed professor and head of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison and continued his work as a consulting engineer and inventor. In 1902 he and his brother William formed the company D. C. and Wm. B. Jackson in Madison, later opening offices in Chicago and Boston. Their work was in telephone construction and operation, electric light and power utilities, railway electrification, and illuminating gas. As an inventor, he was assigned over 25 patents between 1898 and 1914 for various motor, meter, lighting system, and telephone designs.\nIn 1907 Jackson came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and served until 1935, when he became professor emeritus and honorary lecturer. Among his innovations at MIT was the cooperative course, Course VI-A, in which a student combined studies with work experience at an industrial plant. Jackson was chairman of the faculty, 1923-1925.\nDuring World War I Jackson was a lieutenant-colonel in the American Expeditionary Force and was in charge of the production and transmission of electrical power for ports and buildings in use by the Allies. After the armistice he was appointed to the War Damages Board of the American Commission of Reparations. Afterward his business partnership, which had been dissolved before World War I, was restructured as a partnership with Edward L. Moreland, who succeeded him as department head at MIT. He remained active in the firm, Jackson and Moreland, until 1930. Jackson wrote several texts for electrical engineering instruction, as well as  (1939)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nJohn Daniel Runkle, 1822-1902, SB, MA, 1851, Harvard College, was the second president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1870 to 1878, having served as acting president from 1868 to 1870. He was professor of mathematics from 1865 to 1902. Earlier in 1860 he was a member of the committee that prepared the "","" which led to the establishment of MIT in 1861, and he worked closely with the founder and first president of MIT, William Barton Rogers.  Runkle\'s interest in the ""Russian system of shop work training"" led to the establishment of the School of Practical Mechanisms at MIT in 1876. After his resignation as president in 1878, Runkle was granted two years\' leave of absence which he spent traveling in Europe with his family and during which he studied technical and industrial education abroad. He then returned to MIT and teaching.\nJohn Runkle was also associated with the Nautical Almanac computation project from 1849 to 1884. In 1858 he founded the journal  and edited it for three years, when publication ceased.  \nHe was married to Catherine Robbins Bird in 1862 until her death in 1897. Their children who lived to adulthood were Catherine Bird, born February 1863; John Cornelius, born December 1866; Eleanor Winslow, born March 1881; and Gordon Taylor, born July 1882. Two other children, William Bird (February-September 1865) and Emma Rogers (May 1870-May 1871) did not survive childhood."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nOn July 20, 1955, in Geneva, Switzerland, President Dwight D. Eisenhower called for an international effort to apply nuclear science to peaceful purposes and expressed his hope that ""private business and professional men throughout the world will take an interest and provide an incentive in finding new ways that this new science can be used . . . for the benefit of mankind and not destruction."" In response, Henry Ford II, Benson Ford, and Henry Clay Ford proposed that the Ford Motor Company Fund authorize an appropriation of one million dollars to be granted at a rate of $100,000 annually for ten years to recognize outstanding contributions to the peaceful application of nuclear energy. The ""Atoms for Peace Awards, A Memorial to Henry Ford and Edsel Ford,"" was established by the directors of the Fund to receive and administer the monies. The creation of the Awards was announced at the World Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland, on August 8, 1955, by Admiral Lewis L. Strauss, chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.\nOn August 12, 1955, James R. Killian, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, accepted the invitation of Henry Ford II to serve as chairman of the Organization and Planning Committee for the Atoms for Peace Awards. Six other committee members were subsequently appointed to consider questions of policy and administration. Their decisions and recommendations, which included a suggested Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws for the Atoms for Peace Awards, Inc., were submitted to the Ford Motor Company Fund. These were approved and, on behalf of the Fund, the committee members were named trustees of the new non-profit organization.\nAward recipients were selected by the trustees from among the world\'s scientists, engineers, and others who, in their judgment, had made the greatest contribution to the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy. The award winners were chosen without regard for nationality or political ideology and received a cash honorarium accompanied by a commemorative medal. Individuals and organizations were encouraged to nominate any person who had made a significant contribution. An Advisory Committee on Nominations, appointed by the Board of Trustees, conducted the preliminary screening of the nominations and submitted its recommendations to the trustees who made the final decision. If the Board of Trustees failed to discover a candidate meriting the award, the award and medal were withheld during that year."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nArthur T. Ippen (1907-1974) was a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the Department of Civil Engineering. He was associated with the Institute for twenty-nine years, guiding its research and educational activities in hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering through his position as director of the Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics. \nArthur Ippen received his early education in Germany, graduating as Diplom Ingenieur from the Technische Hochschule in Aachen in 1931. Following a year spent as a teaching and research assistant in geodesy at Aachen, he came to the United States as an exchange fellow of the Institute of International Education, studying at the Institute of Hydraulic Research at the University of Iowa. In 1934 he transferred to the California Institute of Technology where he became a teaching and research fellow in hydraulics, earning the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from that institution in 1935 and 1936. His research was strongly influenced by his association there with Theodore von Karman.\nAfter receiving his doctorate, Ippen spent two more years at the California Institute of Technology as a research engineer and instructor in hydraulics. In 1938 he joined the faculty of Lehigh University as an instructor in hydraulics and took charge of the reconstruction of the hydraulics laboratory. He was made an assistant professor in 1939 and continued in that capacity until 1945, when he joined the MIT faculty as associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and head of its Division of Hydraulics. He was promoted to professor in 1948. \nIppen's first major project at MIT was the planning and construction of a new research laboratory for hydraulics. The MIT Hydrodynamics Laboratory, as it was first known, was completed in 1950 and was formally dedicated in 1951. In 1970 it was greatly enlarged and modernized and was renamed the Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics. Ippen directed the activities of the laboratory from 1950 until his formal retirement in 1973.\nThroughout his career Ippen was active in international educational exchange. His most notable contribution in this field was the faculty exchange program between MIT and the Technical University of Berlin (TUB), which he directed from its inception in 1964 until his death ten years later. He was also active in the MIT Ford Foundation cooperative program with the Birla Institute of Technology and Science in India and the Inter-American Program of the School of Engineering which focused on water resources development in South America. He also served as a lecturer and educational consultant in many countries, notably with the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Graduate School.\nArthur Ippen was also widely employed as a consultant in private industry and by the United States and foreign governments. He was a consultant to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in several areas through his service to the Tidal Hydraulics Committee (1950-1974), the Coastal Engineering Research Board (1964-1974), the Philadelphia district of the Corps (1968-1974), and the Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg, Mississippi (1966-1974). The New York Port Authority engaged his services as a consultant on tidal problems in the East River and on the La Guardia Airport runway extension. He was a member of the UNESCO Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee on the Center for Applied Hydraulogical Research in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1969-1973), and of the MIT Mission to Singapore for Engineering and Economic Development (1969). He was also engaged by the government of Pakistan (1962 and 1973) and the Inter-American Development Bank Mission to Assess Science and Technology Projects in Brazil (1971), as well as by numerous private companies.\nIppen authored over one hundred professional articles, engineering reports, and other papers. He was also a member of numerous professional organizations and held many leading offices in them. His memberships include the American Society for Engineering Education, the American Society of Civil Engineers (life member), the Boston Society of Civil Engineers (honorary member), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Geophysical Union, the International Association for Hydraulic Research (honorary member), and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (honorary member). He was the president of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers (1960-1961), president of the International Association for Hydraulic Research (1960-1964), and chairman of three national committees of the American Society of Civil Engineers.\nHe was the recipient of many awards during his career. In 1949 Ippen was named a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1967, a Fellow of the National Academy of Engineering. In 1962 he received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Toulouse, France, followed by Honorary Doctorates from Karlsruhe, Germany, in 1967, and from the University of Manchester, England, in 1968. Among the awards he has received are the 1953 Karl Emil Hilgard Prize, offered by the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the 1963 Vincent Bendix Research Award for Engineering Research from the American Society of Engineering Education. He was named Distinguished Alumnus at California Institute of Technology in 1970. MIT honored him with an appointment as Ford Professor in the School of Engineering (1965-1970) and in 1970 named him Institute Professor."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom was founded on March 9, 1967, by Dr. William A. Shurcliff, physicist and senior research associate at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator, and Professor John T. Edsall, Harvard biochemist. The incentive to form Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom derived from Dr. Shurcliff\'s concern over government publications concerning the acceptability of sonic boom. Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom operated out of Dr. Shurcliff\'s home in Cambridge, and he conducted most of the campaign.\nThe purpose of the League was to oppose sonic boom and to halt the construction of all commercial supersonic transports, both in the United States and abroad. To this end, a massive information dissemination campaign was launched, directed primarily at the taxpayer, the media, and Congress. Dr. Shurcliff\'s aim was to change public policy through public outrage. By demonstrating the potential damage to property and health caused by sonic booms, the economic inefficiency and unfeasibility of supersonic transportation, and the strain placed on the tax dollar by the increase in government funding of Boeing\'s SST, Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom hoped that supersonic travel would be prohibited in the United States.\nCitizens League Against the Sonic Boom\'s principal activities consisted of gathering newspaper and magazine articles, books, and reports related to the SST and using this information to prepare fact-sheets, newsletters, and handbooks to influence the opinions of individuals and institutions. One of the major results of the League\'s efforts was the publication of Dr. Shurcliff\'s book, , a book issued in 1970 based on earlier Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom handbooks. This book is an especially helpful secondary source of information and should be consulted by those using the Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom collection.\nThe media was originally identified as the most expedient means of reaching and influencing the public. Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom initially focused its campaign on newspapers, radio, and television. Between 1967 and 1968, the attitude of the press changed from pro-SST to anti-SST.\nCongressmen and other government officials, especially those connected with the Federal Aviation Agency and the Department of Transportation (two agencies directly involved with the development of the SST), were also contacted. Some members of the Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom lobbied in Washington against the appropriation of additional funds for Boeing\'s SST.\nCitizens League Against the Sonic Boom had 5,000 members from all parts of the country, and Dr. Shurcliff made a deliberate point of maintaining personal contact with them. Bureaucratic methods of communication were conscientiously avoided. No dues were required and financial support of Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom derived from periodic requests for contributions. The members\' activities are represented in the collection by newspaper and magazine clippings, which they sent to Dr. Shurcliff.\nIt is important to realize that while Dr. Shurcliff and Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom were responsible for taking up the anti-SST cause, making it visible, and involving various environmental groups in the struggle, others had pioneered in the opposition to the harmful effects of the sonic boom. In Sweden, Bo Lundberg, Director General of the Aeronautical Research Institute, had published many articles and reports discussing the hazards of supersonic travel as early as 1960. Much of Dr. Shurcliff\'s scientific information is based on these accounts. Senator William Proxmire (Democrat-Wisconsin) was also an early opponent of the SST and its noise pollution.\nOn March 24, 1971, Congress voted against the bill that would have provided the funds necessary for the continuation of Boeing\'s production of a commercial SST. With this decision, Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom felt it had achieved a major goal and decided to concentrate its energies on prohibiting the British-French Concorde from landing at airports in the United States.\nIn December 1971, Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom, at Dr. Shurcliff\'s request, went into ""hibernation."" However, the League did not formally terminate until November 15, 1978, when the papers of the group were turned over to the MIT Institute Archives. As a result, the bulk of the collection contains material from 1967-1971, but there is additional information covering subsequent SST-related issues from 1971-1978. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biographical note\nEverett Moore Baker was born on August 28, 1901, in Newtonville, Massachusetts, son of George D. and Mary Hutton Baker. He died on August 31, 1950. He led an active life, as a minister, a citizen concerned with community and international affairs, and lastly as Dean of Students at MIT (1947-1950). His interest in people and human rights was a strong motivating force in all he did.\nBaker graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1920, and from Dartmouth College in 1924. His interest in the ministry developed early. In his final year at Dartmouth, he taught a Sunday School class at a local church, and led services every Sunday for a group of people in the country who had no church nearby. Upon graduation from Dartmouth, he entered Harvard Divinity School. While studying for the ministry, he served as assistant pastor of Mt. Vernon Church in Boston. He remained there until 1929, when he graduated from Harvard and was ordained as a minister of the Unitarian Church.\nBaker moved to Providence, R.I., with his wife, Helen Macdonald Baker, whom he had married in 1928. He was pastor of the Westminster Church in Providence from 1929 to 1937. During this period he played a prominent role in community affairs. At different times he was chairman of the Rhode Island Interdenominational Commission for Social Action, Chairman of the R.I. League of Nations Association, and the director of the Consumers League of Rhode Island. While in Providence, his two sons were born; David Everett in 1932, and Sidney Macdonald in 1937.\nFrom 1937 to 1942, Baker was Vice President of the American Unitarian Association, the central executive body of the Unitarian Churches of the United States and Canada, and in 1937 he moved to Boston, the headquarters of the AUA. In addition to the usual administrative work, Baker directed the publishing business of the Unitarian Church. He also directed the New England Unitarian radio hour for three years. In 1941,\nhe compiled and edited an anthology of poetry and prose for men and women in the military service, Think on These Things. Over three million copies of this work were distributed during the war.\nFrom 1942 to 1946, Baker served as pastor of the First Unitarian Church of Cleveland. Although Baker gave up his position as Vice President of the AUA, he remained on the board of directors until his death in 1950. He lectured in Sociology at the Cleveland College of Western Reserve University from 1944 to 1945. He participated as chairman, board member and member of many different associations: National Consumers League for Fair Labor Standards; Unitarian Ministerial Union; Unitarian War Service Council; Youth Bureau; Travellers Aid Society, Mental Hygiene Association of Cleveland; Welfare Federation of Cleveland; Cleveland Council on World Affairs; Better Housing Association of Cleveland. Baker was very outspoken in his views on racial problems, and was a member of the Mayor's Committee on Interracial Relations, and a member of a committee on minorities of the War Manpower Commission. In 1945, he published some of his more controversial sermons on racial and religious prejudice.\nBaker returned to Boston in 1947, after accepting the position of Dean of Students at MIT. He was the first minister chosen for this position. He had authority and responsibility for overseeing all aspects of student welfare and for the Institute's relationship with student government, as well as with recognized student activities such as athletics and fraternities. While Dean, Baker became a member of the World Affairs Council of Boston, and in 1950, became the chairman of the International Student Service, whose headquarters were in Geneva. On August 11, 1950, he left Cambridge to address the annual conference of the ISS, which opened in Bombay on August 15. He died on August 31, near Cairo, Egypt, when his plane crashed on the return flight.\nThough he was Dean for only three years, Baker made a great impact on the MIT community. On the suggestion of both students and faculty, the newest undergraduate dormitory was named the Everett Moore Baker House, in recognition of the contribution he had made to MIT. Students created the Everett Moore Baker Memorial Foundation, an organization whose goal was to continue the work of Dean Baker. They campaigned to raise a large sum of money, the interest of which was to be used each year for an appropriate project. As of April, 1951, $15,000.00 had been raised, with contributions from students, faculty, and alumni. \nBaker received two honorary degrees, both Dr. of Divinity; from Tufts College in 1938, and from Dartmouth College in 1949. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nNorman Levinson, 1912-1975, SB 1933 and SM 1934 in electrical engineering, and ScD 1935 in mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, became an instructor in mathematics at MIT in 1937; assistant professor in 1939; associate professor in 1944; professor in 1949; and Institute Professor in 1973. He was head of the Department of Mathematics, 1968-1971. His research focused on differential equations, analytic number theory and other branches of analysis."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biographical note\nGeorge Wigglesworth, 1853-1930, LL.B. 1878, Harvard University, was treasurer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 1891-1907, and a member of the MIT Corporation, 1881-1930.  He practiced law in Boston, and was active in numerous educational and charitable institutions in Boston, among them the Harvard Board of Overseers and Massachusetts General Hospital, both of which he served as president.\n\t\nThomas Wigglesworth, 1814-1907, was a Boston merchant involved in trade with the Far East."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor or creator of the collection.', 'Biography\nSilas Whitcomb Holman (1856-1900) was an 1876 graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), earning the degree of SB in physics. Upon his graduation he was appointed an assistant in the Department of Physics. He stayed at MIT throughout his life, moving up the ranks to instructor (1880), assistant professor (1882), associate professor (1885), professor (1893), and professor emeritus(1897).\nHolman attended Cambridge public schools and, after three years of high school, enrolled at MIT in the fall of 1872. In 1873 he enrolled in the newly established course in physics, was commissioned as an officer in the Institute battalion, and elected president of his class association.  Holman studied under Edward C. Pickering, first director of the Rogers Laboratory of Physics and Thayer Professor of Physics.\nIn 1876 Holman graduated and was shortly thereafter named an assistant in physics. His thesis, ""The Atomic Theory as Applied to Gases,"" was published in the . \nIn 1877 he was able to begin teaching and doing experimental work. Professor Charles R. Cross (MIT, class of 1870) became the head of the Department of Physics and the Rogers Laboratory, with Holman as his assistant. Holman directed research in the laboratory, while Cross gave most of the lectures. In 1883 the Rogers Laboratory relocated from its cramped single room in the Rogers Building to a much more expansive space in what was called the ""New Building"" (later renamed ""Walker""). Holman played a major role in outfitting the physics department\'s new space—he was responsible for special laboratories dedicated to electrical measurements and high-temperature heat measurements. \nHolman was married twice, first to Marie O. Glover (MIT, class of 1881)  in July 1884.  She died less than a year later, and in 1886 Holman married Lydia M. Newman. Their daughter Anna was born in 1892. Towards the end of his life Holman was blind and unable to move under his own power, but he was able to continue writing and directing research thanks to the efforts of his wife, who conducted literature searches, took dictation, and assisted him with his work. Holman died on April 1, 1900."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nWilliam Thomas Pierce (1854-1906) was a civil engineer who practiced in Massachusetts. In 1902 he traveled to Europe from Boston and while traveling kept a written and photographic record of engineering structures and scenes that interested him. Prior to his death he was the chief engineer of the Metropolitan Park Commission of Boston, Massachusetts. \nWilliam Pierce resided in Watertown, Massachustts. He was the son of John Q. A. Pierce and brother of Charles Q. Pierce,  Edward B. Pierce, Myron Pierce, and Henry B. Pierce. \nIn February 1907, in the year after he died, the C. F. Libbie and Company of Boston managed the sale of William Pierce's personal and professional library."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJohn Ripley Freeman, 1855-1932, BS 1876, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was an internationally known hydraulics engineer who served as a consultant on water power, river control, water supply, and allied problems of hydraulic engineering. He worked also as an expert in the area of fire protection and prevention and studied the role of design and construction in relation to earthquakes. Mr. Freeman was elected a member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Corporation in 1893 and served on the Corporation until his death in 1932.\nJohn R. Freeman consulted widely in the United States. Among many projects, he investigated the feasibility of damming the Charles River to create the Charles River Basin in Boston, Massachusetts, worked on the survey of the Greater New York water supply, and in California, in San Francisco on the Hetch-Hetchy Dam project. He also led many projects abroad, and acted as consultant to the government of China on projects relating to the Grand Canal and the Yellow River (Huang He). He also served on US government advisory committees."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor the of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nHolliday C. Heine, SB 1967, PhD in biochemistry, 1973, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was an instructor in biology at MIT, 1973-1975; assistant dean for student affairs, 1976-1980; and associate dean for student affairs, 1980-1986."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJohn Charles Heine, 1940- , SB 1962, SM 1964, PhD 1966 in mechanical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is a department manager at Bolt Beranek & Newman in Cambridge, Mass. (as of 1994)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nGeorge Russell Harrison, 1898-1979, BS 1919, PhD in physics, 1922, Stanford University, taught at Stanford until 1930 when he came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as professor of physics. He was director of the Research Laboratory of Experimental Physics from 1930 to 1942, and the first director of the Spectroscopy Laboratory. He was dean of the School of Science from 1942 until his retirement in 1964. During World War II Harrison served in a variety of posts including chairman of the Instruments Section and later chief of the Optics Division of the National Defense Research Committee's Office of Scientific Research and Development; later he was chief of the Research Division at General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters in the southwest Pacific. Harrison's research focused on spectroscopy, studies of atomic structure, and the design of automatic instruments for making measurements and computations concerning the structure of atoms. A number of instruments he designed made possible his compilation of the MIT Wavelength Tables (1939, 1969). Harrison wrote over 100 scientific articles and a number of books including  (1939), a popular interpretation of physics, and coauthored  (1948) with Richard Lord and John Loofbourow."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nSamuel Homer Woodbridge, 1848-1926, AB 1873, Williams College, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 1876-1879. In 1884 he became an instructor in the MIT Department of Physics, later switching to the Department of Mechanical Engineering; in 1895 he was made assistant professor; and in 1900 associate professor. He was a pioneer in the application of scientific principles to the subject of ventilation."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Society for Technical Communication is a professional organization of educators, scientists, engineers, artists, publishers, and others involved in the field of technical publication and communication in all media. Formerly known as the Society of Technical Writers and Publishers, the Society was created in 1960 by the merger of two organizations: the Technical Publishing Society (founded in 1954) and the Society of Technical Writers and Editors (formed by a merger of the Society of Technical Writers and the Association of Technical Writers and Editors, both founded in 1953). The Boston Chapter has existed since 1953."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nDavis Rich Dewey was Professor of Economics at MIT and one of several people who helped to shape the profession of economics as it is practiced today. Best known for his writings on United States economic history, his professional career spans fifty years (1886 to 1940), the formative period of the modern economics profession.\nDewey was born on April 7, 1858, the eldest of three sons of Archibald and Lucinda Dewey of Burlington, Vermont. His brothers were John Dewey, author, educator, and well-known social philosopher, and Charles Dewey of Portland, Oregon. \nReceiving his AB in 1879 from the University of Vermont with Phi Beta Kappa honors, Dewey taught for one year in a district school at North Underhill, Vermont. The next year, he was appointed principal of a private academy at Underhill. For the 1881-1882 academic year, Dewey accepted an appointment as principal and instructor of Latin and Greek at the Hyde Park High School, in a community just outside of Chicago. In 1883 Dewey entered the graduate department of economics at Johns Hopkins University, secured a fellowship, and spent summers working as a correspondent for . He was graduated from Hopkins with the doctorate in 1886 having studied history, economics, and political economy. His PhD thesis entitled, ""A History of American Economic Literature..."" was less a piece of technical research than a survey of the practice of the early US economics profession. \nStraight out of John Hopkins, Dewey received an appointment as instructor in history and political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From the first he was integrally involved in research, publishing his first articles, ""Municipal Revenue from Street Railways"" and ""A Syllabus on Political History since 1815 ..."" in 1887. He became interested and influential in the internal affairs of two major professional organizations, the American Economic Association and the American Statistical Association. Dewey had, while still a graduate student, participated in the founding meeting of the American Economic Association, of which he was to become president in 1909. When that Association\'s journal, the  was started in 1911, Dewey served as its first editor, a post he held until 1940. Also in his first year of service at MIT, he became a member and was elected secretary of the American Statistical Association, an office he was to hold until 1906. As secretary, and as a member of the Publications Committee, Dewey helped to edit the publications of that organization, too. \nIn the 1880s and 1890s, Dewey served as a consultant for several organizations concerned with social reform, including the Boston Children\'s Bureau. He was a member of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Good Citizenship and a member of the Board of Directors of the politically powerful Boston Public School Association. \nThroughout his career, Dewey undertook many consultancies and advisory positions. He considered his best published work to be the volume he researched and co-authored as a member of the U.S. Census Advisory Committee to the 12th Census (1902 to 1908) entitled . This volume was a pioneering study into the working conditions of U. S. labor, as well as a comparative regional study of wage-labor. Prior to this appointment, Dewey had served as chairman of a Special Commission in Massachusetts to Investigate the Subject of the Unemployed (1894), member of a Board to Investigate Charitable and Reformatory Institutions of Massachusetts (1896), member of the Municipal Department of Statistics of the City of Boston (1897 to 1950), and member of the State Commission on Relations between Employer and Employee (1904). Notwithstanding a heavy load of teaching, administration, writing, and editing, he served the Federal government in 1919 as Director of the Economic Section, Information Service, of the Department of Labor.\nTwice in 1928, and again in 1932, Dewey was appointed to special mediation boards in several national railroad workers job actions. These cases involved the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient railway system, the Illinois Central Railroad, the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad, and the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad. These appointments were made by Presidents Coolidge and Hoover. In 1932, Dewey was also appointed by President Hoover to serve on a Board of Arbitration in settling a wage dispute between the Western Railways and the Order of Railway Conductors and the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen. He was a joint author of the Annual Report of the U.S. Board of Mediation for 1928. \nAt MIT, Dewey served as an Instructor, 1886 to 1888; then Assistant Professor of Economics and Statistics, 1888 to 1889; Associate Professor, 1889 to 1892; and finally Professor and Department Chairman, 1893 to 1933. He taught a course in engineering administration from 1913 until 1931, when a separate department of engineering administration was created, largely due to his efforts. He also served as chairman of the MIT faculty from 1911 to 1913. \nDewey was interested in the quality of education, as demonstrated by the following quotation: \n\nDewey was an associate of MIT President Francis Amasa Walker whose  he edited for publication in 1899, shortly after Walker\'s death. Dewey was also associated with the editor Albert Bushnell Hart. Dewey wrote his acclaimed  for Hart\'s American Citizen Series in 1902 and a volume entitled  for Hart\'s American Nation Series in 1907. In 1904, Dewey\'s  won the John Marshall Prize offered by Johns Hopkins. Dewey was a contributor to , the , ,  and the . \nA representative of the modern field of economics, Dewey was indifferent to theorizing which had little to do with empirical fact. He was above all a practitioner, insisting that applied knowledge was the true realm of the academic economist. Dewey also maintained a lively interest in the politics of academe and followed several academic freedom cases of his day. \nDewey was married to Mary C. Hopkins of Madison, Wisconsin, in 1886. They had two children, Bradley Dewey and Dorothy Dewey (Mrs. A. Barr Comstock). A grandchild, Dr. Bradley Dewey, Jr. was President of the Dewey and Almy Chemical Company of Boston, and deputy rubber administrator during World War II. Dewey had six grandchildren, three of whom attended MIT.\nHe died on December 13, 1942."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nCharles Fayette Taylor, professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Instiute of Technology (MIT), was born in New York City in 1894.  He enrolled in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale in 1912 and received the bachelor\'s degree in mechanical engineering in 1915.  During World War I Taylor first served as a civilian inspector of aircraft material for the US  Signal Corps.  After three months he was appointed Ensign in the Naval Reserve Corps and placed in charge of the Navy\'s Aeronautical Engine Laboratory in Washington, DC, a position he held for the duration of the war.  In 1919 Taylor resigned from active service to return to Yale, and in 1920 he was awarded the master\'s degree in mechanical engineering.\nFrom 1920 to 1923, Taylor was the civilian engineer in charge of the US Army\'s Air Service Laboratory at McCook Airfield in Dayton, Ohio.  There he supervised numerous engine endurance tests, aircraft flight tests, and fuel anti-knock tests.  Taylor next went to work for the Wright Aeronautical Corporation.  He was in charge of airplane engine design and development from 1923 to 1926, when the Wright Corporation was developing the air-cooled ""Whirlwind"" engine used on the historic flights of Lindbergh, Byrd, and Chamberlain.\nIn 1926 Taylor began his long association with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  He was first employed by the Institute as an associate professor of aeronautical engineering.  By 1929 he had been promoted to professor and made acting head of the course in aeronautical engineering.  He was formally placed in charge of the course in 1931 and continued in that position for the next two years.\nIn 1933 Taylor left the aeronautical engineering department to become professor of mechanical engineering and director of the new Sloan Automotive Laboratory, a position he held until his retirement in 1960.  While he was director of the Sloan Laboratory, Taylor was active in basic research on the internal combustion engine, for both the airplane and the automobile.  His studies included experiments on detonation, combustion, fuel composition, friction, air capacity, piston/valve ratios, high speed diesel engines, and engine thermodynamics.  Throughout his career at MIT Taylor was teacher as well as researcher.  He taught undergraduate courses, conducted graduate seminars, and supervised theses in aeronautical, chemical, and mechanical engineering.  With his brother, Edward Story Taylor, who also taught at the Institute and directed its Gas Turbine Laboratory, he co-authored the text  (1938, revised 1961).  In 1960 C. F. Taylor published another text, .\nDuring this period, Taylor\'s activity was not limited to MIT.  He traveled frequently as a guest lecturer to universities in Europe, the Orient, and South America.  He was an instructor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in 1949, the Danish Technical Institute in 1960, and Cambridge University in 1962.  As a Fulbright Scholar, he lectured at Delft Technical Institute, Holland, in 1955, and at the University of the Republic of Uruguay in 1965.  While at MIT Taylor also served as consultant to several engine manufacturers, among them the Ethyl Corporation, General Electric, Ingersoll Rand, Westinghouse, and the Wright Aeronautical Corporation.\nUpon his retirement, Taylor became a professional artist.  He is most noted for his work in metal sculpture, but he also produced paintings, etchings, and wall pieces.  He had works commissioned by civic groups and companies and exhibited at galleries throughout the Northeast and in Florida.\nCharles Fayette Taylor died June 22, 1996."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collectionss. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection.', 'Biography \nPhilip McCord Morse was born August 6, 1903, in Shreveport, Louisiana. His parents, Allen Crafts Morse, a telephone engineer, and Edith McCord Morse, soon moved to Cleveland where he grew up. In 1921 Philip Morse started attending Case Institute, but he took the following year off to work in the Radiolectric Shop that he owned with friends. Upon his return to Case he began studying physics with Professor Dayton C. Miller and received his B.S. degree in 1926. That fall Morse went to Princeton University with the help of a scholarship. There, his gas discharge research with Karl Taylor Compton formed the basis for his thesis, ""A Theory of the Electric Discharge through Gases."" He spent the summer of 1928 at the University of Michigan as a research associate for an industrial research project on electric gas discharge.\nIn his final year at Princeton Philip Morse received the Porter Ogden Jacobus Fellowship, which is given to the graduate student with the highest standing. During this year he worked with Edward U. Condon to produce the book Quantum Mechanics. In April of 1929 he married Annabelle Hopkins and received his Ph.D. in physics two months later. That summer he worked for Bell Laboratories under the guidance of C. J. Davisson.\nPhilip Morse was an instructor at Princeton for the 1929 academic year, and the following summer he returned to the University of Michigan, this time as a special lecturer in quantum mechanics. He spent the next year on a Rockefeller Fellowship studying with Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich, Germany, and with N. F. Mott and W. S. Massey in Cambridge, England.\nAt the behest of the new president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Karl T. Compton, Philip Morse joined the physics department as an associate professor in 1931. His research concentrated on acoustics and on astrophysics. His work on the theory of sound absorption resulted in his 1936 book, Vibration and Sound.\nContacts with colleagues at the Harvard Observatory led to the formulation of calculations on the opacities of stellar interiors. Arnold Lowan\'s WPA work at Columbia on the construction of mathematical tables also interested Morse. He participated in the various mathematical tables projects carried on by the National Bureau of Standards and other federal programs throughout his career. Beginning in 1933, Morse became the graduate registration officer for the physics department, and he continued in this guidance role until 1965 whenever he was at MIT. He was promoted to associate professor in 1934 and professor in 1938.\nIn response to the growing threat of war, scientists began to change the focus of their research, and Philip Morse was no exception. His association with the Radiation Laboratory housed on the MIT campus started in 1941. There, he identified the similarities of certain ideas used in acoustics to microwaves. At Harvard he served as chairman of a National Research Council project that studied ways to reduce the noise and vibrations made by fighter and bomber planes. During this time he also worked on a National Defense Research Council (NDRC) project for the U.S. Navy, studying methods of countering the new acoustic mines that the Germans were using. In 1942 Morse went to Washington, D.C. to organize and direct a civilian task force to evaluate the United States antisubmarine program. While directly connected with the Navy, the Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Research Group (ASWORG) was funded by the NDRC. The group not only evaluated data, but also visited Navy bases to make direct observations. Before disbanding, the group wrote a report about their efforts, Methods of Operation Research, which was declassified and widely used after 1950. For his war work Philip Morse received the U.S. Medal of Merit.\nIn 1945 Morse returned to MIT and helped to establish the Acoustics Laboratory with Richard Bolt and Leo Beranek. Morse\'s return was shortlived, however. The Associated Universities Inc. wanted to start a civilian nuclear research laboratory in connection with the Atomic Energy Commission. In July 1946 he became the scientific director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. At this time he was also an active member in the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists (the Einstein committee) which sought to educate the public about atomic power.\nBy 1948 Brookhaven was a firmly established facility and Philip Morse returned briefly to MIT. His assistance was again sought for public service. He went to Washington to organize an operations research team for the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The result was the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), and he served as deputy director and director of research until 1950. The WSEG\'s civilian unit became the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) in 1956, and he served on their Board of Trustees. A similar group, RAND, was established to advise the Air Force in 1948, and he was on their Board of Trustees until 1962.\nFinally, in 1950 Philip Morse returned to MIT for a longer stay, although his public service activities never ceased. His interest in the new discipline of operations research continued at MIT. He was instrumental in promoting wide acceptance of operations research for non-military uses. By 1952 the Institute offered summer courses in operations research and the Operations Research Center became an official interdepartmental facility in 1956. Morse served as director from 1956 until 1969.\nPhilip Morse initiated another interdisciplinary program at MIT in an effort to introduce students and professors to the uses of computers in research. The Committee on Machine Methods of Computation began in 1952 with him as chairman. This committee supervised research assistantships that were given to graduate students using computers. In 1955 Morse convinced IBM to fund a computer installed in a building that was partially paid for by IBM. Part of the agreement allowed other New England schools to use the facility. This arrangement eventually became the New England Regional Computing Program (NERComp). By 1957, the Computation Center was dedicated at MIT with Philip Morse as director, a position he held until 1967. The Center received funds from NSF and the Rockefeller Foundation to supplement its  costs. After several expansions, timesharing was introduced in the 1960s.\nPhilip Morse remained active outside of MIT as well. He helped to organize the first International Operations Research Conference in 1957. The International Federation of Operations Research Societies originated at this conference. International interest in operations research led to a 1959 NATO conference where the Advisory Panel on Operations Research (APOR) began with Morse as chairman. The panel, in association with the United States Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development, started training programs, organized conferences, and sponsored visiting consultants to NATO countries. Another APOR was started by Morse in 1964 for the Organization for Educational and Cultural Development. This panel emphasized that operations research could be used for many problems that were not military or industrial. Other international operations research projects that Morse was associated with include lecture tours in Japan, India, Israel, and Taiwan sponsored by the Ford Foundation and in Australia sponsored by the Fulbright Foundation, as well as a fact-finding trip to Nigeria and Tunisia that was associated with the International Relations Committee of the National Academy of Sciences.\nPhilip Morse\'s endeavors helped to prove the myriad applications of operations research. His study of the MIT Libraries was one of the first of its kind. Other studies helped him to develop some of his queuing theories.\nPhilip Morse became an emeritus professor at MIT in 1969. He died in 1985."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Historical note\n\tThe Physical Science Study Committee, (PSSC) and its outgrowths--¬Educational Services Incorporated (ESI) and Education Development Center (EDC)--had their beginnings in 1956 in a project initiated by Jerrold Zacharias, James Killian and Francis Friedman, all of MIT.\nPSSC originated in March of 1956 with a memo from Zacharias to Killian in which he suggested the development of films as aids in teaching physics in high schools.  In the fall of 1956, Zacharias and Killian held informal meetings with a number of colleagues, including I. I. Rabi, Edwin H. Land, Nathaniel H. Frank, Francis L. Friedman, Martin Deutsch and others.  This group designated itself the steering committee of the PSSC and with a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) began the program with a conference at MIT on December 10-12, 1956.  The conference produced a tentative outline of the course and plans were made to begin writing during the summer of 1957.  A draft of the first volume of the text, written by Philip Morrison with revisions by Friedman and Judson B. Cross, was produced that summer.  By the spring of 1958 the preliminary edition of PSSC Physics was completed.  Among the other physicists who participated in the creation of the course were Uri Haber-Schaim, Bruno Rossi and Malcolm K. Smith of MIT; Eric M. Rogers of Princeton; Walter C. Michels of Bryn Mawr; Albert Baez of Stanford; and Gilbert C. Finlay and Edwin L.Goldwasser of the University of Illinois.\nEight pilot schools (300 students) began using the PSSC materials during the 1957-58 school year.  That summer, the first institutes for training PSSC teachers were held.  By 1959 the Laboratory Guide was completed and the first books in the Science Study Series, which provided supplemental reading to the course, were published.\nIn December 1958, ESI was formed to take over the administration of PSSC.  James R. Killian was made Chairman of the Board and served in that capacity until the formation of EDC in 1967.  Under the auspices of ESI,, fifteen In-Service Institutes for PSSC teachers were held throughout the country in 1958-59.  ESI also oversaw publication of the first commercial edition of PSSC Physics by the D. C. Heath Company in September of 1960.  That year 44,000 high school students were exposed to the new curriculum.\nAlthough ESI had originally been founded to handle the administration of PSSC, it soon began to undertake new projects.  The first of these was PSSC Advanced Topics, which was initiated in 1960 by Uri Haber-Schaim, who had previously directed the laboratory group of PSSC.  Soon other projects were added, such as the Elementary Science Study, the African Education Program, the Introductory Physical Science (IPS) Program, which produced a physics text for junior high schools, the Semiconductor Electronics Education Program, and the National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films.  By 1966, ESI had a yearly revenue of over $10 million and administered some twenty-five curriculum improvement projects.\nIn 1967, ESI merged with the Institute for Educational Innovation (IEI) to form EDC.  IEI had been established in 1966 as New England's Regional Educational Laboratory under Title IV of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act.  Through the merger, EDC became the Regional Lab for the area.  Franklin A. Lindsay, president of Itek Corporation, was named Chairman of the Board.  He was succeeded in 1972 by Theodore R. Sizer.\nWith the transformation to EDC the activities of the group changed in character.  ESI had served principally as fiscal agent for a number of semi-autonomous projects in curriculum improvement.  EDC was more involved administratively in coordinating individual projects with the aim of producing comprehensive change in school systems, and eventually, in society as a whole.  It was also more involved in large federal projects.  The largest of its early projects, the Pilot Communities Project, was an attempt to achieve broad based educational reform in school systems in four areas of the eastern United States, and was a part of the Title IV community development efforts of the Office of Education.  EDC's other projects reflected this changed emphasis.  In addition to continuing ESI activities such as the Elementary Science Study, EDC programs included Open Education Follow Through, Programs in Instructional Television, the Early Childhood Education Study, and Peace Corps training programs, as well as programs in vocational education and Title IV community projects.\nFor a complete list of the early members of the PSSC Steering Committee and the contributing staff, which includes the authors of the course, see the First Annual Report of the PSSC (T-M4.P57a) in the Tech Collection of the Institute Archives.  For lists of officers, trustees and staff of ESI and EDC, and for summaries of specific projects, see the Quarterly Reports of ESI (T-N.All.E21) and the Annual Reports of EDC (T-N.All.E24) which are available in the Tech Collection and in the Humanities Library of MIT."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nIrving Ballard Crosby was born in 1891, the only child of Professor William Otis Crosby and Alice Ballard Crosby of Boston, Mass. W. O. Crosby graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1876 and became the fifth professor of geology at the Institute. Alice Ballard Crosby attended MIT from 1878 until 1879. Irving Crosby carried on the tradition, receiving a BS degree from MIT in 1918 with a thesis titled, ""Geology of Randolph Valley and the North End of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains of New Hampshire."" After graduation he entered the Army, where he served with the Signal Corps and the Chemical Warfare Service until the end of World War I. \nCrosby continued his studies in geology at Harvard, receiving an MS degree in 1920. During the 1924-1925 academic year he studied physiography under Douglas W. Johnson of Columbia University.\nIn 1929 Irving Crosby married Gerda Richards. After graduating from Smith in 1922, she received both a master\'s and a doctorate degree from Radcliffe College with a specialization in government. Her teaching assignments included Hunter, Wellesley, and Radcliffe Colleges. \nCrosby joined his father\'s consulting practice in 1921. W. O. Crosby was a well-established engineering geologist. After his father\'s death in 1925 Irving Crosby started a private consulting practice.\nAs an engineering geologist, Crosby specialized in water supply problems and was known as an expert in surficial geology, including dam sites and foundations, drainage problems, groundwater supplies, and glacial features. He had consulting jobs all over the United States and Canada working for the US government, state bureaus and commissions, cities, and private companies. In 1933 he served with the US Interior Department as a member of the Technical Board of Review of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works. \nAfter 1949, most of Crosby\'s work was done outside the United States. He served as a consultant in the Philippines, Chile, the Belgian Congo, India, and Costa Rica, and the Rockefeller Foundation hired him to study the groundwater resources of Crete and Greece. He continued working as a consultant until his death in 1959. \nIrving Crosby belonged to many professional and scientific organizations including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Geological Society of America, the American Geographical Society, the American Geophysical Union, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the Seismological Society of America, the Society of Economic Geologists, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the Boston Society of Civil Engineers. He also belonged to the Harvard Club of New York City, the Cosmos Club, and the Appalachian Mountain Club.\nCrosby wrote a number of articles for scientific and professional journals and contributed popular articles on geology and other subjects to area newspapers and magazines. His one published book was a geological study of Boston written for school children.\n_____\nInformation for this biographical sketch was found in Robert R. Shrock\'s  (MIT, 1972)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nFrancis William Crosby, 1822-1909, was a geologist and inventor who built and operated boats and worked as a builder and bridge contractor before the Civil War. As a member of the Union Army, 1861-1865, he took part in Sherman's March to the Sea and was wounded at the Battle of Corinth. After the war he managed, then owned, silver and gold mining properties in North Carolina, Michigan, and Colorado. Among his inventions are the Ballard furnace for use in mining, which he developed with the help of his son, William Otis Crosby, and the Westinghouse air-brake."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nKeatinge Keays, 1926- , received a BS in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1955 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nHarry Walter Tyler, 1863-1938, SB in chemistry, 1884, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was appointed assistant in mathematics at MIT in 1884, and instructor in 1886. He went abroad to study at Göttingen and Erlangen in Germany, and received a PhD in 1889. He returned to MIT and served as Secretary of the Faculty, 1889-1890, then resumed teaching as assistant professor of mathematics. He became associate professor in 1892, and professor in 1893. From 1891 to 1906 he was secretary of the Institute, clerk of the Executive Committee of the Corporation, and secretary of the faculty. He became head of the Department of Mathematics in 1902, and was named Walker Professor of Mathematics in 1910. He was chairman of the faculty, 1913-1915. In 1907, with William T. Sedgwick, he began teaching an elective course on the history of science. They collaborated on the textbook  (1917). Tyler retired from MIT in 1930 as Walker Professor emeritus. He was a founding member of the College Entrance Examination Board in 1901, and contributed to the growth of the history of science movement by helping to found the History of Science Society in 1924."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nHenry Edward Guerlac, 1910- 1985, A.B. 1932, Cornell University; M.S. 1933, Ph.D. 1941, Harvard University, taught history at Harvard, 1938-1941, then history of science at the University of Wisconsin and Cornell.  As historian of the Radiation Laboratory based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which was a part of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, 1943-1946, he chronicled the development of radar in his book tentatively titled History of Radar in World War II, and later published in 1987 as ."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography \nHeinrich A. Medicus, Dr. Sc.Nat. from the Swiss Federal Technical Institute, was a guest instructor and visiting assistant professor of physics at the Massachusetts Instiute of Technology (MIT) from 1952 to 1955. In 1955 he joined the faculty of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the physics department, retiring as professor emeritus."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biographical note\nCharles Robert Cross, 1848-1921, was born in Troy, New York. He earned an S.B. degree in 1870 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He was a member of the third graduating class. Upon graduation he became a member of the teaching staff, and then the faculty, in the physics department at MIT, until he resigned in 1917. Cross also served as head of the Department of Physics. In 1882 Professor Cross instituted the first course in electrical engineering in the United States as part of the physics department at MIT. The electrical engineering program was run by Cross out of the physics department until 1902.\nIn 1875 when MIT graduates established an alumni association, Cross served as the first secretary of the Alumni Association.\nThe Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC) was organized February 9, 1876, at a meeting in Boston in MIT's Rogers building, by MIT professor Edward C. Pickering, who served as the club's first president. Three years later, in 1879, Professor Cross became president of the club.\n"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nBeaumert Harrison Whitton, 1910- 1990, S.B. 1933 in building engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), went to work for his family\'s business, the Southeastern Construction Company, in Charlotte, N.C., and ultimately became president of the company. In 1932, as an MIT student, he took part in what was known as the ""Thorne-Loomis"" industrial trip, which in that year covered part of the industrial United States, covering 5,500 miles in 42 days."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nRobert Hallowell Richards, 1844-1945, SB 1868, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was a member of the first graduating class of MIT. He remained at MIT as an assistant in chemistry. He became an instructor in assaying and qualitative analysis in 1869, assistant professor of analytical chemistry in 1870, professor of mining and assaying in 1871, and professor of mining engineering in 1873. He was head of the course and Department of Mining and Metallurgy, 1873 to 1914, when he became emeritus. \nIn 1871 Richards was one of five members of the MIT instructing staff and fifteen students to make the first summer school of mining excursion. In 1872 he started the Mining and Metallurgy Laboratory at MIT, which introduced the method of combining practical experience with theory. He was secretary of the faculty, 1873 to 1883, and the first president of the MIT Alumni Association. He married the first female graduate of MIT, Ellen Swallow, in 1875, and after her death in 1911, he married Lillian Jameson. Robert and Ellen Richards often visited Robert\'s family members in and near Gardiner, Maine. His brother Harry was a co-onwner of a camp near Gardiner on Cobbossee Great Pond.  Camp life was documented by Robert who was an excellent photographer. In 1888Robert and Ellen Richards purchased land in Randolph, New Hampshire for a camp of their own, and in 1904 built a camp building on the property which they called ""The Balsalms"". \nRobert Richards was the son of Anne Hallowell Gardiner and Francis Richards. His siblings were Francis, George (died as a baby), George Henry, Sarah (died age 15), John Tudor, and Henry. Robert Richards and Ellen Swallow Richards are buried in Gardiner, Maine."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJerome Sondericker, 1859 1904, S.B. 1880, C.E. 1883, Illinois Industrial University (later known as the University of Illinois), was instructor in applied mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1885 1890, assistant professor, 1890 1899, and associate professor, 1899 1904. He directed the laboratory of applied mechanics. His research focused on the use of iron, steel, and cement."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography \nHarry Manley Goodwin, 1870-1949, SB 1890, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; PhD, University of Leipzig, was an assistant in physics at MIT, 1890-1892, instructor, 1892-1897, assistant professor of physics, 1897-1903, associate professor of physics and electrochemistry, 1903-1906, and professor, 1906-1940. In 1906 he established and headed the first undergraduate course in the United States leading to a degree in electrochemistry.  He was director of the Research Laboratory of Electrochemistry, 1930-1933. Goodwin was secretary of MIT's Society of Arts, 1922-1940, and chairman of the faculty, 1939-1940. He was the first dean of graduate students, 1926-1932, and dean of the newly established graduate school, from 1932 to 1940, when he retired as professor emeritus and honorary dean."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nHomer Walter Dudley, 1896-1980, B.S. in electrical engineering, 1921, Pennsylvania State College; M.A. in mathematics, 1924, Columbia University, was a member of the research staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories from 1921 to 1961.  His work focused on improving the transmission of speech by wire, cable, and radio telephony systems.  He received 37 patents for inventions in the fields of telephony and speech synthesis, and in  1965 was awarded the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal for his work on the VOCODER."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nAvery Allen Ashdown, 1891-1970, S.B., 1914, A.M. 1916, University of Rochester; Ph.D. in chemistry, 1924, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, became a research associate in organic chemistry at MIT in 1925, an instructor in the Department of Chemistry in 1930, assistant professor in 1934, and associate professor in 1940.  He participated in MIT's purchase of the Riverbank Court Hotel in 1937, which became a graduate residence named in his honor."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nCharles Henry Burr received an SB in 1902 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a mining engineer."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nKenneth Cass Reynolds, 1897- , B.S. in civil engineering, 1919, Tufts College Engineering School; S.M. 1925, Sc.D. in civil engineering, 1937, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was appointed assistant professor of hydraulics at MIT in 1929, and associate professor in 1937.  He founded and directed the River Hydraulic Laboratory at MIT.  His work focused on hydraulic engineering and design."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nGeorge Everett Marsh, 1877-1953, SB 1901, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, taught engineering at the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio; Ames Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa; and the Armour Institute, Chicago, until joining the Veterans' Administration (VA) during World War II. He was an electrical engineer\nwith the VA until his retirement in 1950."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nKatharine Dexter McCormick, 1875-1967, SB in biology, 1904, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was an active crusader for women's suffrage and education, and was a supporter of research in mental health.  With her friend Carrie Chapman Catt, she founded the League of Women Voters and served as its first vice president.  She was also a lifelong friend of birth control reformer Margaret Sanger.  From 1953 until her death in 1967 she provided financial support for work which led to the development of the birth control pill, first marketed in 1960.\nShe was instrumental in the establishment of the first women's residence on the MIT campus, Stanley McCormick Hall, named in honor of her husband and dedicated in 1963."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nAlbert Francis Hall, 1845-1907, SB in mechanical engineering, 1868, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was a member of the first graduating class at MIT and is credited with being the first to receive an SB degree in mechanical engineering. He was an instructor in drawing at the Institute, 1867-1871, and lettered the MIT diplomas for a number of years. A mechanical engineer and inventor, Hall designed pumps for waterworks, including the New York City Waterworks."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nGerard Swope, 1872-1957, SB in electrical engineering, 1895, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was a member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology corporation for thirty-nine years, as a term member from 1914 to 1919, and as a life member from 1923. He was a member of the Corporation\'s Executive Committee, 1939-1946. Gerard Swope began working at the Western Electric Company in 1895 and rose through the ranks to become vice president and director within twenty years. During World War I, he was a member of the General Staff of the Army, awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. After the war, in 1919 he became president of the International General Electric Company, and in 1922 he was elected president of the General Electric Company (GE), the parent organization. He was also involved in the development of radio and radio accessories and a director of numerous companies in the electric and power industries. After his retirement from General Electruc in 1939, he served as chairman of the New York City Housing Authority and during World War II resumed the presidency of General Electric for two years.\nAlso see ""Resolutions of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the Death of Gerard Swope, Emeritus Life Member"",  Corporation minutes, December 2, 1957"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nFrancis Goodale, 1895 [19  ], S.B. in sanitary engineering, 1917, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was a mechanical engineer in the sugar refining industry working in the Philippines, Peru, and the United States."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJoseph Lincoln Gillson, 1895-1964, B.S. 19?? and M.S. 1921, Northwestern University; Sc.D. 1923, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, taught geology at MIT, 1922-1930 and 1961-1963, attaining the rank of associate professor.  He was a geologist with E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. for thirty years.  He served as director, vice president, and president of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers.  His work focused on industrial minerals."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Historical note\nThe European Security Study (ESECS), initiated in the fall of 1981, was organized by Carroll Louis Wilson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor of industrial management and Mitsui Professor of Problems of Contemporary Technology, for the purpose of exploring ways to improve the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) conventional defense capacity. The report of this study was published as  (Westview, 1985)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of th ecollection.', 'Biography\nIra Dyer, 1925-2016, SB 1949, SM 1951, PhD 1954, in physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was a vice president of Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. from 1951 to 1970. During those years he founded and directed three divisions of the company and engaged in scientific research and development largely concerned with the sea. He came to MIT in 1971 as professor, and was head of the Department of Ocean Engineering, 1971-1981. He was associate director of the MIT Sea Grant Program, 1971-1973, and then director, 1973-1975. In 1978 he headed an international team on a month-long expedition to the Arctic to conduct acoustic experiments in the Canada Basin."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nMargaret Hutchinson, 1892-1980, was the daughter of John Corrin Hutchinson, professor of Greek literature at the University of Minnesota, ca. 1890-1917.  In 1921 she became the second wife of Karl Taylor Compton, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1920-1949.  Ruth S. H. Van Hoesen was Margaret Hutchinson's sister."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nWilliam Hoskins Brown, 1910-1976, BArch, 1933, MArch, 1942, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was assistant professor in the Department of Architecture at MIT, 1941-1947, with a leave of absence to serve in the Navy, 1943-1946, and associate professor, 1947-1976. His design projects included public housing for the elderly; several buildings for North Adams State College; and numerous projects for MIT including Westgate veterans housing and the conversion of the Sloan Building for the School of Industrial Management. He was also the coordinator of the team of architects which designed the apartments now known as 100 Memorial Drive in Cambridge, MA."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Chemical Warfare Service was organized in the U.S. Army by the War Department in 1918 to develop and  consolidate military capabilities related to gas and chemical warfare which being used in Europe during World War I. \nPost war, the 1925 Geneva Convention ""Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare"", prohibited the use, but not the production or storage, of chemical weapons. The Geneva protocol was signed by the US government in 1925, although the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the document for many years. In the post World War I period there was also public pressure in the United States for a complete chemical disarmament, and likewise, opposition to the call for complete disarmament.\nAs part of the public discussion and debate,  a coalition gorup, The U.S. Chemical Warfare Association was organized in Washington D.C. in  October 1924 ""To promote the efficiency of the National Defense, by maintaining the high standards and traditions of the Chemical Warfare branch of the military establishment; by fostering esprit de corps; by the dissemination of professional knowledge; by the exchange of ideas and by keeping the Chemical Warfare Service in the forefront of the military service, through fostering close contact between the Reserve Officers, chemists, and the chemical indutry of the Country, and the Service.""\nIn January 1925 a meeting was held at the Engineers Club in Boston, to organize a Boston Section, later re-named  the New England Section. Robert T. Haslam, a faculty member of the Chemical Engineering Practice School at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was chosen as president of the Section."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nEthel Fifield Brooks (née Ethel Frances Fifield), 1873-1938, was an alumna of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She received an AB, 1895, from Smith College and an SB in architecture, 1900, from MIT. From 1900 to 1902, she was a lecturer on home architecture at the Boston School of Housekeeping, which was associated with the Women's Educational and Industrial Union. She was later an active member of the Home Economics Association of Yonkers, New York."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection.', ""Biography\nJohn Clarke Slater, 1900-1976, AB 1920, University of Rochester; AM 1922, PhD 1923, Harvard University, taught physics at Harvard from 1924 to 1930. In 1930 Slater came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as head of the Department of Physics at the invitation of Karl Compton soon after the latter assumed the presidency of MIT in 1930. Working with President Compton, Professor Slater played a prominent part in expanding and strengthening science curriculum and research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1951 Slater was named Institute Professor, the first faculty member to hold that title. In 1966 he retired as Institute Professor emeritus and continued to be active professionally at both MIT and the University of Florida.\nFrom 1940 to 1945 John Slater was a staff member of the government's radar research Radiation Laboratory housed on the MIT campus, and leader of Group 43, Theoretical Group. At MIT after the war he helped in the transformation of the Radiation Laboratory into the Research Laboratory of Electronics and helped to establish the Laboratory for Nuclear Science. His research focused on atomic and solid state physics, in which he made fundamental contributions to the science underlying the transistor."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biograhical note\nIrving Kaplan, 1912-1997 , B.A., M.A. 1934, Ph.D. in chemistry, 1937, Columbia\n        University, was a staff member of the Manhattan Project which developed the first atomic\n        bomb during World War II. He was a physicist in the Division of War Research at Columbia\n        University, 1941-1946, and worked on nuclear reactor design at the University of Chicago in\n        1943. In 1945 he was one of the founding members of the Federation of American Scientists, a\n        group that supported the creation of the Atomic Energy Commission. In 1947 he joined the\n        staff of the Brookhaven National Laboratories, where he helped organize the nuclear\n        engineering department. In 1957 he became a visiting professor of nuclear engineering at the\n        Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was appointed professor in 1958 and helped found\n        the Department of Nuclear Engineering in July of the same year. He was also involved in the\n        planning of the Technology Studies Program in the MIT Department of Humanities and taught\n        courses in the history of science and in classical Greek language and literature. His\n        research has focused on theoretical and experimental nuclear reactor physics and\n      design."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nArthur Townsend Trowbridge II earned an SB in mechanical engineering, 1906, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nGregory Tucker, 1908-1971, graduated from the Combs Conservatory and studied at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia.  He was professor of music at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1947-1971.  He was also on the faculties of the Longy School of Music and Harvard University.  As a pianist, he appeared with such groups as the Juilliard Quartet, the New Music Quartet, and the Boston Pops.  He was also a composer who wrote chamber music, pieces for ballet and modern dance, and other works."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nHerbert Rowland Stewart, 1902  , S.B. 1924, S.M. 1925, both in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was a research assistant in electrical engineering at MIT, 1924 1925. He was central station engineer at the Westinghouse Electric Corp., 1925 1934; protection engineer, 1934 1948, then electrical engineer, at the New England Power Service Co. During World War II he worked at the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory on Sub surface Warfare problems."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nThorne W. McWhood earned an S.B. in business and engineering administration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1935."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biographical / Historical\nWilliam Baumrucker, S.B. in architecture, 1929, Massachusetts Institute of\n        Technology, was a structural designer for airplanes at Curtiss Wright for several years,\n        then turned to the newspaper business. He was chairman of a committee established by the\n        American Newspaper Publishing Association to set up a research laboratory to improve\n        printing methods and equipment. The Mechanical Research Laboratory, established with advice\n        from MIT Professor of Electrical Engineering Vannevar Bush, produced many innovative devices\n        and procedures later used in the printing and publishing industry."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nEdward Southwick Philbrick was a member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Corporation, 1866-1869 and 1875-1889. A Harvard educated civil engineer, he worked for the Boston and Albany Railroad for a number of years as a designer and construction engineer. Philbrick was active with the United States Sanitary Commission during the Civil War, and was a member of the Brookline (Mass.) Board of Selectmen and the Brookline Water Board."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nGeorge V. McLauthlin, class of 1888, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worked for two years for the Silver Springs Dyeing and Bleaching Co., then returned to MIT as assistant to William Sedgwick in the Department of Biology.  In 1892 he was appointed instructor in biology."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nRoy Kaplow, 1932-1982, S.B. in physics, 1954, Ph.D. in metallurgy and materials science, 1958, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, became a research staff member at MIT in 1958, assistant professor in 1962, associate professor in 1966, and professor in 1972.  He held a joint appointment in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Division for Study and Research in Education.  His research interests included photo-emission studies of electronic band and surface structures, x-ray physics and diffraction, the structure of noncrystalline materials, transformation mechanisms in steels, corrosive protection and catalytic behavior of alloys, and the materials and systems aspects of solar energy utilization."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nWilliam Albert Zisman, 1905-1986, SB 1927 and SM 1928 in physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; PhD 1932, Harvard University, joined the Naval Research Laboratory in 1939. He was head of the Lubrication Branch (subsequently renamed Surface Chemistry) until 1956, superintendent of the Chemistry Division until 1968, and chief of the Laboratory for Chemical Physics until he retired in 1975. His research focused on surface chemistry and lubrication, and his expertise extended to many areas: monomolecular films adsorbed on liquids and solids, wetting and spreading, the critical surface tension of wetting and its constitutive relationships, adhesion, protective coatings, corrosion inhibition, friction and wear, synthetic lubricants, and barrier films."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection.', ""Biography\nWalter H. Sears, 1847-1911, SB in civil engineering, 1868, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT's first graduating class, worked on a number of major water-supply projects in the eastern United States.  He helped construct reservoirs and water works in Winchester, MA, 1873; Pawtucket, RI, 1879; Stillwater, MN, 1881; Beverly, MA, 1888; Newark, NJ, 1889-1891; and Rochester, NY, 1893-1894.  He was chief engineer for the Aqueduct Commission of the City of New York while the Croton Aqueduct was constructed and was later engineer for the State of New Jersey."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJohn Souther, 1818-1911, was a manufacturer involved in iron works and the inventor of the steam shovel. His firm, the New England Dredge Company, was involved in landfill projects in the Boston area, including portions of the Charles River on the Cambridge side. It appears that as part of his compensation he was given title to the new land formed on the left bank. In the 1920s his son, John F. Souther, gave part of the land to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nCalvin Francis (C. Frank) Allen, 1851-1948, S.B. in civil engineering, 1872, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, joined the MIT faculty in 1887 as assistant professor of railroad engineering, became associate professor in 1889, and held the rank of professor from 1896 until he retired in 1916.  He was administrative officer in the Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, 1909-1911.  Before coming to MIT he worked as an engineer and practiced law in New Mexico and in Massachusetts."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nBernard Emerson Proctor, 1901-1959, S.B. in biology and public health, 1923; Ph.D. 1927, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, began teaching at MIT in 1927 as instructor in the Department of Biology and Public Health.  He became assistant professor in 1930, associate professor in 1936, and professor of food technology in 1944.  In 1945 he was appointed director of the newly established Samuel Cate Prescott Laboratories of Food Technology at MIT, and in 1951 he was made head of the Department of Food Technology.  His research included studies on the microbiology of the upper atmosphere, the uses of epoxides as germicidal agents, and the use of radiation to preserve foods."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nFred Allyn Wilson earned an SB in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1891."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nFrederick Johnstone Adams (1901- 1979) studied at the Architectural Association School in London, 1921-1925, and received a BArch 1928, Columbia University. He was a city planner and professor of city planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the Department of Architecture and the Department of City and Regional Planning, 1932-1964, where he  was in charge of the first professional course in city planning at MIT and later served as head of the department, 1944-1957.  Adams was also active in professional organizations including the American Institute of Planners, as a consultant, and served as chairman of the Cambridge Planning Board."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nKenneth Alan Smith, 1936- , S.B. 1958, S.M. 1959, Sc.D. in chemical engineering, 1962, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was appointed assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT in 1961, associate professor in 1967, and professor in 1971. In 1978 he was appointed Joseph R. Maras Professor of Chemical Engineering.  He became associate provost in 1980, and was vice president for research, 1981-1991. Upon his retirement in 2010 Smith was the Edwin R. Gilliland Professor of Chemical Engineering. The focus of his research is on fluid mechanics and rheology, heat and mass transfer and biological transport."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nArthur Robert von Hippel, 1898-2003, PhD 1924, University of Göttingen, became assistant professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 1936, professor in 1947, and was named to the special rank of  Institute Professor in 1962, before retiring as professor emeritus in 1964.\nPrior to coming to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he was associated with the University of Jena, University of California, University of Göttingen, University of Istanbul, and the University of Copenhagen. In 1937 at MIT he established the Laboratory for Insulation Research and served as its director until he retired in 1964. During World War II, the Laboratory worked in close cooperation with the National Defense Research Committee, and von Hippel was a staff member of the Radiation Laboratory on the MIT campus, conducting research in the area of dielectrics, and serving on government boards. In recognition of his work he was awarded the President's Certificate of Merit in 1948. \nVon Hippel is recognized for his research in the fields of dielectrics, ferroelectrics, solid state physics, molecular science, and molecular engineering.  After his official retirement he continued to teach, write, and do research, in conjunction with the Laboratory for Insulation Research and the Department of Electrical Engineering, and also pursued a personal interest in historical research.\n"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nArthur Edwin Kennelly, 1861-1939, was a professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1913-1924. He was educated in private schools in France and England and at the University College School of London. He was principal electrical assistant to Thomas A. Edison, 1887-1894; a member of the firm of Houston and Kennelly, Philadelphia (Pa.), consulting electrical engineers, 1894-1902. He was active in the development of the field of electrical engineering; his work encompassed electricity, radio, and mathematics. He was a co-discoverer of the ionized layer of air surrounding the earth, now known as the ""Kennelly-Heaviside layer."""
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nFrank Arthur Laws, 1867-1936, SB 1889, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; SM 1890, Harvard University, was professor in the MIT Department of Physics from 1889 to 1894 and the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering from 1894 to 1932."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nEric Brater graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1924 with an SB in mechanical engineering."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nEdward Phelps Allis, Jr., 1852-1947, was a privately educated engineer whose principal interest was zoology.  He founded the Lake Laboratory in Milwaukee (Wis.) in 1886 to promote scientific research on marine life, and started the Journal of Morphology in 1887, serving as editor for many years.  His son, William Allis, was a member of the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nBertram Eugene Warren, 1902-1991, S.B. 1924, S.M. 1925, Sc.D. 1929, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was a professor of physics at MIT, 1929 to 1967, when he became professor emeritus.  He worked on x-ray diffraction and helped pioneer its use as a precise means to examine complex non-crystalline matter."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJohn Kudzma was an executive for a furniture manufacturer and a specialist in the improvement of efficiency in woodworking industries.  He took courses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology but never received a degree."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Historial note\nThe Jackson and Moreland company, established by Dugald C. Jackson and Edward L. Moreland, Massachusetts Institute of Technology '07, in 1919 as an engineering consulting firm, did business in telephone construction, operating, and rate matters; electrical light and power utilities; railway electrification; and illuminating gas. Both Jackson and Moreland served as faculty members and administrators at MIT."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nEdward Story Taylor, 1903-1991, received a BS in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1924. He was appointed assistant professor of aeronautical engineering at MIT in 1934, associate professor in 1937, and professor of aircraft engines in 1942. He founded the MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory in 1946, became professor of flight propulsion in 1962, and retired as emeritus professor in 1968. His primary area of expertise was aircraft gas turbine engines."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biography\nLuther K. Yoder received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nElwood Shannon, 1916-2001, B.S. in electrical engineering and mathematics, 1936, University of Michigan; S.M. in electrical engineering and Ph.D. in mathematics, 1940, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), worked as a research mathematician at Bell Telephone Laboratories from 1941 to 1956. While at Bell Laboratories, he helped lay the foundation for information theory.  He was appointed professor of communications science at MIT in 1957. He retired in 1979 as Donner Professor of Science emeritus."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nLawrence Addicks, 1878-1964, SB 1899, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was a metallurgist who studied non-ferrous metallurgy and copper refining. He was a consulting engineer on the Naval Consulting Board, 1914-?, and later, vice president of the Cerro de Pasco Corporation. He was editor of ."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nHarold Christian Weber, 1895- , S.B. in chemical engineering, 1918, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sc.D. 1935, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland, joined the MIT faculty in 1922 as assistant professor of chemical engineering. He became associate professor in 1928 and professor in 1941; was technical advisor to the Chemical Warfare Development Laboratory at MIT during World War II;  and was appointed Chief Scientific Advisor to the Chief of Research and Development of the U.S. Army in 1958."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nElihu Thomson, 1853-1937, joined the staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering in 1894, served as acting president of the Institute, 1920-1922, and was a member of the MIT Corporation for many years. He was an inventor who held nearly 700 patents, many of which were central to the development of the electrical industry. He was also director of engineering and research at the General Electric Company."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nMarcy Eager, 1898-1980, B.S. in electrical engineering, 1921, Harvard University, was a member of the staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Radar School during World War II, 1942-1944.  In 1946 he became an instructor in the Department of Electrical Engineering; an assistant professor in 1947; and retired in 1969 as an associate professor.  His field of research was electronic communications."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nErnst Adolph Guillemin, 1898-1970, B.S. 1922, University of Wisconsin; S.M. 1924, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Ph.D. 1926, University of Munich, returned to MIT as an instructor in electrical engineering, and was appointed assistant professor in 1928, associate professor of electrical communications in 1936, professor in 1944, and Webster Professor of Electrical Engineering in 1960.  During World War II, as a consultant to the Microwave Committee of the National Defense Research Committee, he worked with the Radiation Laboratory at MIT, receiving the (U.S.) President's Certificate of Merit for his contributions.  His research focused on circuit theory and synthesis."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nThomas Kilgore Sherwood, 1903-1976, B.S. 1923, McGill University; S.M. 1924, Sc.D. 1929, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was appointed assistant professor of chemical engineering at MIT in 1930; associate professor in 1933; professor in 1941; and was dean of the School of Engineering from 1946 to 1952.  He was the first Lammot DuPont Professor of Chemical Engineering from 1965 until he retired in 1969.  He was awarded the U.S. Medal of Merit for his service during World War II with the National Defense Research Committee and the Baruch Committee, and for his work on scientific intelligence.  He is the author or co-author of numerous articles and several books including Absorption and Extraction (1937), Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering (1939, 1957), and Properties of Gases and Liquids (1958, 1966).  His research focused on mass transfer and heat transfer phenomena."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nKarl Taylor Compton was born on September 14,1887, and died June 22, 1954. He earned a BS in 1908  and an MS in 1909 from the College of Wooster; and a PhD in physics in 1912 from Princeton University. Compton was president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1930 to 1948, then chairman of the Corporation until his death in 1954.\nKarl Compton taught physics at Reed College, then at Princeton University, where he was also director of research at the Palmer Laboratory and chairman of the Physics Department. His areas of research included the passage of photoelectrons through metals, ionization and the motion of electrons in gases, the phenomena of fluorescence, the theory of the electric arc, and collisions of electrons and atoms.\nIn World War I he was assigned to the American Embassy in Paris as an associate scientific attache. At MIT Compton transformed both the administrative and academic structure, strengthened the scientific curriculum, and developed a new approach to education in science and engineering. He served as chairman of the Section of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences, 1927-1930, and in 1930 helped organize the American Institute of Physics. \nIn 1933 President Roosevelt asked Compton to chair the new Scientific Advisory Board. When the National Defense Research Committee was formed in 1940, Compton became chief of Division D (detection: radar, fire control, etc.) and in 1941 was placed in charge of those divisions concerned with radar within the new Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). From 1943 to 1945 he was chief of the Office of Field Services of OSRD and scientific advisor to General MacArthur. After the Japanese surrender, Compton went to Japan as part of the Scientific Intelligence Mission. \nHe stepped down from the position of MIT president in October 1948, when he was appointed by President Truman to head the Research and Development Board, formed to oversee scientific preparedness in the postwar period."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nAlbert Gallatin Thomas, 1897-1979, BS, 1921, University of Virginia; SM in electrical engineering, 1923, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worked in industry and as an inventor filed more than 100 inventions with the United States Patent Office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Historical note\nWeston E. Fuller\nMalcom Pirnie\nChester M. Everett"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biography\nWilliam Thompson Sedgwick, 1855-1921, Ph.B. 1877, Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University; Ph.D. 1881, Johns Hopkins University, joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as assistant professor of biology in 1883.  He was associate professor, 1884-1891, and head of the department, 1907-1921.  From 1903 to 1921 he was director of the MIT Sanitary Research Laboratory and the Sewage Experiment Station.  He was founder in 1913, and chairman from 1913 to 1921, of the Harvard-Technology School of Public Health, a joint program of MIT's Department of Biology and Public Health and certain departments of the Harvard Medical School and Harvard College.  His research focused on applied biology, particularly areas bearing on public health, such as water and sewage purification.  Among his books are Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health (1902), General Biology (with E. B. Wilson, 1884-1885), and The Human Mechanism (with Theodore Hough, ca. 1906)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nTakuma Dan was  born September 7, 1858 in Fukuoka Japan and died in Tokyo, March 5, 1932. He earned S.B. in mining engineering, 1878, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located at that date in Boston, Massachusetts, before returning to Japan as technical officer at the Japanese Government Meteorological Observatory. Later he was in charge of the Miike coal mine.  When the mine was bought by the Mitsui Company, he joined that company and rose through the ranks to become managing director.  \nIn 1911 Dan was elected as the first president of the MIT Association of Japan. He returned to the United States in 1921 as leader of a group of Japanese businessmen whose mission was to improve commercial relations between the two countries, and addressed a convocation of MIT students and faculty in November 1921.  He maintained contacts with MIT faculty including Robert Richards, and hosted Richards and MIT alumni during the World Congress of Engineering held in Tokyo, Japan in 1929.\nIn 1928, Dan was elevated to the status of danshaku (baron), a title of the Japanese nobility. Dan was targeted and assassinated by extremists (Ketsumeidan) in Tokyo in March 1932. \nHis close relationship with MIT was later recognized by the Mitsui Company of Japan when it endowed the Mitsui Professorship in Problems of Contemporary Technology at MIT in 1974, and the Mitsui Career Development Professorship in Contemporary Technology in 1980."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nAlfred Perkins Rockwell was a professor of mining engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1865-1868.  He was the son of John Arnold and Mary Watkinson Perkins and was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on October 16, 1834. Perkins graduated from Yale in 1855 and spent the following two years at the Sheffield Scientific School. He studied mining engineering in both of these schools and spent an additional year each at the Museum of Practical Geology in London and at the School of Mines in Freiberg. He received a Ph.B. from Yale in 1857 and an A.M. from Yale in 1858.\nRockwell married Katharine Virginia Foote in New Haven on June 20, 1865. She was the daughter of Samuel E. Foote. She died in 1902.\nRockwell served three years in the northern army during the Civil War. He was commissioned as a captain in the First Connecticut Light Battery and served from January 21, 1862, to June 18, 1864. From that date until February 9, 1865, he served as a colonel in the Sixth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry. In 1865, Rockwell was made a brevet general for ""gallant and distinguished services in the field during campaign of 1864.""\nRockwell served on the Board of Visitors of the U.S. Military Academy in 1865. He was a professor of mining at the Sheffield Scientific School from 1865 to 1868. He was a professor of mining engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1868 to 1873. He served as chairman of the board of fire commissioners in Boston from 1873 to 1876. He was President of the Eastern Railroad Company 1876 1879, treasurer of the Great Falls Manufacturing Company from 1879 to 1886. Rockwell retired from business in 1886. He wrote Roads and Pavements in France in 1896. Rockwell died in 1903."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nWilliam Henry McAdams, 1892-1975, B.S. in chemistry, 1913, M.S. 1914, University of Kentucky; S.M. in chemical engineering, 1917, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was assistant professor of chemical engineering at MIT, 1919-1922; associate professor, 1922-1927; professor, 1927-1957; and professor emeritus after 1957.  He was a lecturer in chemical engineering at Harvard University, 1925-1953.  His books include Principles of Chemical Engineering (with William H. Walker and Warren K. Lewis, also of MIT, 1927) and Heat Transmission (1932).  With Walker and Lewis, he was instrumental in the development of chemical engineering as a distinct discipline."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biography\nHarry Ellsworth Clifford, 1866-1952, S.B. 1886, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, joined the Institute staff soon after graduation and became assistant professor of theoretical physics in 1895; associate professor of theoretical electricity in 1902; professor of theoretical electricity in 1905; and professor of theoretical and applied electricity in 1908.  He was acting head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, 1904-1906.  In 1909 he was appointed Gordon McKay Professor of Electrical Engineering at Harvard University.  He was dean of the Harvard School of Engineering from 1930 until his retirement in 1936.  He served as advisor to many towns and cities, including Cambridge, on the installation of electric lighting, and as consultant to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and to some of the nation's leading electrical firms."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nSamuel Morse Felton, 1853-1930, S.B. in mechanical engineering, 1873,  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was also a member of the MIT Corporation, 1887-1903. He was a railroad executive whose positions with various railroads included general manager, New York & New England; vice president, New York, Lake Erie & Western; and the presidencies of the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific, the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, the Chicago & Alton, and the Mexican Central Railroad."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biography\nJames Amory Herrick, 1850-1920, S.B. in chemistry, 1872, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worked for the Nashua Iron and Steel Company, Nashua, N.H., until 1878; there he built the first 15-ton open-hearth furnace in the United States and used the first gas producer (Siemens'), which was imported from England.  He worked for several other firms, then established his own business."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nFrederick Alexander Jones, 1876-1965, S.B. in civil engineering, 1898, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was an engineer with the Boston & Albany Railroad."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biogarphy\nEdward Lull Cochrane, 1892-1959, B.S. 1914, United States Naval Academy; S.M. in naval construction, 1920, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was a naval architect.  During World War II, as head of the Bureau of Ships for the United States, he was in charge of the nation's naval construction program.  He became a vice admiral in 1945 and chief of naval materiel in 1946.  In 1947 he retired from active duty and became head of the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at MIT.  From 1950 to 1952 he war head of the Federal Maritime Board and the Maritime Administration.  He returned to MIT in 1952 as dean of engineering, and in 1954 he became vice president for industrial and government relations."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nLeonard Parker Cohen, 1914- , S.B. in physics, 1936, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was a research associate in meteorology at MIT, March-September 1945.  He was later an engineer with Lockheed Missile and Space Company and the Union Carbide Corporation."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nGeorge Bartholomew Haven, 1871 1953, S.B. 1894, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, began teaching in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MIT after graduation. He became an instructor in 1896, assistant professor in 1905, associate professor in 1910, and professor of machine design in 1914. He was professor of advanced machine design and head of textile research from 1929 until his retirement in 1936 as professor emeritus. He was the author of numerous articles and books on textile research and served as a consultant to textile machinery firms."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nLucio Costa, 1902-1998 , a Brazilian architect, with le Corbusier and others designed Brazilian government buildings in 1936, and with Niemeyer, the Brazilian Pavilion at the New York World\'s Fair in 1939. In 1957 he won the international competition for the design of the city of Brasilia. He was invited to participate in the centennial celebrations at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in April 1961, at which he gave a speech, ""The New Science and Technical Humanism,"" as part of the symposium on scientific education."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biographical / Historical\nChanning Whitaker, 1843 1913, S.B. in mechanical engineering, 1869, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, served in the Civil War with the 39th Massachusetts Volunteers before attending the Institute. After graduation he worked as a mill engineer, planning the construction of mills in Lowell and Pepperell (Mass.). He was assistant professor of mechanical engineering at MIT, 1873 1875; and professor and head of the mechanical engineering courses, 1875 1883. After leaving MIT he was associated with the Lowell Machine Shop."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nBryant Nichols, 1885-1959, graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1907 with an SB in mechanical engineering."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nGeorge MacKay was an architect whose company, McIver and MacKay in Ocala, Fla., was concerned with hydraulic equipment, deep well drilling, and building materials. His son, George Lewis MacKay, 1892-1918, SB in architecture, 1914, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was killed in World War I."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nMary Lovering Holman, also known as Mary Campbell Lovering, 1868 1947, studied chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for two years. She was a member of the class of 1892 but did not receive a degree."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', ""Biography\nNorman J. Padelford, PhB 1925, Denison University; AM 1928, PhD 1929, Harvard University, was professor of government at Colgate University, 1929-1936, and professor of international law at Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1936-1945. He came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1944 as professor of international relations to inaugurate courses in this field. He chaired the political science section of what was then the Department of Economics and Social Science, and he was later instrumental in developing a new department of political science at MIT. He retired from MIT in 1969.\nPadelford was a consultant to the US State Department from 1942 to 1949 and served as its expert on European waterways. During this time, he was advisor to Secretary of State James Byrnes and was the US delegate to the London Conference on European Inland Transport. He also worked with a group appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to draft the charter of the United Nations. He was a member of the United States delegation at the 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference on International Organization in Washington, DC. In 1945 he was executive officer in charge of drafting the statute for the International Court of Justice (known as the World Court) at the United Nations Conference in San Francisco. From 1969 to 1970, he was a member of President Richard Nixon's task force on oceanography.\nPadelford's publications include the classic . He also served on the board of editors of the journal  from its inception in 1947 to 1968, including many years as chair. Padelford wrote extensively on the United Nations, the Balkans, the Spanish Civil War, and the Panama Canal."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nRainer Weiss, 1932 --, earned an SB in physics in 1955 and a PhD in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1962. He was an instructor and assistant professor of physics at Tufts University 1960-1962, at Princeton University from 1962 to 1964 before joining the faculty at MIT where he was assistant professor of physics, 1964-1967; associate professor of physics, 1967-1973; professor of physics, 1973-2002; and emeritus, 2002-present. At MIT he was also affiliated with the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and later with the Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research.\nfrom the Department of Physics faculty page: http://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/weiss_rainer.html\nResearch interests of Rainer Weiss included experimental atomic physics, atomic clocks, laser physics, experimental gravitation, millimeter and sub-millimeter astronomy, and cosmic background measurement. He worked on atomic clock development, a balloon program for measuring cosmic background radiation, the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite program, and the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).\nWeiss has served on numerous professional panels and scientific committees for NASA, the National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy (DOE), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Academies of Science (NAS), and the National Research Council (NRC). \nProfessional awards include election to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 2000. In 2006, he was awarded, as part of the COBE Team, the Gruber Cosmology Prize, which honors a leading cosmologist, astronomer, astrophysicist, or scientific philosopher, for theoretical, analytical, conceptual, or observational discoveries leading to fundamental advances in our understanding of the universe. The following year he was named a co-recipient of the Einstein Prize of the American Physical Society ""for fundamental contributions to the development of gravitational wave detectors based on optical interferometry, leading to the successful operation of LIGO."" \nIn 2016, Rainer Weiss won the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics, sharing the prize with Kip Thorne, Caltech\'s Richard P. Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics, emeritus, and with Ronald Drever, emeritus professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The prize honors the three for their instrumental role in establishing LIGO, an effort that led to the direct detection of gravitational waves. In May and June 2016 additional awards recognized the three scientists when they were awarded the Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (which they shared with their many LIGO collaborators); also the Gruber Cosmology Prize; and  then the Shaw Prize in Astronomy. ', ""Biographical note\nRainer Weiss supervised the PhD dissertations of Dirk Muehlner (1970), David Owens (1976), Patricia Downey (1980), Daniel Dewey (1986), Jeffrey Livas (1987), Nelson Christensen (1990), Peter Fritschel (1992), Michelle Stephens (1992), Joseph Kovalik (1994), Joseph Giaime (1995), Partha Saha (1997), Nergis Mavalvala (1997), Brett Bochner (1998), Brian Lantz (1999), Julien Sylvestre (2002), Ryan Lawrence (2003) and Rana Adhikari (2004). \nHe supervised the master's theses of  Frank Wentz (1971), David Little (1974), Gerald Blum (1971), Lynne Deutsch (1983), David Shoemaker (1980), and Peter Csatorday (1999), as well as theses for many bachelor's degrees."", 'Historical note -- Balloon-Borne Cosmic Background Radiation Program and  COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) Satellite\nCOBE was an outgrowth of balloon-borne and ground-based observations of cosmic background radiation begun shortly after the discovery of the radiation in 1965. The major aims of the project were to (a) measure the spectrum of the cosmic background; (b) measure the angular distribution of the cosmic background to the level of confusion imposed by the local astrophysical background; and (c) measure or set limits to the diffuse infrared background in the mm to 1 micron band. COBE satellite explorer was proposed in 1974 by a group of scientists at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Princeton University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It was ultimately flown in 1989 in a configuration very close to this original proposal.\nJohn Mather was one of the original group proposing COBE; others were Robert Silverberg, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Michael Hauser (GSFC), Dirk Muehlner (MIT), Rainer Weiss (MIT), and David Wilkinson (Princeton). Subsequently, NASA formed a study team bringing together this group and others who had proposed space-borne cosmic background radiation missions. This team became the original COBE Science Working Group (CSWG or SWG), consisting of Samuel Gulkis (Jet Propulsion Lab), Michael Hauser (GSFC and principal investigator for the DIRBE instrument), John Mather (GSFC project scientist and principal investigator forthe FIRAS instrument), George Smoot (U.C. at Berkeley and principal investigator for the DMR instrument), Rainer Weiss (MIT, CSWG Chairman), and David Wilkinson (Princeton).\nRainer Weiss was chair of the COBE Science Working Group and was one of the originators of the mission. MIT had specific hardware responsibilities in making the prototype interferometer for FIRAS (Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer), an instrument that traveled aboard the COBE satellite, and in the development of the bolometric detectors. The MIT group worked on all aspects of the COBE mission. The group included Edward (Ned) Wright, Stephan Meyer, and Edward Cheng (Principal Research Scientist), all of whom played major roles in the CSWG. Cheng became head of the Data Analysis Group and left MIT to join GSFC. Wright was the guiding figure in software development for COBE and was a leading interpreter of the astrophysical results of the mission. Meyer, in addition to his work on COBE, ran a balloon-borne observing program with Lyman Page (who was at that time a graduate student). The balloon experiment confirmed the small-scale anisotropy measurements made by COBE.\n\nThe COBE project began while Rainer Weiss and the Gravitation Research and Cosmology Group faculty at MIT were affiliated with the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE). In 1983, the COBE project at MIT was brought into the Center for Space Research.\nThe Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) and FIRAS measured background radiation. The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) was an experiment that derived data from the infrared COBE detector. Data sent back revealed traces of radiation left over from the origins of the universe, including hot and cold spots in the cosmic background radiation that support the Big Bang Theory. COBE was able to map the entire sky, unlike previous balloon-borne experiments, which had mapped only one-third of the sky. ', 'Historical note -- LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory)\nLIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) is a joint California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) research investigation, supported by the National Science Foundation, to detect gravitational waves, or ripples in the curvature of spacetime. LIGO research is carried out by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC), a group of around 1,000 scientists at universities around the United States, including MIT, and in 15 other countries. The LIGO observatories are operated by MIT and Caltech.  LIGO is a system of two identical detectors located 1,865 miles apart -- one in Livingston, Louisiana, the other in Hanford, Washington.\nOn September 14, 2015 (announced in February 2016) scientists from MIT and Caltech made the first direct detection of gravitational waves reaching the Earth.  The two LIGO gravitational wave detectors in Hanford,  Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana, caught a signal for the second time on December 26, 2015. \nFrom a LIGO press release: \n\n\n\n"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe Rotch Travelling Scholarship was founded in 1883 by the children of Benjamin Smith Rotch of Milton, Massachusetts. As the first organization of its kind in the United States, the scholarship enabled young American architects and talented draftsmen to embark on the professional equivalent of the Grand Tour to study art and architecture in Europe. To that end, an endowment of $50,000 was provided by the Indenture of Trust, signed on December 29, 1883, by the Rotch heirs. The first trustees of the scholarship were Arthur Rotch (president, 1883-1894), William J. Rotch, and William Rotch (treasurer, 1883-1925). In 1911, the Rotch Travelling Scholarship was incorporated as a charitable corporation in the state of Massachusetts. Members of the Rotch family continued playing an active role in the organization. They served as trustees and members of the Rotch Travelling Scholarship Corporation for more than one hundred years, until the deaths in 1989 of descendents Aimee Lamb and her sister Rosamond Lamb.\nThe Rotch Travelling Scholarship is governed by a board of trustees, who elect its president, secretary, and treasurer. While the trustees control investments of the property of the corporation, the Rotch Travelling Committee, under the auspices of the Boston Society of Architects, administers activities related to annual competitions and selection of qualified applicants. The secretary of the Rotch Travelling Committee is also secretary of the corporation, providing a close connection between the committee and the board of trustees and members of the corporation. The scholarship has been awarded annually since 1884, except for two intervals due to World War I (1918-1919) and World War II (1942-1945). Applications are accepted from a pool of young applicants, below 35 years of age, who hold American citizenship. In addition, candidates must have a degree from an accredited US school of architecture and at least one year of full-time professional experience in Massachusetts. Alternatively, they may have a degree from an accredited Massachusetts school of architecture and one year of full-time professional experience in any architectural firm.\nIn 1883, the trustees of the newly-founded scholarship asked the members of the Boston Society of Architects to assist them in developing a scheme for annual selection of the best candidates. In response, the Boston Society of Architects appointed the Rotch Travelling Scholarship Committee. The first members of the committee included Edward C. Cabot, Edmund M. Wheelwright, Arthur Rotch, Charles A. Cummings, and Robert S. Peabody. Initially, the applicants were required to prove their knowledge of architectural history, construction, French, and drawing from casts. A two-level design competition, consisting of preliminary and final examinations, was introduced in 1892. Currently (2013), the two-level design competition consists of a weekend-long preliminary design competition, followed by a 10-day competition culminating in a design presentation. The winner of the final competition is awarded the title ""Rotch Scholar"" for a given year. In case the Rotch Scholar is unable to travel, travel funds are made available to the Alternate to the Winner. Occasionally, a jury has selected a Second Rotch Scholar, providing financial support enabling travel for a shorter period. The recipient of the first scholarship, in 1884, received $2,000 for two years of travel. At present (2013), a Rotch Scholar is awarded $37,000 for travel abroad of at least eight months duration, while a Second Rotch Scholar, if selected, receives $15,000 (as of 2002).\nIn the past, the scholars were expected to present, at the completion of their travel, carefully studied, measured, and rendered drawings (envois) of selected examples of European architecture. Those requirements were based on what was expected by the French Academy in Rome from the recipients of the Grand Prix de Rome. As time passed, those obligations changed. In the early 1950s, they were reduced to sending ""reasonably frequent letters to the Secretary."" By the early 1960s, the trustees found this situation unsatisfactory and introduced a new set of requirements. In addition to monthly reports, the scholars were to provide the secretary with their travel itineraries and prepare, upon their return, a final report with sketches and/or photographs. Since then, submittal and acceptance of such a report has become a condition for receiving the Rotch Scholar certificate and the final installment of the scholarship.\nThe Rotch Travelling Scholarship proved to have a great impact on the development of the professional careers of many American architects. Through the work of its recipients, it has influenced the evolution of the entire architectural profession in the United States for more than one hundred years. A list of the winners includes names of many of the most distinguished American architects: Henry Bacon (1889), designer of the Lincoln Memorial; Harold Van Buren Magonigle (1894), designer of the United States Embassy in Tokyo; Ralph Thomas Walker (1916), Hayden Memorial Library at MIT; Wallace Kirkman Harrison (1922), Rockefeller Center and United Nations Buildings; Louis Skidmore (1926); Edward D. Stone (1927); Gordon Bunshaft (1935); Victor A. Lundy (1948); and many others. In 1992, Debi L. McDonald became the first woman awarded the scholarship.\nCurrent information regarding the scholarship can be found o href=""n the Rotch Travelling Scholarship website: http://www.rotch.org/scholarship/competition/index.html\nNOTE\nThe agency history was based on the following:  Clarence Thomas Blackall, A History of the Rotch Travelling Scholarship, 1883 to 1938(Boston: Privately Printed, 1938); The Rotch Travelling Scholarship:  A  Review of Its History, 1883-1963([Boston]: Privately Printed, 1963); The Rotch Travelling Scholarship(Boston: The Rotch Travelling Scholarship, Inc., 1980); the Rotch Travelling Scholarship Competition website (http://www.rotch.org/scholarship/competition/); and the records included in the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography \nGeorge W. Hamblet was born on May 4, 1865, attended MIT, and received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1888. His son, George W. Hamblet, Jr. graduated from MIT in 1926 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. James E. Hamblet, son of George W. Hamblet, Jr. graduated from MIT in 1956 with a degree in civil engineering. The family firm, Hamblet Machine Company, was located in Lawrence, Massachusetts"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nSamuel C. Prescott, 1872-1962 earned an SB from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1894. In 1895 he joined the staff of MIT as the assistant to Professor Sedgwick, the founder of the Department of Biology. Prescott was appointed to the faculty in 1896 becoming full professor in 1917, head of the Department of Biology and Public Health in 1922, and the first Dean of Science in 1932. He retired as Dean of Science and department head in 1942. The focus of his research was in applied bacteriology, related to water, milk supply and food manufacture. \nHe is the author of a personal and historical book reporting of the first fifty years of MIT, published by the Technology Press in 1954, titled ""When M.I.T. was \'Boston Tech\'"". "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection.', ""Biography\nLawrence B. Anderson taught at MIT for 46 years until his retirement in 1972 and was a founding partner of the Cambridge architecture firm Anderson, Beckwith, and Haible.\nAnderson was born in Geneva, Minn. in 1906. He earned a bachelor's degree in liberal arts in 1927 and a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1928, both from the University of Minnesota.\nHe taught at the University of Virginia for two years before earning a master's degree in architecture from MIT in 1930. While a graduate student at MIT, Anderson earned the prestigious Paris Prize for post-graduate study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris.\nAnderson returned to MIT in 1933 as an assistant professor of architecture. He became a full professor in 1944 and was named head of the department in 1947. He served as dean of the School of Architecture and Planning from 1965 until his retirement in 1972.\nUnder Anderson's leadership, The School of Architecture and Planning added studies of illumination, solar heating, procurement specifications for mobile housing, application of modern plastics in construction, and acoustics to its curriculum.\nIn 1940, Anderson and Professor Herbert L. Beckwith '26 designed the MIT Alumni Building, which houses the swimming pool. The building was one of the first significant examples of modern design in the United States.\nAnderson was a professional adviser and consultant on urban development, campus planning, and government buildings. He served as adviser to the Boston Government Center Commission and managed the national competition for the design of Boston's City Hall."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography \nArmen John Esserian earned a SB degree in economics and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  (MIT) in 1951.  He was employed at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory from 1954 to 1955. In 1960 Esserain formed Charecogn Systems, Inc. to develop and manufacture data gathering systems using optical scanning pattern recognition techniques."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nRobert Payne Bigelow, 1863-1955, SB 1887, Harvard University, PhD 1892, John Hopkins University, began his long association with MIT in 1893. At that time he joined the faculty of the Institute as assistant in biology, a position he held until 1912. He was assistant professor of zoology and parasitology, 1912 to 1915, associate professor, 1915 to 1922, and professor 1922 to 1933. He retired in 1933 as professor emeritus and served as honorary lecturer in the Department of Biology and public Health during the academic year 1933-1934 and as special lecturer in 1944. In addition, he held the position of the librarian of the Institute from 1895 to 1925; planning and overseeing the move of the Institute libraries from Boston to Cambridge. From 1919 to 1923 he was also the librarian of Marine Biological Laboratories at Woods Hole.\nIn addition to his professional appointments, Bigelow served as an editor of  from 1897 to 1898, and  from 1895 to 1908. He wrote numerous scientific papers in zoology, a series of articles for (1), and reviews on the history of biology for  and . In 1925, he published (2), and in 1939, together with W.H. Tyler, a revised edition of (3).\nHe was a fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (corresponding secretary, 1926 to 1930) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also a member of American Society of Zoologists, American Society of Naturalists, American Society of Tropical Medicine, Association of American Anatomists, American Society of Parasitologists, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, History of Science Society, Boston Society of Natural History, Harvard Teachers Association, and Delta Omega.\n1. Buck, Albert H., ed.  Rev. ed. 9 vols. New York: W. Wood, 1900-1908; Buck, Albert H., and Thomas L.Stedman, eds.  3rd ed. 8 vols. New York: W. Wood, 1913-1917.\n2. Bigelow, Robert Payne.  New York: Macmillan, 1925; rev. ed., 1935.\n3. Sedgwick, W.T., H.W. Tyler, and R.P. Bigelow.  Rev. ed. New York: Macmillan, 1939."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nPeter E. Glaser was born on September 5, 1923, in Zatec, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia.  He immigrated to the United States in 1948 and became a U.S. citizen in 1954. Glaser was educated at Leeds College of Technology in the United Kingdom, Charles University in Prague, and Columbia University in New York, from which he received his M.S. (1951) and his Ph.D. (1955) degrees in mechanical engineering.\nGlaser was the head of the design department at Werner Management Company in New York City from 1948 to 1953.  From 1955 to 1999 he was employed at Arthur D. Little, Inc., serving as a vice president at the time of his retirement.  At Arthur D. Little, he worked with chemists, physicists, and engineers on consulting projects in aerospace, solar energy, and materials science.  He served as project manager for the Apollo 11 Laser Ranging Retroreflector Array; he was also project manager for the Lunar Heat Flow Probes and the Initial Blood Storage Experiment, which explored gravitational effects on human blood cells.  At the Intersociety Engineering Energy Conversion Conference in 1968, he presented the concept of the solar power satellite to harness the sun's power for use on Earth, and in November 1968 the idea was published in the journal Science.  In 1973, he was granted a U.S. patent for the solar power satellite concept.  Drawing on his experience in space science and technology, solar energy conversion, and wireless power transmission, Glaser became an energetic advocate of solar power satellites as a solution to the global energy dilemma, writing articles and giving lectures and interviews on the topic.  His work on solar energy applications includes the development of photovoltaic conversion systems, solar concentrators, solar heating and cooling systems, and applications of solar technology in developing countries.\nIn 1978, Glaser formed the Sunsat Energy Council (SUNSAT), an organization associated with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).  He has served on committees of the National Academy of Sciences and the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress, and he has testified about solar power satellites before House and Senate committees.\nGlaser was president of the International Solar Energy Society (1968-1969) and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Solar Energy (1971-1984).  He was the recipient of the Carl F. Kayan medal from Columbia University in 1974.  He also received the Farrington Daniels Award from the International Solar Energy Society in 1983.\nGlaser is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics.  He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, the American Astronautical Society (AAS), the National Space Society (NSS), and the International Astronautical Federation (IAF).  In 1993, the National Space Society and the International Astronautical Federation established the Peter Glaser Plenary Lecture to be given at the Annual Congress.  Glaser is a regent of the United Societies in Space (USS).  In 1996, he was inducted into the Space Technology Hall of Fame of the United States Space Foundation (USSF).  "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nLydia Gould Weld, 1878 - 1962,  was born in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. She attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1898 to 1903 and earned the S.B. in Course XIII, Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. She was the first woman to earn an engineering degree from MIT.\nWeld worked in the engineering division of the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company from 1903 until 1917, when she resigned due to illness. She managed a ranch with her brother in Antelope Valley, California, from 1918 to 1933, before retiring to Carmel. After World War II began, she came out of retirement to work as a senior draftsman at Moore\'s Dry Dock Company in Oakland. She retired to Carmel once again in 1945, where she remained until the late 1950s, when she moved to San Francisco. \n_____\nThe following obituary and tribute published in 1962 in the MIT alumni magazine, Technology Review, provides further details about her life and achievements.\nLydia G. Weld, Course XIII, died in San Francisco on January 1. She was the first woman to receive a degree from the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering and one of the first women to receive an engineering degree from any school in the United States.\nShe started her professional career in 1903 with the Newport News Shipbuilding Company where she was one of five ""charge men"" under the chief draftsman, Engine Division. It was the duty of the division which she headed to get out finished plans of all machinery as installed in all naval ships. This required a lot of tracing and checking on the ships and as time went on the work increased in volume and the number of workers in her division rose. \nShe found the work interesting and the company good to work for. With the approach of World War I, the yard activity greatly increased and the work became more strenuous. Time was the essence of the contract and work went along at full speed. The winter of 1917 was a terrible one; she became a victim of tonsilitis and sore throat and had to quit.\nIn January, 1918, after a stay in a hospital in Connecticut near her sister, she went West and began the development of her brother\'s 320-acre ranch in Antelope Valley, 80 miles from Los Angeles. She had been there but four months when she was asked to go to San Francisco to help set up the offices of the Emergency Fleet Corporation on the West Coast. After devoting two months to getting the office started, she returned to the range and operated it from 1918 to 1933.\nShe applied herself to ranching with the same vigor she had shown in shipbuilding, cleared the land of sagebrush, drove wells, and got the land into alfalfa. That the ranch prospered is shown by the fact that she gathered in some 204 prize ribbons in such varied lines as fruit, grains, poultry, and animals. At the same time she took an interest in the community affairs such as the Farm Bureau, school board, etc.\nWhen the ranch was sold in 1933 she retired to Carmel and built a house overlooking the Pacific on land which she had purchased some years earlier. Here she got into community life, joined the League of Women Voters and became a member of the Advisory Committee to the County Zoning Committee.\nWhen the second World War came she sought to do her part, was advised to take a job in the shipyards, and became a senior draftsman, Engine Division, Moore\'s Dry Dock Company, Oakland. After 30 months she again retired to Carmel. She remained active there in local affairs until about three years ago when she moved to San Francisco where she had many friends. There she lived where she could see her beloved ships passing in and out the Golden Gate and when she wished, with the aid of binoculars, could identify by the funnel markings the line to which they belonged.\nShe was an ardent baseball fan and stamp collector. Miss Weld was a member of the American Society of Engineers and the Society of Women Engineers. She leaves many nephews and nieces. Commital services were held in Boston, January 27."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nRichard Cockburn Maclaurin, 1870-1920, was president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1909 until his death in 1920. He was born in Scotland, raised in New Zealand, and educated in England at the University of Cambridge, where he earned a BA in mathematics in 1895, an MA in Mathematics in 1896, and a degree in law in 1898. He was considered an expert on two remarkably different subjects, physics and law. In 1896-1897 he traveled to observe educational methods at North American universities.\n \nMaclaurin was a professor of mathematics at the University of New Zealand from 1898 to 1905 and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the same institution from 1905 to 1907. He served as professor of mathematical physics at Columbia University in New York from 1907 to 1909 and was head of the Department of Physics in 1908 and 1909. His career as president of MIT was distinguished by his leadership overseeing the move of the Institute from Boston to Cambridge in 1916 and by maintaining efficient operations during the disruptions of World War I.\nRichard Maclaurin married Margaret A. Young (born January 6, 1879, died May 30, 1951) in December 1904. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nGeorge Fillmore Swain, SB, 1877, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He taught Civil Engineering at MIT (1881-1909; 1914-1919), serving as head of the department from 1887 to 1911, and also taught at Harvard University."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nCharles F. Hopewell earned an S.B. in 1894 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Historical note\nNew England Mutual Life Insurance Company (later New England Financial) was founded in 1835 and has had several ties to MIT over the years. In 1844 Emma Savage, who later became Emma Savage Rogers, the wife of MIT's founder, William Barton Rogers, became the fifth person to hold a life insurance policy from the company. Her father, James Savage, Sr., was on the company's first board of directors. In 1937, New England Mutual purchased the original MIT building at 501 Boylston Street between Berkeley and Clarendon Streets in Boston (the Rogers Building, which opened in 1866), and in 1939 broke ground on the site to begin construction of a new home office, which opened in 1941 (). In 1948 New England Financial collaborated with MIT to construct the Eastgate apartment housing project to meet the need for post-World War II housing. New England Financial is now owned by MetLife."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography \nWarren J. Mead (1883-1960) was head of the Department of Geology and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1934 to 1949, and professor emeritus 1949 to 1960.  He earned a BS in 1906, MA in 1908, and PhD in 1926  from the University of Wisconsin. He was instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor of geology at the University of Wisconsin from 1908 to 1934. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1939.\nMead was a geological consultant in the United States, Canada, China, and Mexico, including for the Panama Canal Commission, the Army Corps of Engineers, the Colorado River Board (Boulder Dam), Aluminum Company of America, and the Reynolds Metal Company; and he was a member of a commission employed by the South Manchurian Railway Company to investigate iron and coal resources of south Manchuria. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Access to the use copies of transcripts and compact discs is unrestricted. Master transcripts and recordings are closed.', 'Biography\nWilliam R. Dickson, 1935-2006, earned an S.B. from the  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1956 with a degree in building construction and engineering (Course 17). He spent two years as a staff engineer at Lincoln Laboratory then became an associate scientist at Avco Corp. in Wilmington. He returned to MIT as assistant to the director of Physical Plant in 1960 and became director of Physical Plant in 1971. In 1980, he was appointed vice president for operations, and he was named senior vice president in 1982 a position he held for 16 years before retiring in 1998. As senior vice president, he was responsible for most of the operations of the Institute and much of the financial planning and activities.  \nDuring his tenure, he was involved in a number of building projects, including Kresge Auditorium, the Green Building, Eastgate, Westgate, McCormick, the Whitaker Building, Building 16 and the Stata Center. \nMIT News Office obituary at "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nJack S. Goldstein, 1925-2001, was an astrophysicist at Brandeis University. He began his teaching career at Brandeis in 1956, became a full professor of astrophysics in 1966, and continued to teach as a visiting professor until 1999, although he retired in 1992. He also served as dean of the graduate school from 1972 to 1974 and dean of faculty from 1974 until 1981. \nGoldstein was a fan of MIT physicist Jerrold Zacharias, and in the 1990s wrote a biography of Zacharias titled  (MIT Press, 1992). The materials that Goldstein collected for the book are the subject of this collection. Goldstein's interest in Jerrold Zacharias stemmed from both his work as a physicist and his interest in curriculum reform, which Zacharias championed. \nJerrold R. Zacharias, 1905-1986, joined the staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1940 as head of the Division on Radar Transmitter Components of the Radiation Laboratory. Although he left in 1945 to direct the engineering division of the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, he returned to MIT in 1946 as professor of physics and director of the Laboratory for Nuclear Science, which he headed for ten years. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJames Phinney Munroe, an 1882 graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) began his MIT career immediately following graduation, when he became Secretary of the Faculty under the leadership of MIT President Francis Amasa Walker. He served as Secretary of the Faculty until 1889, when he left MIT to go into business with his father following the death of his brother. He returned to MIT in 1894 and remained at the Institute until his death, serving as President of the Alumni Association (1894-1897), Secretary of the Corporation (1909-1929), Managing Editor of  (1889-1908), President of the Technology Club (1896-1904), and Life Member of the MIT Corporation (1909-1929). He was also a member of the Alumni Council and chairman of the Alumni Association Committee on Historical Collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nEugene Létang came to MIT from France in 1872 when he was invited by MIT Architecture Professor William Robert Ware to become an instructor in the newly created Department of Architecture. He remained with the Department of Architecture until his death in 1892. Létang graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He was the first of many French educators to teach architecture in the United States."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nVannevar Bush, 1890-1974, BS and MS 1913, Tufts College; EgD 1916, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, came to MIT in 1919 as associate professor of electrical power and was made full professor in 1923.  At MIT he designed the product integraph, an early computation machine, and in 1931 he completed the differential analyzer, which solved sixth-order differential equations or three simultaneous second-order differential equations and served as the prototype for other machines.  At  MIT he was vice president and first dean of the School of Engineering, 1932-1938, and in 1939 became a life member of the MIT Corporation.  He was president of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC, 1938-1955, and became chairman of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) in 1940.  Bush was made director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) when it was created in 1941 to oversee scientific research and development required for the war effort.  In 1944 President Roosevelt asked him to make recommendations on government policies for supporting research, developing scientific and technical talents, and diffusing scientific information.  His report, (1945), led to the establishment of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1947.  He remained actively involved with governmental administration of scientific research until 1955."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nJerome Clarke Hunsaker, 1886-1984, BS 1908, United States Naval Academy; SM in naval architecture, 1912, ScD 1916, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was an officer in the Construction Corps of the US Navy, 1909-1926.  In 1914, after a year studying aerodynamics and wind tunnel testing in Europe, he taught the first course in aeronautical engineering and aviation design at MIT, and in 1916 developed the first modern wind tunnel in the United States.  During World War I he was in charge of all naval aircraft design, construction, and procurement.  From 1926 to 1933 he worked in private industry, first at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he developed a communications system for aircraft, and then at the Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation, of which he was vice president.  He returned to MIT in 1933 as head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, in charge of the course in aeronautical engineering, and became head of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering when it was founded in 1939.  He received the (US) Presidential Medal for Merit for his many contributions during World War II, including service on the President's Council of the Office of Scientific Research and Development.  His work focused on flight theory and aircraft design.  He designed the flying boat , the first aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean, and supervised the design of the dirigible , the first American rigid airship."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biography\nFrancis Amasa Walker, 1840-1897, BA 1860, Amherst College, was the third president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Walker became MIT president November 10, 1881; he died in office on January 5, 1897.\nFrancis Walker was an economist, lecturer, educator, and historian. Among the positions that he held were that of Superintendent of the Bureau of the Census.  He was superintendent of the United States Ninth Census, 1870-1872, and the United States Tenth Census, 1879-1881. From 1873 to 1881 Walker was also professor of political economy and history in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. During the Civil War he served with the Union Army from 1861 to 1865 and was discharged with the rank of brevet brigadier general. From 1884 to 1888 he served as a Commissioner to the U.S. Geological Survery for a topicalgraphical survery of Massachusetts which resulted in the publication of the .  He served in many other civic roles including as a member of the Massachusetts  State Board of Education and the state hospital board, and as commissioner to the World's Columbian Exposition."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nBertha Sanford Dodge, 1902-1995, received an A.B. from Radcliffe College in 1920 and an M.S. in chemistry from MIT in 1922.  She published monographs and articles for children and adults on topics including science, medicine, history, botany, textiles, Latin America, and Vermont.  Her books include: , 1948; , 1953; , 1959; , 1967; , 1970; , 1977; , 1979; , 1984; and , 1988.  She also published works of fiction including short stories and a play.  Dodge held a variety of teaching positions in mathematics and science at high school and college freshman levels, worked as an editor, and traveled extensively in Latin America with her husband, mycologist Carroll W. Dodge (Missouri Botanical Garden and University of Vermont).  She was the sister of MIT mathematics professor Norbert Wiener."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Historical note\nAthletic activities in the early years after the establishment of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston, Massachusetts in 1861 were student run and supported; in order to participate, individual students paid their own expenses. Competition was largely intramural, with keen competition between classes. Intercollegiate events were also held, involving sports such as football, baseball, track and field, and tennis.  Each team was responsible for raising funds to support its activities and for regulating and managing competitions, which after some years resulted in confusion sufficient to necessitate the establishment of an umbrella organization to provide oversight of athletic activities.\nThe Advisory Council on Athletics was established in 1898 to ""regulate the general athletic interests at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to exercise supervision over the management, and to assume control at any time it is deemed necessary of all funds, or income from funds, in any way connected with athletics, and have final jurisdiction in all matters pertaining thereunto."" The council consisted of three alumni, three undergraduate students, and a treasurer.\nIn 1904 the MIT Athletic Association (MITAA) was founded to manage and promote athletic activity at MIT, under the supervision of the Alumni Advisory Council on Athletics. A student organization, MITAA was responsible for distributing Institute funds to various sports teams, for providing general management and promotion of athletic activities at MIT, and for participating in planning and policy decisions.  Membership included captains and managers of individual Institute teams and undergraduate members of the Alumni Advisory Council.  When the campus moved from the Back Bay in Boston, to the much larger site in Cambridge in June 1916, new facilities and space were available for athletic activities.\nThe Advisory Council on Athletics was dissolved in 1947"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe establishment of a physics laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was an early idea of MIT founder William Barton Rogers. Professor Edward Pickering organized the establishement of such a lab, and his plan was approved by the MIT Committee on Instruction, May 11, 1869. The Corporation voted in February 1872 that the laboratory was to be named ""The Rogers Laboratory of Physics."""
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by donor of collection.', 'Historical note\nThe MIT Neurosciences Research Program (NRP), founded in 1962 by Francis O. Schmitt and sponsored until 1982 by MIT, was an international and interdisciplinary organization of scientists brought together to study the mysteries of brain structure, function, and behavior. Originally titled the ""Mens Project,"" from the Latin word for the mind, and later the ""Neurophysical Sciences Study Program,"" it wasn\'t until the 1965 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) grant that the familiar moniker, the Neurosciences Research Program emerged.\nThe NRP consisted of the NRP Center Staff; the NRP Associates, a group of world renowned scientists from the United States and abroad who worked closely with the Center Staff; and a global network of several thousand scientists who participated as experts on particular subjects. Although the NRP reported to the Office of the Provost at MIT, it was located off campus in Brookline, Massachusetts.\nDr. Francis O. Schmitt served as the Chairman of the NRP from its inception in 1962 until 1974. In 1974 Dr. Schmitt assumed the position of Foundation Scientist and Dr. Frederic G. Worden, who had previously served as the Program Director (1969-1970) and as the Executive Director (1970-1974) of the NRP, became the Director, a position he held through 1981.\nThe NRP was a multidisciplinary center whose primary goals were to examine brain function and behavior, to identify crucial topics in the neurosciences that were ready for rapid development and investigation, to bridge the intellectual and professional gaps between the traditional neural and behavioral scientific disciplines engaged in research on the central nervous system, and to establish a unified neuroscience community. In accomplishing these goals the emphasis was on conceptual ideas and reports on scientific data. The NRP was supported by research grants awarded by federal agencies and private foundations.\nThe program of the NRP had three components: information exchange, scientific meetings, and publications. The information exchange activities had two goals: to facilitate and promote communication of scientific information among scientists in the neuroscience community at large; and to keep the NRP Center Staff informed of current research developments so that they could plan scientific meetings which would have a catalytic impact on research in the neurosciences.\nThe NRP\'s scientific meetings included one day conferences, two and one half day ""Work Sessions,"" triennial three week ""Intensive Study Programs,"" and numerous other meetings which were scheduled to cover newly developing topics. Planning sessions brought three to six NRP consultants together to decide whether or not a topic was ripe for treatment in a scientific session. Generally the NRP used the planning sessions to lay the framework for work sessions and intensive study programs. The ""Whither Neurosciences?"" conferences were held in such diverse locations as London (1970), Tokyo (1973), and New Delhi (1973), and were designed to supplement other NRP procedures for assessing and anticipating important developments. The ""Whither NRP?"" conferences provided the NRP and its Associates with the opportunity to examine their accomplishments and to reappraise all aspects of the NRP including both its mission and its goals. One day conferences were called in an attempt to merge recent laboratory developments and recent research in the neurosciences for the purpose of accelerating the application of research.\nThe NRP generally held six to eight work sessions per year. These work sessions provided a forum to report research developments and propose new hypotheses. The Intensive Study Programs held during the summers of 1966, 1969, 1972, and 1977 provided the opportunity to evaluate, interpret, and critique the current status of the neurosciences and to report on new areas of research which seemed most promising.\nThe NRP\'s semi-annual stated meetings combined scientific and administrative activities. These meetings, attended by NRP Associates, were held over a two and one half day period. The scientific aspect consisted of numerous brief research reports by Associates. The administrative aspect consisted of executive sessions of Associates where policy decisions were made. Beginning in 1974 the Advisory Committee\'s report at the executive sessions allowed the Associates a greater role in planning and policy making.\nThe NRP\'s program of publications consisted primarily of The Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin and the series The Neurosciences: A Study Program. The proceedings of the NRP scientific sessions were published in The Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin in monographic form, while the proceedings of the triennial Intensive Study Programs were published in the series The Neurosciences: A Study Program. In addition, other full length works based on NRP work sessions and conferences were published under the auspices of the NRP.\nNRP terminated its affiliation with MIT in 1982 and continued its work, as the Neurosciences Institute, at Rockefeller University in New York City. In 1993 the Neurosciences Institute relocated to La Jolla, California."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Servomechanisms Laboratory was established at MIT in 1940 under the direction of Gordon S. Brown, then assistant professor of electrical engineering. The laboratory grew out of the Department of Electrical Engineering's increasing attention in the fall of 1939 to servomechanisms, specifically fire control (gun-positioning instruments) in response to a request from the U.S. Navy for a special course for naval fire control officers assigned to MIT.  Harold Hazen, head of the department, was also Gordon Brown's doctoral advisor and asked him to develop the course.  The 1939 MIT Course Bulletin lists for the first time two elective classes (6.605 and 6.606) titled Theory and Applications of Servo Mechanisms with Gordon S. Brown as instructor.  \nDuring World War II the laboratory's teams of research scientists and graduate students (who also produced thesis projects from their work) undertook research and development of feedback control systems for the U.S. government (Navy Ordnance, Army Ordnance, and the National Defense Research Committee) as well as commercial contractors. Research included servo-control systems for advanced radar used on U.S. Navy ships. Laboratory director Gordon Brown served as a consultant to the Sperry Gyroscope Company as well as to the War Department.\nAfter World War II ended in 1945, the laboratory's newly created dynamic analysis and control group, directed by Albert C. Hall, continued to develop automated control systems for U.S. Navy guided missiles. In 1946 this group separated to form the Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory at MIT, which closed in 1958.\nEarly laboratory research, originating in 1944 as the ASCA (Aircraft Stability and Control Analyzer) project to develop a flight training simulator, was directed by Jay W. Forrester with the assistance of Robert R. Everett. The research focus was revised in 1946 to include the design and construction of a  high-speed digital computer, and the project was renamed Project Whirlwind. In 1951 Project Whirlwind and its staff were separated from the Servomechanisms Laboratory and assigned to the newly created Digital Computer Laboratory, still under the direction of Forrester. Classified research related to development and use of Whirlwind in research projects was simultaneously carried out in Division 6 of the newly formed Lincoln Laboratory. Jay Forrester was director of both the Digital Computer Laboratory and Division 6, and Robert Everett served in both as assistant director.\nOther major postwar efforts of the Servomechanisms Laboratory included the development of automatic controls for the reactor rods and instrumentation system of the first peacetime nuclear reactor, constructed in the late 1940s by the Atomic Energy Commission at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.\nA significant postwar project that began in 1949 and continued and evolved through the 1950s was the work that led to numerical control of machine tools. Under a contract with the Parsons Company of Michigan, William M. Pease and James O. McDonough designed an experimental numerically-controlled milling machine which received directions through data on punched paper tape. The first working model of a continuous-path numerically-controlled milling machine was demonstrated in 1952. Further research was then carried out under the sponsorship of  the U.S. Air Force. Subsequently, the laboratory's Computer Application Group, led by Douglas T. Ross, developed the Automatically Programmed Tool Language (APT), an easy-to-use, special purpose programming language.  Eventually, APT became the world standard for programming computer-controlled machine tools.  The Servomechanisms Laboratory staff actively promoted the introduction and use of numerical control for industrial processes.  It sponsored conferences and summer sessions aimed at industry personnel. The development of numerical controls had a profound impact on industry as with the introduction of automated controls it revolutionized the machine tool industry. In 1958, further development of the APT system was turned over to a coordinating group sponsored by the Aircraft Industries Association.\nResearch activities of the Servomechanisms Laboratory broadened in the late 1950s, and a decision was made in 1959 to change the name of the laboratory to the Electronic Systems Laboratory. The laboratory continued to report to the Department of Electrical Engineering until March 1978, when it became an inter-departmental laboratory reporting to the provost.  In September 1978 it was renamed the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS). \nDirectors of the Servomechanisms Laboratory:\nGordon S. Brown, 1939-1952\nWilliam M. Pease, 1952-1953\nJ. Francis Reintjes, 1953-1959 (1959-1974, director of the successor Electronic Systems Laboratory)\nMore detailed accounts of the research activities of the Servomechanisms Laboratory can be found in the following publications:\n, by Karl L. Wildes. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985.  Chapters 14 and 17.\n, by J. Francis Reintjes.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.\n, by John E. Burchard. New York: J. Wiley, 1948."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Historical note\nMIT celebrated its 100th birthday during Centennial Week  April 3-10, 1961, with a week long academic festival commemorating the granting of the Institute\'s charter by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on April 10, 1861.\nThe highlights of the week included a closed conference on scientific and engineering education, attended by as many as 100 international scholars, held between April 3 and April 5, followed by a three-day series of public panel discussions about world problems, which began on April 6. Topics discussed included: ""How Has Science in the Last Century Changed Man\'s View of Himself,"" ""The Future of the Arts in a World of Science,"" ""The Future in the Physical Sciences, Arms Control,"" ""The Life of Man in Industry,"" and ""The Future in the Life Sciences."" A birthday banquet was held at the Statler Hotel in Boston on the evening of April 8. The week culminated in a formal academic procession and Centennial convocation on April 9 at which MIT President Julius Stratton delivered the final Centennial Week address. The festivities concluded with a performance of Haydn\'s ""The Creation"", by the MIT Choral Society, conducted by Klaus Liepman.\nAmong the distinguished participants in the celebration were Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of Great Britain, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, author Aldous Huxley, and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. Congratulatory messages were received from academic and scientific institutions from around the globe, some of which are displayed here. The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald published special supplements on MIT\'s Centennial, and public television station WGBH broadcast most of the assemblies and addresses live.\nCentennial activities for students were organized by the Undergraduate Association Centennial Weekend Committee, continuing through the spring.  They included events as the judging of best student beards, a train excursion to Old Sturbridge Village, the student Centennial Ball, and an evening at the Boston Pops. \nThe members of the Committee on the Centennial Celebration were Francis Bitter, Walter H. Gale, Peter R. Gray, Charles P. Kindleberger, Roy Lamson, Elting E. Morison, Philip M. Morse, Walter A. Rosenblith, Ascher H. Shapiro, and Arthur L. Singer. John E. Burchard, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Science, chairman. \nThe committee on the conference members were Walter A. Rosenblith, Ascher H. Shapiro, Max Millikan, and Howard W. Johnson, and Walter G. Whitman,chairman."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Historical note\nThe Karl Taylor Compton Lecture Series was established in 1957 to honor Karl Taylor Compton, who served as president of MIT from 1930 to 1948 and chairman of the Corporation from 1948 to 1954. The purpose of the lectureship is to bring to the campus ""scholars noted for their universality of thought and influence on human values."" Niels Bohr, Nobel Laureate, recipient of the first Atoms for Peace award, and head of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, was the first holder of the lectureship. (President\'s Report Issue for the year ending October 1, 1957).\nFurther information about some of the lectures:\n1957 - Niels Bohr –  77, no. 38 (November 5, 1957)\n1959 - Otto Struve –  62 (1959-1960), January, p. 11\n1960 - Andre Lwoff – , June 1960, p. 23\n1962 - Isador I. Rabi –  64 (1961-1962)\n1969 - Hubert H. Humphrey -  89, no. 17 (April 15, 1969)\n1972 - Jerome Bruner – , April 4, 1972\n1975 - György Kepes - President\'s Report 1976, p. 68\n1978 - Linus Pauling –  98, November 21, 1978\n1980 - John Kemeny – Article based on lecture in  (June/July 1980, p. 65\n1989 - Yasuhiro Nakasone - MIT Office of the President Records (AC 180), box 117.\n1993 - John Armstrong - President\'s Report, 1994\n1997 - Oscar Arias Sanchez - \n1998 - John H. Gibbons -  118, no. 53 (October 27, 1998)\nSome of the more recent lectures are available on MIT\'s Compton Lecture website at "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nClasses in civil engineering were offered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when students were first admitted in 1865. First designated Course II, it exchanged positions with Mechanical Engineering in 1873 to become Course I. In 1889 Civil Engineering merged with Course XI, Sanitary Engineering, and in 1892 the name of the department was changed to Civil and Sanitary Engineering. In 1934 Course XVII, Building and Engineering, was added to Course I and in 1961 or 1962 Sanitary Engineering was dropped from the name of the department. In 1992, reflecting further changes in the department's focus, Course I was renamed the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.\nClasses in civil engineering have been offered at MIT ever since the Institute opened in 1865, just after the Civil War. Since that time, the department's name and curriculum have changed several times in keeping with the evolving needs of humanity.\nThe course was first called Civil and Topographical Engineering and the focus was on surveying and building infrastructure: roads, railways, bridges, canals and drinking water systems. In 1889, Civil Engineering merged with Sanitary Engineering, and in 1892 the name of the department was changed to Civil and Sanitary Engineering. In 1934, the Building and Engineering Department was absorbed into Civil and Sanitary Engineering, and early in the 1960s, Sanitary Engineering was dropped from the department name.\nIn 1992, the department was renamed the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, in recognition of the new combined discipline and its added emphasis on environmental chemistry and biology.\nThe heads of the department included: John Henck, 1865 1881; George Vose, 1882 1887; George Swain, 1887 1911; Charles M. Spofford, 1911 1935; Charles Breed, 1935 1943; John Wilbur, 1944 1960; Rolf Eliassen, acting head, 1960 1962; Charles L. Miller, 1962 1969; Peter Eagleson, 1970 1975; Frank Perkins, 1975 1980; Joseph M. Sussman, 1980 1985; David Hunter Marks, 1985 1992; and Rafael L. Bras, 1992-2001; Chiang Mei (acting head) 2002-2002; Patrick Jaillet, 2002-2009; Andrew J.Whittle, 2009-2013, and Markus J. Buehler, 2013-."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nIn 1922, the Technology Dames organization was formally established, under the sponsorship of the Technology Matrons (a faculty wives organization), to help the wives of MIT students adjust to and participate in the community. Before 1946, there was no married student housing; married students lived in apartments scattered throughout the area. Many wives faced the challenge of a new environment, sometimes a new culture.  The Dames provided an opportunity to socialize and  explore cultural and intellectual interests.  Their activities focused in large part on programs and projects whose proceeds were donated to charities.  The number of graduate students increased beginning in the 1950s, and the organization expanded.  In 1972, the Technology Dames changed its name to the Technology Wives Organization, while the Technology Matrons became the MIT Women's League, open to students, faculty, staff, and their wives. In 1983, the group changed its name again to the Tech Community Women, to reflect that their membership was no longer limited to the wives of students."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Historical note\nThe Department of Mechanical Engineering, commonly referred to as ""Mech E"", was designated as Course I of six courses offered when classes began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1865. Of the Institute\'s first fifteen students, only Albert F. Hall \'68 majored in mechanical engineering. William Watson, professor of descriptive geometry and mechanical engineering, taught mechanical engineering and ""stereotomy,"" which involved drawing and modeling. The course focused on the study of existing machinery and the principles behind their construction and operation. Students spent a good portion of their studies in the drawing room, and traveled outside the institution to view engines and machinery in operation. \nIn 1872 Mechanical Engineering was designated Course II and civil engineering as Course I. That same year Assistant Professor Channing Whitaker, class of 1869,  began to teach mechanical engineering and redirected the emphasis of the course towards empirical studies.  Whitaker proposed the use of in house teaching laboratories and increased excursions to industrial and civic sites. When local entrepreneur George B. Dixwell contacted MIT in an effort to solve a problem, he was convinced by the Institute to finance a laboratory. Thus, in 1874 the department\'s first lab was built for direct application to engineering problems.  This was the beginning of the department\'s close relationship with the industries for which it trained its graduates. The educational and research program of the new lab was applied in its approach and focused primarily on the steam engine.  Among their activities, the students studied and maintained the boilers and engines that provided heat and power for the Institute. \nUnder the chairmanship of Gaetano Lanza, who taught theoretical and applied mechanics, Mechanical Engineering became a formal department in 1883. Two years later, the course had developed sufficiently to permit students to choose a specialization by selecting an ""option"" in their senior year: marine engineering (offered until 1913); locomotive construction (offered until 1918); mill engineering, which eventually became textile technology; and naval architecture, which became a separate department in 1894. In 1886 student enrollment in Mechanical Engineering exceeded that of any other department, and more students graduated from the department than from any others until 1908. In 1899 the option of heat and ventilation (offered until 1913) was introduced, and in 1908, steam turbine engineering (offered until 1918). Lanza was one of the first engineers to apply scientific methods to solving mechanical engineering problems, and he urged the use of full-scale specimens in testing. The course work also included time spent learning to use the woodworking and other machines in the machine shops.\nLanza was succeeded as head in 1911 by Edward F. Miller, who taught mechanic arts at the Institute as early as 1886. Lanza and Miller provided a continuum of progress in the field of mechanical engineering education that covered a period of fifty years (1883 1933). Miller designed the facilities for the department when the Institute moved from Boston to the ""New Technology"" in Cambridge in 1916. Miller\'s labs and classrooms were considered the best in the world for mechanical engineering education and were particularly noted for experimental work in steam, gas and diesel engines, compressed air, hydraulics, large scale mechanical testing, machine tools, textile manufacture, and the founding and processing of metals. New options during this period were engine design (1913 1925), automotive engineering (1923 1949), ordnance (1923 1924), and refrigeration, which became refrigeration and air conditioning.\nBy the 1930s the steam engine was past its prime, and the department began to move away from engineering practice towards engineering science. The appointment of Jerome C. Hunsaker as department head in 1933 marked a major change in the direction of the department.  Hunsaker pioneered the aeronautics program at MIT and incorporated that curriculum into ME when he became head.  Hunsaker\'s interests lay in fluid mechanics. He altered the traditional course in hydraulics to a study of the mechanics of fluids generally, with specific application to lubrication and heat transfer. Hunsaker modernized the laboratories as well as the curriculum and in 1935 replaced the old woodworking workshop with a welding lab and foundry.  With the onset of World War II and the ensuing cold war, much of the research in the department focused on military and aerospace applications.  Starting in 1939 the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering offered a special course to train naval engineers. In 1943 the Sloan Automotive Laboratory was enlarged to accommodate the development of torpedoes for the war.\nIn 1934  the Mechanical Engineering Department initiated a cooperative course in conjunction with the General Electric Company.  Course II-A was a masters program in which students spent their time alternately with GE and MIT during the junior and senior years, then completed a fifth year of study at MIT.\nThe work that was carried out in the department from 1930 to the early 1960s served to codify many basic principles in the field of mechanical engineering. Seminal publications in dynamics, heat transfer, mechanics of materials, and thermodynamics were produced within the department under Hunsaker and his three successors, C. Richard Soderberg (1947 1954), Jacob Den Hartog (1954 1958), and Joseph Keenan (1958 1961). By the end of Guyford Stever\'s tenure as department head in 1965, the department was renowned for pioneering the development of system dynamics and control and man-machine systems as fields of study within the profession.\nDuring this period five new options were introduced: production, which became materials and design and, later, materials, design and engineering (1934 1949); general, which became general mechanical engineering (1934 1948); power (1934 1935 and 1948 1949); heat (1941 1943); and engineering science (1945 1948). In 1945 the undergraduate curriculum was revised and only three options were offered: general mechanical engineering; engineering science; and automotive engineering. In 1949 the curriculum changed again and the department adopted a division system in lieu of the options. The seven divisions established at that time were Applied Mechanics; Fluid Mechanics; Machine Design; Machine Tools and Metal Cutting; Materials; Textile Technology; and Thermodynamics.\nIn 1957 a second cooperative course was initiated. Course II-B enabled juniors and seniors to work at approved industrial sites. The course proved immediately popular and 25% of ME juniors and seniors enrolled.  Also in 1957, a two-week Special Summer Program was organized for practicing engineers and college teachers.\nIn 1945 Samuel C. Collins transferred from the Department of Chemistry to develop cryogenic engineering. In 1950 John E. Arnold proposed an industrial design program together with the schools of architecture and business.  This interdisciplinary approach formed an undercurrent in the profession and helped place MIT\'s mechanical engineering department in the vanguard. Later in that decade MIT\'s Industrial Liaison Program fostered the ties between industry, the Mechanical Engineering department, and the School of Industrial Management (now the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management).\nIn 1965 Ascher Shapiro became head of the department. Two significant changes took place in the department\'s administrative structure during Shapiro\'s tenure.  In 1966 the various divisions of the department were reorganized into a three-division system: Division I, Mechanics and Materials; Division II, Thermal and Fluid Sciences; and Division III, Systems and Design. Each division had a head and an associate head and was responsible for specific programs and facilities. The three-division system remains in place as the basic structure in 1994.  \nHerbert H. Richardson succeeded Shapiro in 1974. In keeping with the recommendations of a planning committee appointed by Richardson, department research was concentrated within four major programs: biomedical engineering; energy and environment; human services, including transportation; and manufacturing, materials, and materials processing. It was under Richardson that Professor Woodie C. Flowers developed the undergraduate design course 2.70 that gained nationwide attention and boosted enrollment figures in the department. Also during this period, biomedical engineering at MIT gained international recognition primarily through work carried out in the research program of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, which was founded in 1972.  Professor Robert Mann\'s work on sensory substitutes for the blind and an artificial elbow exemplify the department\'s interest in applying engineering to the rehabilitation of humans with major sensory and musculoskeletal deficiencies.\nCurrent information about Department of Mechanical Engineering research in the areas of Micro & Nano Engineering;  Bioengineering;  Ocean Science & Engineering; Energy Science & Engineering; Control, Instrumentation, & Robotics; Design, Manufacturing, & Product Development can be found at: http://meche.mit.edu/research/"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe first architecture faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was William R. Ware, appointed in the fall of 1865 to plan the curriculum of the first architecture school in the United States. Funds were supplied partly by MIT and partly from private sources for William Ware to visit Europe to examine educational programs and purchase supplies; thus classes were not held until October 1868. The first student graduated with an architecture degree in 1873. Classes were held in the Rogers Building on Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts, but the department moved often as it grew and required more space. In 1883 the department moved into a new building on the corner of Boylston and Clarendon Streets. In 1892 the department moved agaid into a new Architecture building, designed by department head Francis Chandler. In 1898 the department moved again into the Pierce Building at Trinity Place. The department stayed in Boston in the Rogers Building when the rest of the Institute moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts in June 1916. In 1938, a new architecture building (building 7) opened on the Cambridge campus to house the department and the last of the Boston campus was sold.\nAn architecture summer school was held beginning in 1893 to bring students in contact with the practical side of building. The first summer school was held at the World's Fair in Chicago, subsequent trips were made to other parts of the United States and to Europe.\nBeginning in 1922 a class in city planning was required for candidates of the Bachelor of Architecture degree. In 1932 the Institute authorized a five year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Architecture in City Planning and in 1935 authorized the degree of Master in City Planning.\nIn 1932 the School of Architecture was established as part of the general academic reorganization of the Institute proposed by MIT president Karl T. Compton. The School consisted of the Department of Architecture and later the Department of City Planning (now Department of Urban Studies and Planning).  "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biography\nWilliam Robert Ware, 1832-1915, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, into a well known, established Massachusetts family. His forefathers had a strong religious bent, as evidenced by his father, Henry Ware, Jr. (1794-1843), a noted Unitarian divine and professor at the Divinity School of Harvard University, and his grandfather, Henry Ware (1764 1845), who was a Unitarian clergyman. Ware's religious feelings are more apparent in his personal writing than in his professional work. \nWare is best known as an educator and as the founder of the schools of architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Columbia University.  He was educated first at Phillips Exeter Acadaemy, and then at Harvard College, receiving a bachelor of arts degree in 1852. He worked as a private tutor in New York until 1854, then returned to Cambridge, where in 1856, after two years in Harvard's Lawrence Scientific School, he received a bachelor of science degree. After graduation, he began his architectural career, studying first with James E. and Edward C. Cabot in Boston and then spending eight months as a student in the atelier of Richard M. Hunt in New York City where his fellow students included Charles Gambrill, George Browne Post, and Ware's future partner Henry Van Brunt. In 1860 Ware went into practice with E.S. Philbrick, an engineer. Several years later he formed a partnership with Henry Van Brunt which lasted until Ware left Boston for New York in 1881.\nThe partners established an atelier in their office, and Ware strove to provide the students with a good background in both practical method and theory. His success is reflected by his appointment in 1865 as head of the proposed school of architecture in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the first American school of architecture. Ware traveled to Europe to study architectural education and to develop a program of study for MIT. For fourteen years he devoted himself to directing the fledgling program. Conflicts with the administration over the Milton Scholarship funds and an unpaid bill for architectural services rendered were the basis of Ware's growing dissatisfaction with MIT.\nIn 1881 Ware left MIT and moved to New York, where he established the department of architecture in the School of Mines at Columbia University (then Columbia College). As at MIT, his guidance and insight were key factors in the development of an architectural program. He was aided by his previous experience, the establishment of other American schools of architecture in the intervening years, and the fact that Columbia as a college was already well established when the decision was made to create a department of architecture. Ware's work has gained him the reputation of father of architectural education in America.\nIn addition to his role as an educator, he contributed to the establishment of the high standards of competition maintained by the American Institute of Architects, and wrote many significant papers and textbooks in the field. Ware is not as well known for his achievements as an architect, though he and Van Brunt designed and erected a number of noteworthy buildings, especially in the Boston and Cambridge areas."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nNorbert Wiener was a world renowned mathematician who was instrumental in the development of communication and control theories. He coined the word ""cybernetics"" to describe this new science.\nThere are a number of autobiographical and biographical sources available that provide an in-depth treatment of Wiener\'s life. Because the bulk of the collection is arranged chronologically, a chronology of Wiener\'s life is supplied in lieu of a brief biography.\nActivities\nAmerican Association of Arts and Sciences - Member\nAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers - Applied Mathematics Subcommittee\nAmerican Mathematical Society - Council member, 1938; vice-president, 1936-1937\nAppalachian Mountain Club - Member\nBenjamin Franklin Fellow of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce\nBlack Mountain College - Board of Trustees\nCollege Entrance Examination Board - Commission on Examinations in Mathematics, 1934-1935\nEconometric Society - Member\nFriends of China - Advisory Board, 1935\nInternational Association for Cybernetics - Member\nInternational Congress of Mathematicians, 1940 -     Organizing Committee, Committee on Invitation of Speakers and Head of Conference Committee in Probability and the Theory of Integration\nInternational Congress of Mathematicians, 1950 -      Organizing Committee and Entertainment Subcommittee\nLondon Mathematical Society - Member\nNational Academy of Sciences - Member\nNew England Committee for Relief in China - Member\nUnion Matematica - Honorary president "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nWilliam Otis Crosby, 1850-1925, SB 1876, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, served as instructor in the Department of Geology, 1878-1883; assistant professor, 1883-1902; associate professor, 1902-1906; and professor, 1906-1907. He consulted on subways and tunnels for the Boston Transit Commission; advised on the Boston dry dock; acted as advisor to the Charles River Dam Commission for the development of the Charles River Basin Project; and conducted an investigation of the foundation conditions for the new MIT buildings in Cambridge. Crosby's research focused on engineering geology.  A son, Irving B. Crosby, joined him in his consulting practice."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', ""Biography\nLoammi Baldwin, 1780-1838, class of 1800, Harvard College, was a lawyer and later a  civil engineer whose projects included canal construction and harbor improvement, railroads, water power projects, and city water supplies. He was in charge of the design and construction of dry docks at the Charlestown, Massachusetts, and Norfolk, Virginia, Navy Yards. His father (Loammi Baldwin, 1745-1807) was one of New England's first civil engineers, and his brothers, James Fowle Baldwin and George Rumford Baldwin, were railway and hydraulic engineers. The Baldwin family origins were in Woburn, Massachusetts. Loammi was an advocate of engineering education and took students into his office in Charlestown, where they had the use of his family's large library of engineering books, now part of the collection of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nVannevar Bush, was born on March 11, 1890, in Everett, Massachusetts, to Richard Perry Bush, a Universalist clergyman, and Emma Linwood Paine Bush.  After attending high school in Chelsea, Massachusetts, Bush received both his Bachelor and his Master of Science degrees from Tufts College in 1913.  His first job was with the Testing Department of General Electric Company, and, in 1914, he joined the Inspection Department of the US Navy.  Later that year he returned to Tufts as an instructor of mathematics.  After a year's study at MIT and Harvard, Bush received a Doctor of Engineering degree in 1916.  At that time Harvard and MIT awarded this degree jointly.  He returned to Tufts as an assistant professor of electrical engineering.  The same year he married Phoebe Davis.\nAt Tufts Bush became a consultant to the American Research and Devel¬opment Corporation (AMRAD), a company that developed radio devices.  When World War I started, Bush went to New London, Connecticut, to conduct anti¬submarine research for AMRAD.  There he developed a magnetic device for detecting submarines, but the device was never used by the Navy.  Bush was a civilian during World War I, but served as a lieutenant commander in the Naval Reserve from 1924 to 1932.\nBush returned to MIT in 1919 to become an associate professor of electrical power transmission and by 1923 he was made a full professor.  His teaching duties were reduced when he became the director of graduate study and of the Research Division of the Department of Electrical Engineering.  During this time Bush continued to act as a consultant for AMRAD and, in association with Laurence K. Marshall, he worked on projects which eventually led to the founding of the Raytheon Company and the Metals and Controls Corporation.\nWith the help of several MIT graduate students, Bush designed the first in a series of analog machines; called the Product Integraph, it was an early development in the field of computation.  Bush and Professor Harold L. Hazen built a version of the machine with greater capacity in 1927. Bush completed his best known machine, the Differential Analyzer, in 1931.  It solved sixth-order differential equations or three simultaneous second-order differential equations and served as a prototype for other machines.  At the same time, under Bush's guidance, Hazen and H. H. Spencer developed the Network Analyzer to use in the simulation of power systems.\nBy 1941 Bush's efforts led to the development of the Rockefeller Differ¬ential Analyzer which proved more versatile because punched tape controlled this 100-ton giant.  It was fully operational by 1942 and was in constant use during World War II for the computation of Navy range tables and studies of fire-control systems, radar antennas, and other critical subjects.\nDuring his years at MIT Bush made other scientific contributions including improvements in the design of vacuum tubes and four-engine bombers and studies on transients in machines and on dielectric phenomena.  He also invented such electronic machines as a justifying typewriter, a rapid selector, and the cinema integraph.\nBush continued to be active in MIT's administration and from 1932 to 1938 he served as vice president and the first dean of the School of Engineering.  During the administration of President Karl T. Compton, Bush became a leader in modernizing the curriculum and advancing research.  In 1939 Bush became a lifetime member of MIT's governing body, the Corporation, and from 1957 to 1959 he served as chairman of the Corporation and then as honorary chairman until 1971.\nBush left MIT in 1938 to assume the presidency of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC, a position he held until 1955.  During his tenure as president, Bush coordinated the Carnegie Institution's research program to work in closer cooperation with other educational and research agencies.\nBush became a member of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1938 and was chairman from 1939 until 1941.  Bush held discussions with James B. Conant, Frank B. Jewett, Karl T. Compton, and Richard C. Tolman that dealt with the lack of technological preparedness of the US. He asked the secretary of NACA to begin preparing a proposal to establish a National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) that would address the problem.  Before the proposal could be formally submitted to Congress, the urgency of the situation compelled Bush to approach President Roosevelt directly with the plan.\nThe NDRC came into official existence on June 27, 1940, with Bush as its chairman.  In 1941 the NDRC, an Advisory Council, and a Committee on Medical Research became branches of the newly created Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) and Bush assumed its directorship.  In addition, Bush was chairman of the Joint New Weapons Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.  Through the OSRD, Bush mobilized the country's scientific efforts, initiated research programs in cooperation with the Army and Navy, advised the President on the status of scientific research and development, and supported continuing research on the instrumentalities and materials of war and in the field of medicine.  The OSRD administered the atomic bomb project until 1943.  In all, before activities ceased in 1947, the OSRD developed over two hundred weapons in addition to making contributions to the fields of medicine, physics, and chemistry, among others.\nIn the fall of 1944, President Roosevelt asked Bush to use his experience with the OSRD to make recommendations on government policies for combating disease, supporting research, developing scientific and technical talents and diffusing scientific information.  Bush's report, , issued in July 1945, drew upon studies made by eminent scientists, engineers, and educators, and made specific proposals for the consolidation and utilization of the nation's scientific skills.  Bush's treatise eventually led to the establishment of the National Science Foundation in 1947.\nAfter the war, Bush remained actively involved with governmental admin¬istration of scientific research.  In 1946, Bush served for a year as chairman of the Joint Research and Development Board of the War and Navy departments.  This Board was replaced by the Research and Development Board of the National Military Establishment and Bush continued as chairman until 1948. For two years, starting in 1953, Bush was a member of the National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee on Government-University Relationships.\nAfter his eighteen-year tenure in Washington, DC, Bush returned to Belmont, Massachusetts, and renewed his association with MIT.  In 1965 the Center for Materials and Engineering was named the Vannevar Bush Building to honor his service to MIT\n \nBush also renewed his interest in inventing when he returned to Massa¬chusetts.  He built a machine shop in the basement of his Belmont home and worked on hydraulic pumps and motors, free piston engines, and steam engines.  He developed medical devices such as a silicone rubber valve for the heart and a gold valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus.  His interests expanded into the development and testing of hydrofoil boats, as well.\n \nThe industrial aspects of science also concerned Bush.  From 1947 to 1962 he was a director of American Telephone and Telegraph.  In 1949 he became a member of the board of the pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. and served as chairman after 1957.  He was one of the founders and the executive chairman of the Graphic Arts Research Foundation.\nBush died at his home in Belmont on June 28, 1974, at the age of eighty-four.\nSee also Jerome Wiesner's biography of Vannevar Bush in , vol. 50, 1979."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nJosiah Vincent Meigs, 1840-1907, was an inventor, widely known for the Meigs Elevated Railway built in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the 1880s. Josiah Meigs was born and grew up in Tennessee, was an appretice to his brother James, an engineer; and also served in the Union Army before moving to Massachusetts in 1866."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor or creator of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe High Voltage Engineering Corporation (HVEC) was founded by Robert J. Van de Graaff, Denis M. Robinson, and John G. Trump for the production of particle accelerators. The company develops and manufactures particle accelerator systems, electric power regulators, surface analysis instruments, vehicle monitoring equipment, and modular power connectors. It started manufacturing operations in April 1947 and soon began supplying electrostatic generators used in cancer therapy, radiography, and studies of nuclear structure. By 1967 the corporation included four subsidiaries, Electronized Chemicals Corporation, Glass Grinding Corporation, HVE Europa The Netherlands, and Ion Physics Corporation."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nWilliam Hovgaard (1857-1950) graduated from the Naval Academy at Copenhagen in 1879 and from the Royal Naval College in Greenwich, England, in 1887.  He joined the staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1901 and was professor of naval design and construction until his retirement in 1933.  He was a consulting naval architect to many private companies and to several bureaus of the United States Department of the Navy. He also served as an expert witness in the investigations of the sinking of the Titanic and the Lusitania.\nWilliam Hovgaard was born in Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark, on November 28, 1857. He graduated from the Naval Academy in Copenhagen in 1879, at age 21, and was commissioned as sub-lieutenant in the Danish Navy.  In 1881 he was promoted to full lieutenant.  In 1882 Hovgaard was a crew member of the Danish Transit of Venus Expedition to St. Croix.\nIn 1883 Hovgaard entered the School of Naval Architecture at the Royal Naval College in Greenwich, England.  After graduating in 1887, he moved back to Denmark.  He was placed on technical duty in the Royal Dockyard at Copenhagen, where he served until 1895 as an instructor at the dockyard\'s School of Naval Architects and Engineers.  In 1895, he was appointed yard manager of the famous Danish shipyard of Burweister & Wain.  In 1897 he attained the rank of commander in the Danish navy, and in the following two years he took special courses in gunnery and torpedoes and made cruises in war vessels. During this time, he prepared a complete design of a submarine. Hovgaard later resigned his Danish naval commission in 1905.\nIn 1901 Hovgaard was appointed aide-de-camp to the Danish Minister of Marine, and was sent to the United States to study the newly relevant issue of submarines.  Later that year, Hovgaard joined the nascent MIT Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (Course XIII-A) as director and professor of naval design.  This was a graduate-level course, founded by Cecil H. Peabody, which was intended mainly (though not exclusively) for naval cadets. The courses Hovgaard most frequently taught were Warship Design, Theory of Warship Design, and History of Modern Warship Construction.\nHovgaard spent his early years at MIT helping to strengthen the Course in Naval Architecture.  He designed many of the exams given to undergraduate and doctoral students of naval architecture.  He also worked closely with several distinguished faculty members of Course XIII, including Cecil Peabody, Henry H. W. Keith, James R. Jack,  and Carl H. Clark. Hovgaard\'s work reinforced the connection between the Institute and the United States Navy, and many of his students went on to careers in naval architecture and design.  Among his most distinguished students were Jerome C. Hunsaker and future Rear Admiral Edward Ellsberg. \nIn 1915 Hovgaard was called to serve as an expert witness on behalf of the White Star Lines during the inquiry that followed the sinking of the HMS Titanic. Having already attained a high profile in his chosen field, he was awarded a gold medal by the British Institution of Naval Architects for his work on the ""Buoyancy and Stability of Submarines."" When World War I enveloped the US in 1917, Hovgaard took a leave of absence from the Institute and began technical duty at the War Department\'s Bureau of Construction and Repair, where he served until the end of the war in 1918, and with which he maintained close ties throughout his career.  In 1918 he served as expert witness and offered testimony in the Navy\'s inquest following the torpedoing of the SS .\nHovgaard was naturalized as a US citizen in 1919.  In addition to his naval expertise, he was by this time regarded as an authority on the subject of dirigibles and airship construction.  In 1922 he was appointed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics as a member of the special committee on the designs of the airships RS-1 and Shenandoah.\nIn 1924 he was appointed chairman of a newly formed exchange program between American and Scandinavian universities.  In 1925 he was commissioned by the Naval Court of Inquiry to study the aftermath of the crash of the airship Shenandoah, and he designed and constructed a replica keel of the airship in the MIT workshops, with MIT students.\nIn the years that followed, Hovgaard was as active outside the Institute as within it. In 1926 he was elected vice-president of the American Scandinavian Foundation, of which he had been a trustee since 1912.  In an article published in 1927 in the New York Times, Hovgaard proposed a barge-like ""seadrome,"" or anchored, floating relay platform for airplanes.  That same year, he was made a Knight Commander of Dennebroge by King Christian X of Denmark.\nNineteen twenty-nine was a particularly active year for Hovgaard.  He was appointed to the Department of Commerce\'s Committee on Ship Construction.  The Polyteknisk Laeranstalt in Copenhagen awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering.  Later in 1929 he became a full member of the National Academy of Sciences.  In 1930 he wrote the program notes for an exhibit at the MIT Nautical Museum entitled ""A Model of the Christianus Quintus: First Three-Decker in the Danish Navy."" In 1932 he was made a life member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.\nIn 1933, at age 76, Hovgaard retired from his position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and was appointed professor emeritus.  Henry E. Rossell succeeded him as head of Course XIII-A.  Hovgaard moved to Brooklyn, New York, where he was a consulting naval architect to the Bureau of Yards and Docks at the Navy Department, and to other private concerns, including the consulting firm of Gibbs & Cox.  He continued to be active as a scientist and naval authority for many years.  In 1934 he addressed the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston regarding ""Fundamentals of the Theory of Relativity,"" and later that year the Stevens Institute awarded him the title of Doctor of Engineering.  In 1935 he was selected to analyze and make recommendations to the Secretary of the Navy regarding the future design and construction of airships.  \nIn 1937 Hovgaard was honored at a luncheon at the Astor Hotel, under sponsorship of the American Society of Danish Engineers, the Danish Officers\' Club, and the Danish Luncheon Club. A letter read at the luncheon from a US naval official noted that 85 percent of the officers in the Navy\'s construction corps were Hovgaard\'s former students, and that every one of the Navy\'s ships currently docked at New York Harbor was constructed under the supervision of his former pupils.  Later in 1937 Hovgaard was appointed to the Navy\'s advisory board on plans for two new battleships.  Hovgaard\'s health was declining by the beginning of World War II, but he was still able to write a pamphlet called ""The United World,"" whose main premise was that the fundamental causes of war are of innate biological origin.  Karl T. Compton, MIT\'s president, wrote the foreword to the work.\nHovgaard died in January 1950, in Summit, New Jersey. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Historical note\nIn the fall semester 1960 Aldous Huxley was the Carnegie Visiting Professor of Humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He presented a series of lectures concerning history, language, and art under the title ""What a Piece of Work is a Man."" The lectures were presented by the MIT Department of Humanities as part of the Centennial Program of MIT.  Huxley finished the visiting professorship on November 21 but returned to MIT in April to participate with 100 other international leaders to take part in the formal celebration in April 1961 of the centennial of the founding of MIT, where he spoke on the ""Education on the Non-Verbal Level""."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nAlfred Lee Loomis, 1887-1975, A.B. in physics, 1909, Yale University; LL.B. 1912, Harvard Law School, was a member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Corporation from 1931 until his death in 1975. He established Loomis Laboratories in 1926 in Tuxedo Park, New York, to conduct independently financed research on a wide range of scientific topics. As chairman of the Microwave Committee of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), he was influential in establishing the government wartime radar research lab, the Radiation Laboratory, at MIT in 1940. During World War II he was Chief, National Defense Research Committee, Division 14, Radar. He was also a pioneer in the development of the LORAN navigational system. For his wartime achievements, he was awarded the US Medal of Merit and the King\'s Medal for Service from Great Britain. A lawyer, financier, and physicist, he devoted much of his life to science, serving as an advisor and benefactor to such institutions as MIT and the University of California at Berkeley. In 1940 he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences.\nAlvarez, Luis W. ""NAS Biographical Memoir of Alfred L. Loomis"". http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/alphabetical-listing/memoirs-l.html "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJames Watt, 1736-1819, was an engineer in England whose invention of a condensing vessel in 1765 led to an improved steam engine, which was patented in 1769. The unit of power, the watt, was named after him.\nMatthew Boulton, 1728-1809, was an engineer and also partner of James Watt in the development of the steam engine."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nAlice Bache Gould, 1868-1953, A.B. 1889, Bryn Mawr College, attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1889 to 1890; she also did graduate work at Newnham College, Cambridge University, and the University of Chicago in mathematics. She taught mathematics for a year at Carleton College in Minnesota, and during World War I, worked at the Naval Training School in Chicago. Gould also became interested in history, in particular that surrounding Christopher Columbus.  She lived for many years in Spain, conducting archival research on this topic.\nAlice Gould was born in Massachusetts, the daughter of Mary Apthorp Quincy and Benjamin Apthorp Gould. Benjamin Apthorp Gould was a well known astronomer. In 1942 she donated to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Library nearly 400 books and periodical volumes, chiefly in mathematics and astronomy most of which had belonged to her father.  A selection from that donation form the ""Gould Rare Book Collection"" which is held in the Institute Archives and Special Collections of the MIT Libraries. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nEdward Charles Pickering, 1846-1919, was a physicist and astronomer. He earned an B.S.degree in 1865, from the  Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, then joined the first instructing staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1866 as an assistant instructor in physics. At MIT he was then assistant professor of physics, 1867-1868, and Thayer Professor of Physics,  1868-1877.   From 1875 to 1877, he was also director and organizer of the Rogers Laboratory,the first laboratory for instruction in physics in the United States, a project initially proposed by MIT\'s founder, William Barton Rogers, in his ""Scope and Plan"" for the Institute.\nEdward Pickering was involved in many scientific activities, including expeditions to observe total sun eclipses. A complete description of his professional work can be found in the .  He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences at age 27.\nIn February 1877 Pickering moved to Harvard as the director of the Harvard College Astronomical Laboratory.  His research included photometric investigations of the magnitude of stars, visual, photovisual, and photographic.  Just before his death he completed the cataloging of every known star, about 220,000 stars, classified with special reference to their physical qualities as determined by their spectra.\nEdward Pickering was a founding member of the Appalachian Mountain Club in 1876, serving as its first president in 1877\n""Biographical Memoir of Edward Charles Pickering, 1846-1919"", by Solon I. Bailey,, Volume 15, 1932. The memoir includes a bibliography of Edward Pickering\'s scientific works (pages 179-189)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nWarren K. Lewis, 1882-1975, SB, 1905, MIT; PhD in chemistry, 1908, University of Breslau, Germany, became assistant professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1910 and professor of chemical engineering in 1914. From 1920 to1929 he served as the first head of the newly established Department of Chemical Engineering. He then returned full time to teaching and research.\nWarren K. Lewis played a significant role in establishing chemical engineering as an independent discipline. He collaborated with William H. Walker and W. H. McAdams in writing the textbook . After its publication in 1923 it became the standard for students of the field.\nLewis\'s research interests were many, but of particular significance is the development of new methods for refining petroleum. In the 1920s, as a consultant to Standard Oil of New Jersey, Lewis\'s work on fluidized powders and the control of their movement in a chamber led to the development of a process for producing high-octane fuels, a great advantage to Allied air power in World War II. During World War I, Lewis worked on gas defense with the Chemical Warfare Service and the Bureau of Mines. In World War II Lewis was a member of the National Defense Research Committee and an advisor to the Office of Production Research and Development. He also served as a member of the Senior Advisory Committee for the Manhattan Project. (1)\nFrom 1947 to 1949 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Warren K. Lewis chaired a committee appointed by the MIT faculty, the Committee on Educational Survey, to examine the  principles of education that had guided academic policy at MIT and determine if they were applicable to the new post-war world. This influential committee set in place organizational and curriculum changes that served as the standard for future Institute committees and review efforts. Lewis was so closely associated with the work of the committee that the committee\'s final report is known at MIT as the ""Lewis Report."" Lewis became professor emeritus in 1948 but continued teaching as a department lecturer. \nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology recognized his achievements by establishing the Warren K. Lewis Professorship of Chemical Engineering in 1969, and the Department of Chemical Engineering honored him by establishing in 1978 the annual Warren K. Lewis Lectureship which features speakers from industry and universities.\nWarren K. Lewis was born in Laurel, Delaware, where he attended local schools and then a year of high school in Newton, Massachusetts, before entering MIT in 1901. He married Rosalind Kenway in 1909. They had four children, Rosalind (Mrs. George McFarland), Mary (Mrs. Cherry Emerson), Warren K. Lewis, Jr., and H. Clay Lewis. Rosalind H. Williams, granddaughter of Warren K. and Rosalind D. Lewis, is the Bern Dibner Professor of the History of Science and Technology in the Program in Science, Technology, and Society at MIT. \n(1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, News Office Release, March 11, 1975"
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators.', ""Historical note\nSince its founding in 1861, Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been known for the caliber of its student body. The first students were enrolled at MIT in 1865 and graduated in 1868. MIT was first located in Back Bay Boston with a limited campus and no housing. In June 1916 the campus, including new dormitories, moved to Cambridge. Clubs and activities have occurred on both campuses.\nThis collection, assembled from donated materials by the staff of the Institute Archives, offers a glimpse of the social backdrop that has been as much a part of the knowledge gained by MIT students as the lessons learned in the classroom. It does not ignore the importance of academics at MIT; collection materials include items created for courses by students – be they  senior theses, exam diagrams, or course notes.\nWhile the whole of the diversity represented in MIT students' lives is difficult to document, these records show how student life has evolved at MIT and how student life retains some similarities through the years – from the effects of war on student activities and protests, to Spring Weekend festivities and entering class photos."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections.', 'Biography\nEllen Henrietta Swallow Richards, 1842-1911, attended Vassar College, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in 1870. Subsequently she applied for admission to MIT and in January 1871 became the first female student to attend MIT, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in 1873 in chemistry.  Also in 1873, she earned the degree of Master of Arts from Vassar College. In 1910, Smith College conferred the honorary degree Doctor of Science on Ellen Swallow Richards. \nIn 1875 she appealed to the Women\'s Education Association of Boston for help in establishing a laboratory at MIT for the instruction of women in chemistry. The Women\'s Laboratory opened in 1876 with Professor John M. Ordway in charge, assisted by Richards. She was Instructor in Chemistry and Mineralogy in the Women\'s Laboratory until it was closed in 1883 and instruction integrated fully into MIT laboratory work. Richards was then  appointed (1883/1884 MIT course catalog) Instructor in Chemistry and Mineralogy, her title changing the next year (1884/1885 MIT course catalog) to Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry, a position she held for the next twenty-seven years. From the 1910 MIT course catalog listings for the Department of Chemistry, she (at varied times) taught course 560, Technical Analysis; course 563 and 566, Water Analysis; course 567 Industrial Water Analysis; course 568 Water Supply and Wastes Disposal (chemistry of); course 569 Air Supply (chemistry of); and course 570 Air Examination. \nThe text of Ellen Swallow\'s 1873 MIT thesis ""Notes on some sulpharsenites and sulphantimonites from Colorado"" can be found at: http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/29221\nThe following obituary and tribute published in 1911 in the MIT alumni magazine,Technology Review, provides further details about her life and achievements.\nEllen Henrietta Richards, A.M., Sc.D.: A biographical sketch of her life—Her remarkable career and her many public activities\nThe death of Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, on the thirtieth of March, occasioned a sense of personal loss to an unusually large number of friends, acquaintances and co-laborers in widely different walks of life. For nearly forty years a participant in the work of the Institute of Technology, she had become a prominent and most active figure among its corps of instructors; her scientific work had gained for her a wide acquaintance among various scientific organizations, local and national; her social service and interest in all that pertained to the higher education of women and to the betterment of living conditions for all had made her a leader whom thousands had learned to respect and were glad to follow.\nMrs. Richards was born at Dunstable, Mass., in 1842, the daughter of Peter and Fanny G. Swallow. She entered Vassar College in due course and was graduated in 1870, having devoted much time to astronomy as a pupil of Prof. Maria Mitchell. She soon afterward connected herself with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, turned her attention to chemistry, and was graduated from that course in 1873, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. While the reasons for the selection of chemistry as a field for her later work are not accurately known, a memorandum which was apparently made by her indicates that it was because she felt that greater opportunities for effective service to her fellow beings were open in that than in other fields and this probably represented the first, and possibly unconscious, leaning toward public service which later manifested itself in so large a measure.\nThe marriage of Miss Ellen Swallow to Prof. Robert H. Richards, in 1875, marks the beginning of that mutually sympathetic and hospitable home life which has been generously shared with hundreds of Institute students and other friends for more than a quarter of a century.\nDuring the period from 1873 to 1884, Mrs. Richards was active in various fields. A part of her time was given to teaching, but much of it was devoted to the assistance of Profs. John M. Ordway and William Ripley Nichols. The former maintained an active practice as consulting expert in technical chemistry, while the latter had gained an enviable reputation as an authority in matters of water supplies. It was also during this period that the Women\'s Laboratory was established to afford better opportunities for the scientific education of women. It was housed in a portion of a one-story structure located between the present sites of the Rogers and Walker Buildings, and later removed when the Walker Building was erected. This laboratory was established largely through the instrumentality of Mrs. Richards in enlisting the financial support necessary for it, hers was the guiding hand in its management, and hers the leading spirit in this, as in other subsequent movements of similar import.\nHer association with Professor Ordway laid the foundation for her later service (1884-1894) as chemist to the Manufacturers Mutual Fire Insurance Co., in which she did much interesting work bearing upon the danger from spontaneous combustion of various oils in commercial use. It also gave her an appreciation of technical problems which added much to her efficiency as a teacher. Her work in sanitary chemistry with Professor Nichols was destined to be of still more significance, for, in 1887, the State Board of Health of Massachusetts began a comprehensive survey of the water supplies of the State which involved a series of problems for the solution of which she was especially well prepared. This work was under the immediate supervision of Dr. Thomas M. Drown, but the success of the undertaking, now a classic of its kind, was in no small measure due to the enthusiasm, energy, experience and insight with which Mrs. Richards threw herself into the work of devising methods, recording results and organizing assistance. Over twenty thousand samples of water were examined under her supervision, a record never approximated before that time, the results of which made possible generalizations of lasting value, not only to this community, but to the world. Mrs. Richards was chemist to the Board of Health from 1872 to 1875 and water analyst from 1887 to 1897.\nMrs. Richards also found time to take an intelligent and helpful interest in the professional work of Professor Richards and some of her earliest published work associated itself with the mineral industries. She was elected to membership in the American Institute of Mining Engineers, a distinction conferred upon only one other woman. She received the degree of Master of Arts from Vassar College in 1873, and her large circle of friends was greatly pleased by the deserved recognition on the part of Smith College in the conferring upon her of the honorary degree of Doctor of Science, in 1910. She was also for many years a member of the Board of Trustees of Vassar College.\nIn 1884 Mrs. Richards was appointed instructor in Sanitary Chemistry at the Institute of Technology, a position which she held at the time of her death. For many years she directed the entire instruction in the chemistry of air, water and foods, for chemists, biologists and sanitary engineers, and only relinquished the chemistry of food supplies when the pressure of other affairs made this necessary. Her service as an instructor was helpful and inspiring, and the extent of her personal and financial sacrifice for her pupils and for the increase of the effectiveness of her laboratory will probably never be adequately known or appreciated. She also maintained an extensive private practice in sanitary chemistry for many years and acted in an advisory capacity for a very large number of public and private institutions. Her publications relating to sanitation have been numerous and varied, and she maintained active membership in, and participated in the meetings of local and national societies dealing with water supplies and public health problems.\nAll of this would seem a sufficient achievement for even a busy life, but there still remains what may possibly be regarded as the most important aspects of Mrs. Richards\' life work, namely, her leadership in matters pertaining to home economics and to the education of women. Preeminently a successful organizer, she gave more and more time and attention in recent years to problems relating to the conservation of human life and energies and the uplift of her fellow beings. With extraordinary energy and tireless activity, she traveled from one end of the country to the other, lecturing, teaching and, when necessary, pleading in behalf of the causes which were so dear to her. In this work she was highly successful, not only in the attainment of immediate benefits, but in the inspiration of others to foster and continue the enterprises which she inaugurated. It is gratifying to note that plans are already on foot to bring together a memorial fund to be known as the Ellen H. Richards Research Fund, the proceeds to be used for the promotion of advanced work in Sanitary Chemistry, in recognition of her labor and self-sacrifice. Her writings upon household economics and kindred topics include numerous books of recognized value, a large number of papers read before gatherings of the most varied character, and many magazine articles.\nHer death occurred at her home at Jamaica Plain, after a brief illness. She literally spent the last remnants of her strength in public service, never fully recovering from the strain of her last public speech in behalf of better standards of living.\nA powerful leader, a wise teacher, a tireless worker, of sane and kindly judgment, Mrs. Richards has taught and inspired thousands to carry forward the movements which she has inaugurated. Her associates and co-laborers necessarily mourn their loss and miss her leadership, but they will best express their appreciation of her life and its far-reaching influence by increased activity in behalf of those phases of human progress and betterment for which she sacrificed herself so freely.\nH. P. TALBOT, \'85. \nTechnology Review 13, pp. 365-373."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to material is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to materials in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to materials in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries.', 'Conditions Governing Use note: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nDorothy Elizabeth Leaman Bowe was born  December 1, 1930 in Townsend, Massachusetts.  She attended the Fay School of Boston (1948-1949).  Following a year as secretary for the Peter Gray Corporation in Cambridge, she came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in May 1950 as a secretary to professor John T. Norton in the Department of Metallurgy.  Her duties included administering the graduate student program in the department.  She also assisted professor Carle R. Hayward in the preparation of his book Outline of Metallurgical Practice.\nIn 1964 Bowe transferred to the office of the Dean for Student Affairs, Kenneth R Wadleigh, to work on two new programs: the Foreign Student Program and also a Women's Program.  The Women's Program reviewed the status of women students at the Institute and advised the MIT administration on all matters that affected them.  Bowe assisted the first director of the program, Associate Dean Jacquelyn Mattfeld, and her successor, Associate Dean Emily L. Wick, who took over the program in 1965.\nIn 1969 Bowe was promoted to Assistant to the Dean for Student Affairs.  Her area of responsibility included the newly reorganized Premedical Advisory Program, which advised and assisted MIT students, both male and female, who were considering careers in medicine.  In 1971 she joined the Student Financial Aid Office as Assistant Director, and became Associate Director in 1974.\nBowe's interest in and commitment to the life and role of women at MIT was fostered by her work with the Women's Program and her personal experiences as an employee at MIT.  Her involvement went beyond the scope of her actual position, and she provided a focal point for women in many areas, such as athletics, where she was the first woman to serve as a member of the Athletic Advisory Board.  \nDorothy Bowe married Gerald J. Bowe in June 1953.  She retired from MIT in December 1986, but continued to serve as a director of the MIT Quarter Century Club and as an advisor to the Women's Independent Living Group."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however it is not processed.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however it is not yet fully processed, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) records is governed by Institute record policy. In addition, the records of Sea Education Association, Inc. (SEA) are restricted for 50 years from the date of creation.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nRobert Channing Seamans, Jr. was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on October 30, 1918, son of Robert C. and Pauline Seamans. After attending the Lenox School in Lenox, Massachusetts, where he took a special interest in physics and math, he entered Harvard College in 1936. At Harvard he studied engineering sciences and became interested in aeronautical engineering. Rheumatic fever required him to curtail his athletic activities, but the time thereby gained allowed him to accelerate his academic program. He completed the requirements for the BS in 1939 and graduated with the class of 1940.\nRobert Seamans pursued his interest in aeronautical engineering at MIT and received the SM from the Department of Aeronautical Engineering in 1942. Throughout World War II he performed classified research in the Institute\'s confidential Instrument Development Laboratory (Instrumentation Lab). His research in this period included aircraft vibration studies and development of the A-1 Bomb Gunsights. His first teaching experience came as an assistant to Charles Stark (Doc) Draper in a graduate course on basic instrumentation, Aeronautical Engineering 16.41, in the fall of 1942. He continued his graduate work at MIT and was awarded the Doctor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in 1951 for his thesis entitled ""Comparison of Automatic Tracking Systems for Interceptor Aircraft,"" supervised by Draper. He continued to hold teaching and research positions at the Institute until 1955. Among the courses he taught were Aeronautical Engineering 16.40, Automatic Control Equipment for Aircraft, and 16.60, Advanced Aeronautical Problems.\nIn 1955 Robert Seamans joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). He was chief engineer of the Missile Electronics and Control Division in Burlington, Massachusetts, from 1958 to 1960.\nIn 1960 the fledgling National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was seeking an associate administrator. Robert Seamans\' reputation as an effective manager and as an engineer with expertise in advanced weapons systems came to the attention of NASA, which persuaded him to move with his family to Washington, DC. Dr. Seamans became associate administrator of NASA in September 1960, and was deputy administrator from December 1965 until his retirement from the agency in January 1968. In effect, he was ""general manager"" of NASA, coordinating the national space program and ensuring that all approved projects moved ahead as quickly as possible. His opinion that the United States could, by mobilizing resources, put a man on the moon by 1970 was an important factor in the decision to proceed with the Apollo program. Throughout this period he often represented NASA at congressional hearings.\nDr. Seamans returned to MIT as a visiting professor in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics for the spring 1968 semester. The following year he became the Jerome Clarke Hunsaker Professor in the same department.\nEarly in 1969 President Nixon appointed Robert Seamans secretary of the Air Force (USAF). He held this post from February 1969 to May 1973, a period of intense controversy and domestic turbulence over US policies, including bombing policies, in the conduct of the war in Vietnam.\nSoon after his resignation as secretary of the USAF, Robert Seamans was elected president of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). He served in that capacity from May 1973 until his appointment in December 1974 as administrator of the new Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). As head of ERDA, Dr. Seamans urged exploration of alternative sources of energy and international cooperation in research and development.\nWhen President Ford left the White House in January 1977, Robert Seamans returned to private life in Massachusetts. From July 1977 to June 1984 he served as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Environmental and Public Policy at MIT\'s Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. Concurrently, he was dean of the School of Engineering at the Institute from July 1978 until September 1981. Following his retirement in June 1984, he became senior lecturer in the Institute\'s Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Robert Seamans was appointed chairman of the National Research Council Committee on the Space Station (COSS) in 1986, and served as an advisor to the NASA Advisory Committee on the Future of the US Space Program in 1990.\nRobert Seamans received many awards and honorary degrees and wrote many articles. Articles published before 1960 focus on aeronautical engineering; those published in 1960 or later address policy issues. He belonged to many professional societies and clubs and served on the boards of Aerospace Corporation (chairman), the Alliance to Save Energy, the Boston Museum of Science, the Carnegie Institution, Combustion Engineering, Draper Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, the MIT Energy Laboratory (chairman of the Advisory Board), the NASA Alumni League, the National Geographic Society, the Putnam Funds, Sea Education Association, Inc. (SEA), the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and other organizations. He was for many years an active member of the Protestant Episcopal Church.\nRobert Seamans married Eugenia A. Merrill (Gene) in 1942, and they had five children. Robert Seamans died on June 28, 2008, at the age of 89."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy. Portions of the papers are restricted for 75 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography \nJerome Y. Lettvin was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1920.  He attended the Lewis Institute (later  the Illinois Institute of Technology), 1936-1938, and the University of Chicago, 1938-1939. He received the BS and MD from the University of Illinois Medical School, which he attended from 1939 to1943.\nLettvin was an intern at the Harvard Nerve Service at Boston City Hospital from 1943 to 1944.  From 1944 to 1946 he served in the military as a neurologist at Crile General Hospital and was Head of Neuropsychiatry at the 237th General Hospital.  From 1947 to 1948 he worked on the Motion Sickness Project in the Psychology Department at the University of Rochester.  He was Senior Psychiatrist at Manteno State Hospital in Illinois from 1948 to 1951.\nLettvin came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1951, joining the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE).  In 1961 he became an associate professor and in 1961, a full professor with a joint appointment in the Departments of Biology and Electrical Engineering.  In 1976 he became Co-director of the Concourse Program for Freshmen (a program emphasizing the interrelationship of ideas and techniques from science, social science, humanities, and engineering).\nWhile at MIT, Lettvin was also a consultant for the Boston Psychopathic Hospital and Beth Israel Hospital.  He was a Lecturer on Neurology at Harvard Medical School. \nLettvin \'s research interests were multifarious, but one of the key threads running through his career was an interest in the transmission of impulses through nerve fibers in the brain. His work on vision has had a profound impact on the fields of neuroscience, physiology and cognition.\nMargaret Lettvin (nee Brady), Lettvin \'s wife, was a lecturer in MIT\'s Athletic Department and had a Public Television fitness show called ""Maggie and the Beautiful Machine.""  The Lettvins were faculty residents at Bexley Hall from 1974 to 1980.\nJerome Lettvin died on April 23, 2011."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nGordon Stanley Brown, 1907-1996, diploma in mechanical and electrical engineering, 1925, Royal Melbourne Technical School, Australia; S.B. 1931, S.M. 1934, Sc.D. 1938, all in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was an engineer with the State Electricity Commission in Victoria, Australia, from 1926 to 1929, when he came to MIT. After several years as an instructor, he became a member of the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering in 1939. He was assistant professor, 1939-1941, and associate professor, 1941-1946; he was made professor in 1946, Dugald C. Jackson Professor of Engineering in 1968, and Institute Professor in 1973. He was head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, 1952-1959, and dean of the School of Engineering, 1959-1968. He retired in 1974 as Institute Professor emeritus.\nIn 1939 Brown established the Servomechanisms Laboratory at MIT and served as its director until 1952. The laboratory's research included work that led to the Whirlwind Digital Computer, as well as the numerical control of machine tools and the development of the Automatically Programmed Tool System. During World War II Brown was consultant to the Fire Control Department of the Sperry Gyroscope Company, and from 1942 to 1944 he was War Department Consultant to the Fire Control Design Section of the Frankford Arsenal.\nDuring his tenure as dean of the School of Engineering, he played an important part in the establishment of the Center for Materials Science and Engineering, the Center for Advanced Engineering Study, the Information Processing Services Center, and in Project Intrex. During the 1960s and 1970s, when MIT instituted several programs to assist developing nations to establish technological education and research institutions, Brown was an advisor on administrative and educational issues to institutions including the Birla Institute of Technology and Science in India, the Technical University of Berlin, the Ayra-Mehr University of Technology in Iran, and the University of Singapore.\nBrown was a student of Vannevar Bush, Harold Hazen, and Norbert Wiener, and the subject of his doctoral thesis was the Cinema Integraph, one of the precursors to the analog computer. He continued to work in the field of computers and automation and made contributions in feedback controls, specifically for guns, radar, and industrial processes."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed. Use of some audiomaterials may require production of listening copies.', 'Biography\nHarold ""Doc"" Eugene Edgerton, 1903-1990, BS 1926, University of Nebraska; SM 1927 and ScD 1931 in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),  was professor of electrical engineering at MIT, 1928-1966; Institute Professor, 1966-1968; and Institute Professor emeritus, 1968-1990. Edgerton perfected the stroboscope and developed photographic techniques that allowed very rapid events to be observed and captured on film. He also developed techniques for underwater exploration, using sonar devices and flash photography, and participated in many oceanographic and archaeological expeditions. During World War II he designed a strobe lamp for nighttime aerial reconnaissance photography for the US Army Air Force and directed its use in Italy, England, and France. In 1947, with Kenneth J. Germeshausen and Herbert E. Grier, former students, he formed Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier, Inc. (EG&G,Inc.), a company specializing in electronic technology. In 1953 he began a long association with French underwater explorer Jacques Yves Cousteau, accompanying him on numerous expeditions and designing various devices for underwater photography and exploration."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\n\nCarroll Louis Wilson was born in Rochester, New York, on September 21, 1910, the son of Louis William and Edna Carroll Wilson. Except for a brief stay in 1926 at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, he attended the public schools of Rochester and graduated from Monroe High School in 1928. That same year he enrolled at MIT and received the bachelor of science degree in Management in 1932. He married Mary Bishoff on April 1, 1937, and the couple had four children. He died on January 12, 1983, at the age of 72.\n\nFollowing his graduation from MIT, Wilson was appointed assistant to Karl Taylor Compton, the president of the Institute. During the next five years, he worked closely with Compton and Vannevar Bush, who was vice president and dean of engineering, in the reorganization and expansion of the Institute. Wilson also helped them with their work for the federal government including the Science Advisory Board and the committee on patent policy of the National Research Council.\nIn 1936, as special advisor to Bush, Wilson developed a procedure for the administration of MIT patents by the non-profit Research Corporation of New York. Still at MIT, he worked for the Research Corporation from March 1937 to June 1940, organizing and directing the division which handled patents for a number of educational and scientific institutions.\nAs the nation headed toward war in June of 1940, Bush organized the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), a civilian organization of scientists and engineers reporting to the President of the United States, for the development of new weapons. As assistant to the Committee, Wilson helped organize the Radiation Laboratory at MIT and took charge of scientific and technical liaison with Great Britain and Canada. In the early months of 1941 he went to London with James B. Conant, a member of the Committee, to establish an NDRC office there. In 1942 NDRC was placed under the newly created Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), the major science and technology agency of the war, and Bush was named its director. Wilson, as his executive assistant, continued to supervise liaison with Britain.\nIn November 1945, Wilson was granted leave from OSRD to consult with the State Department on atomic energy matters, and a few months later he became secretary to their Board of Consultants. Under the chairmanship of David Lilienthal, the Board formulated the , subsequently known as the ""Acheson-Lilienthal Report,"" which became the basis of the U.S. proposals to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission when it was created in June 1946.\nWilson spent several months as vice president and director of the National Research Corporation in Boston until October 1946 when he was appointed consultant to the newly created U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Two months later, President Harry Truman appointed him the first general manager of the Commission, a post he held from January 1947 to June 1950. As general manager, Wilson took a leading part in establishing the civilian-manned national energy program and represented the Commission in its associations with contractors, the U.S. Congress, the Defense Department, and foreign governments. Dissatisfaction with Gordon E. Dean, appointed chairman of the Commission in 1950, led Wilson to resign in June of that year.\nCarroll Wilson spent the next nine years in private companies involved in uranium mining and the manufacture of nuclear fuels for submarines. From 1951 to 1954 he was president of Climax Uranium Company and director of industrial development of the parent company, Climax Moylbdenum Company. In July 1954 Wilson left Climax to become a vice president and general manager of the Metals and Controls Corporation in Attleboro, Massachusetts. He resigned in 1959 when the company merged with Texas Instruments.\nIn 1959 Wilson returned to MIT as a lecturer in the Sloan School of Management, helping to direct and teach the Public Policy seminar program. In 1960 he was promoted to visiting professor, in 1961 to full professor, and in 1974 he was appointed Mitsui Professor in Problems of Contemporary Technology. Although he officially resigned from the Institute in 1976, he continued as a senior lecturer and Mitsui Professor until his death in 1983.\n\nBeginning in 1959 when he left private industry, Wilson\'s interests and talents led him to undertake numerous, concurrent projects. The role of science and technology in U.S. foreign policy and in the economic development of Third World countries, the relationship between developed and emerging countries, and global energy and environmental problems were concerns running through his activities in these years.\nIn 1951 Wilson became a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and participated in study groups on Emerging Problems of U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa (1953 to 1954) and Nuclear Weapons and U.S. Foreign Policy (1954 to 1956). From 1962 to 1964 he chaired a study group on Science and Technology in U.S. Foreign Policy.\nStimulated by a Council on Foreign Relations trip to Africa, Wilson created the MIT Fellows in Africa program in 1961, funded by the Ford Foundation. The Fellows helped to fill managerial positions in the new African states left open by the departing British until they could be replaced by African university graduates. He initiated a similar program in Latin America in 1965 and directed both until they were closed down in 1967.\nCarroll Wilson also took a leading part in the establishment of the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi. The laboratory was founded in 1969 with the broad objective of producing species-specific, biodegradable pesticides.\nFrom 1964 to 1971 Wilson was a member of the United Nations Advisory Committee to the Economic and Social Council on the Application of Science and Technology for Development (ACAST), which addressed the problems and goals of Third World nations.\nHe was a member of the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) from 1961 to 1970. As the U.S. delegate and chairman of the OECD Committee for Research Cooperation, Wilson helped to initiate cooperative programs among neighboring nations on common environmental problems including toxic chemical trade and packaging, water pollution, transfrontier movement of sulphur dioxide and acid rain, and sonic booms.\nThe Economic Policy Council of the United Nations was formed in 1976 to examine international economic issues of joint interest to industrial and developing countries. During the six years of the Council\'s operation, Wilson served on four panels: the Monetary and Capital Formation Flow Panel, the Energy and Jobs Panel, the North American Economic Area Panel, and the U.S. Policies Towards the International Financial Institutions Panel.\nWilson was a member of the Trilateral Commission from its establishment in 1973. It was founded to provide a forum in which non-governmental leaders from the U.S., Western Europe, and Japan could encourage cooperation among their governments on common problems.\nBefore the first U.N. Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm in 1972, Wilson, as an advisor, was charged with identifying critical global environmental problems to be considered at the conference. He therefore organized and directed the Summer Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) in July 1970. Forty people from many disciplines came to Williamstown, Massachusetts, to evaluate existing knowledge about global environmental conditions and priorities for research needed to fill in the gaps. Debate about the SCEP findings on climate led to a second study the following summer in Stockholm. Thirty-five atmospheric scientists from fifteen countries participated in the Summer Study of Man\'s Impact on Climate (SMIC). The reports of these groups were presented to the Preparatory Committee and the Secretary General of the U.N. Environmental Conference. In addition to advising on the conference, Wilson served as advisor to the executive director of the U.N. Environment Programme, specifically on energy and the outer limits of global capacities.\nEarly in 1973 Wilson delivered the Elihu Root lectures at the Council on Foreign Relations. The second of the lectures, ""A Plan for Energy Independence for the U.S.,"" formed the basis for the lead article in the July issue of . The third lecture described a process for making global assessments to handle the urgent problems of the world. To demonstrate the process, Wilson enlisted thirty-five leaders from fifteen countries to study global energy prospects to the years 1985 and 2000. After two and a half years of intensive work, the workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies (WAES) released its report entitled  (New York: McGraw Hill, 1977).\nAs a result of the WAES conclusions on the need for alternative fuels by the early 1980s, Wilson organized the World Coal Study (WOCOL), engaging industrial and governmental leaders from sixteen countries. Their final report was used for the planning of the Venice Summit in June 1980 and the International Agency of the OECD and its Coal Industry Advisory Board.\nBetween 1959 and 1983 Wilson was involved in other environmental projects and organizations: he was a member of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, serving as an advisor to the director and a member of the Board of Trustees; he was a member of the Board of Directors of the Bolton Institute for Sustainable Growth and collaborated on a seminar held yearly at MIT from 1972 to 1976 on Strategies for Sustainable Growth; from 1972 to 1981 he was a member of the Club of Rome, an international forum for debate on global problems; as a member of the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans, organized in 1973 by Nelson Rockefeller, he served on two panels: ""Energy and its Relationship to Ecology, Economics and World Stability"" and ""Food, Health, World Population and the Quality of Life""; from 1973 to 1975 he was associated with the Centre for Educational and International Management (CEI) in Geneva, organizing and advising a project on professional education for environmental management--a project carried out concurrently at MIT; and in 1977 when President Carter directed the Council on Environmental Quality to make a study of probable environmental changes through the end of the century, Wilson advised the project in areas of climate and energy.\nIn the fall of 1981, under the auspices of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Wilson initiated another international, cross-disciplinary study. The European Security Study (ESECS) addressed the question: How can NATO improve its conventional capacity so as to enhance its deterrent to aggression and lessen its dependence on possible early use of nuclear weapons? Wilson died before the project\'s completion, but the study was concluded and the final report published in 1983. The report is entitled  and is available in the Institute Archives.\n\nCarroll Wilson received two honorary doctorate degrees, an Sc.D. from Williams College in 1947 and an Eng.D. in 1976 from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. In 1948 President Harry Truman awarded him the Medal for Merit honoring his contributions from 1940 to 1946 to the war effort at the Office of Scientific Research and Development. In the same year the British Government named Wilson an Honorary Officer of the Civil Division of the order of the British Empire in recognition of his ""valuable services in the Allied cause."" And in 1981 he was awarded the John and Alice Tyler Ecology/Energy Prize for his work on world environment and energy studies."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nJohn Ely Burchard, MIT\'s first dean of the School of Humanities and Social Science, was widely known as an authority on architecture and cities. \nBurchard was born in Marshall, Minn., in 1898. After two and a half years at the College of Liberal Arts of the University of Minnesota, his education was interrupted by service with the U.S. Army Medical Corps, American Expeditionary Forces, until 1919. He graduated from MIT with the degree of Bachelor of Science in architectural engineering in 1923, and received the degree of Master of Science in 1925. While a graduate student, Burchard was assistant to the head of MIT\'s Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering. He also served as a part-time instructor in English from 1924 to 1925; in architecture, from 1926 to 1930; and wrote for the BOSTON EVENING TRANSCRIPT and the BOSTON GLOBE.\nUpon completion of his graduate work, Burchard joined the staff of Bemis Industries, Inc., and during a period of thirteen years became director of research, vice president, and a member of the board of directors of that corporation and of its subsidiary, Housing Company. It was during this period that he became well known for his work in housing. In 1938 he returned to the Institute as director of the Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation, with the rank of professor.\nFrom 1940 to 1945, Burchard was on leave of absence from the Institute for war work. He served progressively as executive officer of a committee of the National Research Council; chief of one of the eighteen divisions of the National Defense Research Committee; chairman of the two ad hoc committees engaged in studying the problems of navigation and of demolition of obstacles to landing operations in preparation for the great amphibious operations which marked the last phase of the war; and deputy chief of the Office of Field Services.\nHe was chairman of the Joint Army-Navy-OSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Development) Committee on Scientific Information Policy and of the OSRD Publications Committee, and a member of the Committee on Conservation of Cultural Resources of the National Resources Planning Board. As part of his war work Burchard headed four military scientific missions to theaters of operation which included the United Kingdom, the Caribbean, the Central Pacific, and Germany. In recognition of his war efforts he was awarded the Medal for Merit, the nation\'s highest civilian award, by President Truman in February 1948.\nBurchard returned from war work in 1946 to take up interim duties as Director of Libraries at MIT, a post to which he was appointed in 1944. During his term of office, plans were consummated for the construction of the Charles Hayden Memorial Library. He served as a member of the National Cooperative Committee on Library Building Plans which, under a Rockefeller Foundation grant, prepared a monograph, PLANNING THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BUILDING, published by the Princeton University Press in 1949. He was chairman of the subcommittee of three charged with producing this monograph.\nJohn Burchard was the first dean of the MIT School of Humanities and Social Studies (later Humanities and Social Science), which was founded in 1950. During his administration the school grew enormously in size, influence and reputation. The Center for International Studies was established and strong graduate programs were developed in political science, philosophy, psychology and linguistics, added to the existing program in economics. Burchard was responsible for the initiation of Course XXI, in which students major in humanities or social sciences in combination with science or engineering. He inaugurated the unique ""Humanities in French"" courses offered to qualified underclassmen. The music program came to maturity and a new dramatic program was organized.\nBurchard was general chairman of the Convocation of Social Implications of Scientific Programs, which was held at the Institute in April 1949 and addressed by the late Sir Winston Churchill, and edited MID-CENTURY: THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. He contributed a chapter called ""Technology and Personality"" to the book RELIGIOUS FAITH AND WORLD CULTURE, a symposium for the Church Peace Union (Prentice Hall, Inc., 1951); and gave the 1953 Canadian Hazen Lectures, ""The Dilemmas of General Education,"" distributed by The Hazen Foundation. He contributed a chapter to BRAINPOWER QUESTtitle> (Macmillan, 1957) and a chapter ""The Urban Aesthetic"" to the November 1957 issue of the . He was author of the chapter, ""The Meaning of Architecture"" in  (University of Notre Dame Press, 1958). In 1960 he contributed a chapter to  (McGraw Hill), edited by Lyman Bryson. He was consulting editor on architecture of the , member of the editorial board of , and consulting editor of   (1958-61).\nAfter his retirement as dean in 1964, Burchard devoted much of his time to consulting on large urban developments and to studies in architectural history. He was also a visiting professor at the University of California (Berkeley) and head of the Department of Design in the College of Environmental Design there.\nIn addition, Burchard wrote extensively, both for domestic and foreign periodicals, on housing, library planning, architecture, and educational and cultural subjects. He was co author with Lincoln Thiesmeyer of Combat Scientists and editor of Rockets, Guns and Targets, both of which were in the series dealing with the official history of OSRD; co-author with Albert Farwell Bemis of ; and author of  . With Professor Albert Bush Brown he wrote a comprehensive history of American architecture,  (Atlantic Little, Brown) and with Oscar Handlin  (MIT Press).\nBurchard was a member of the Board of Trustees, Mount Holyoke College (1951-1961); the Board of Trustees of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1957-1960); the Advisory Board of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (some of the time chairman), Kings Point, New York (1953-1960); principal consultant to the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Chicago (1955-1960); and chairman of the MIT Press Board (1946-1964). He was general chairman of the MIT Centennial observances in 1961.\nHe was awarded insignia of the Ordre des Arts et Lettres (Officier) by the Government of France in 1964 and honorary degrees by Union College, Schenectady, New York, and the University of Michigan.  He was a member at large of the American Council of Learned Societies (1951-1955) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (vice president 1953; president 1954, 1955 and 1956).\nHe was a member of the panel on Science and Engineering Education of the President\'s Science Advisory Committee, which prepared the report issued by the White House on May 24, 1959, entitled ""Education for the Age of Science""; and he was a member of the Commission on Instruction and Evaluation of the American Council on Education. In 1960 he was one of four American delegates to a Conference in Japan on ""Science and Modern Civilization."" 1966.\nJohn Burchard was married to Marjorie Walker Gaines, a graduate of Smith College. They had two sons, John Ely Burchard, Jr., and Marshall Gaines Burchard.\nBurchard died in 1975."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nMarvin Lee Manheim, 1937-2000 , SB in civil engineering, 1959, PhD in transportation and urban planning, 1964, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was appointed assistant professor in 1964, associate professor in 1968, and professor in 1972 in the Transportation Systems Division of the MIT Department of Civil Engineering. He founded the consulting company Cambridge Systematics, a private transportation consulting firm, in 1971. In 1983, Manheim took a position at Northwestern University as the William A. Patterson professor of transportation. An early researcher in information technology, he helped develop the field of transportation systems analysis."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nDorothy Walcott Weeks, 1893-1990, BA 1916, Wellesley College; MS in physics, 1923, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; MS 1925, Simmons College; PhD in mathematics, 1930, MIT, was a professor and head of the physics department at Wilson College in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, from 1930 to 1956.  From 1956 to 1964 she worked at the Army Materials Research Agency in Watertown, Massachusetts, where she coordinated a program that developed radiological shielding materials. From 1964 to 1976, she was a spectroscopist at the Harvard College Observatory."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography \nHenry Garrett Houghton, 1905-1987, BS 1926, Drexel Institute of Technology; SM in electrical engineering, 1927, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was a member of the research staff at MIT's Round Hill Research Station from 1928 to 1938, where his work on the physical properties of fog led to the development of one of the first practical methods of dissipating fog. He became a faculty member at MIT in 1939, associate professor and executive officer of the Department of Meteorology in 1942, and professor and head of the department in 1945, serving until his retirement in 1970.  The Henry G. Houghton Lecture program of the MIT Department of Earth, Planetary, and Atmospheric Sciences is named in his honor.\nDuring World War II Houghton trained weather personnel for the Army and Navy and was a member of several committees working on infrared and heat radiation and meteorological and de-icing problems.  He also was active in the American Meteorology Society and served as the first chairman of the University Committee on Atmospheric Research, UCAR (now University Corporation on Atmospheric Research). "
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', ""Biography\nJulius Adams Stratton, 1901-1994, earned an S.B. 1923 and S.M. 1926 in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the Sc.D. in mathematical physics in 1928, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland.  He was a research assistant in the Department of Electrical Engineering at MIT from 1924 to 1926 and joined the faculty of that department in 1928 as Assistant Professor of Electricity and Magnetism.  In 1930 he transferred to the MIT Department of Physics where he became associate professor in 1935 and full professor in 1941. At the end of World War II, he transitioned the war time Radiation Laboratory to a new interdisciplinary Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT, serving as it's first director. He was a member of the 1947 Committee on Educational Survey (Lewis Committee) to review the state of education at the Institute; one of the recommendations of the committee led to the creation in 1950 of the School of Humanities and Social Science. \nStatton was appointed as MIT's first provost in 1949 and received a concurrent appointment of vice president from 1951 to 1956, chancellor in 1956, and acting president in 1957 before serving as the 11th president of MIT, 1959 to 1966. At his retirement in 1966, at the then mandatory retirement age of 65, he was elected a life member of the MIT Corporation. \nFrom MIT Stratton moved the Ford Foundation. A trustee of the Ford Foundation, 1955-1971, he served as its chairman from 1966 to 1971. Returning to MIT after the Ford Foundation, Stratton explored the early history of the founding of MIT,planning and writing a history later published as. \nDuring World War II,  Stratton was a research member of the MIT-based Radiation Laboratory, where he worked on the development of LORAN (Long Range Navigation). In 1942 he was assigned to Washington as Expert Consultant to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. In this post he chaired committees to improve the effectiveness of all-weather flying systems and ground radar, fire control, and radar bombing equipment. He also helped plan the use of radar in the Normandy invasion.  In 1946 he was awarded the United States Medal for Merit in recognition of his services. Later in 1967 during the administration of president Lyndon Johnson he was appointed by the president as the chairman of a new Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources. The landmark report of the commission  led to the establishment of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by Institute record policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biography\nAlvin W. Drake, 1935-2005, SB, SM 1958, EE 1961, ScD 1962, Masssachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), began his teaching career at MIT as an instructor in electrical engineering in 1960. He served as associate director of the Operations Research Center (ORC) from 1966 to 1977 and was promoted to full professor in 1973. In 1991, Drake received the School of Engineering's Amar Bose Award for excellence in teaching, and in 1995 he was appointed Ford Professor of Engineering. With the exception of service in the US Army Signal Corps (1962-1964) and sabbaticals at Harvard and Berkeley, Drake taught continuously until his retirement at the end of 1996. In his later years at MIT, he worked with students in the Engineering Systems Division (ESD) and in the Leaders for Manufacturing Program (LFM). \nDrake focused his research on decision analysis, applied probability, applications of operations research to public systems, and blood and organ banking, and he launched MIT and the ORC into the analysis of public systems. One of his best-known courses at MIT was Probabilistic Systems Analysis (6.041). Drake is the author of one book,  (1967), and the co-author of a second book,  (1982)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, access to MIT records is governed by the Institute Records Access Policy.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nJames Rhyne Killian, 1904-1988, S.B. in management, 1926, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), remained at MIT as assistant managing editor, then managing editor, of , the magazine of the Alumni Association; he was editor from 1930 to 1939, and helped found the Technology Press, now the MIT Press. In 1939 he became executive assistant to MIT president Karl T. Compton. During World War II, when Compton was involved with the National Defense Research Committee, Killian acted as Compton\'s surrogate in directing the operation of MIT, which was also heavily involved in wartime research and development. Killian was appointed executive vice president in 1943, and vice president and member of the MIT Corporation in 1945. He became the 10th president of MIT in 1948 and served until 1959; he then served as chairman of the MIT Corporation, 1959-1971.\nAs special assistant for science and technology to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957-1959, Killian formed the President\'s Scientific Advisory Committee (PSAC) which was instrumental in initiating national curriculum reforms in science and technology and in establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He  participated in many other government advisory and study groups including President Harry S.Truman\'s Communications Policy Board, 1950-1951; the President\'s Advisory Committee on Management, 1950-1952; the Board of Visitors of the U.S. Naval Academy, 1953-1955; the Army Scientific Advisory Panel (chairman), 1951-1956; and the President\'s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 1961-1963. He was chairman of the Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, 1965-1967, which led to the ""Public Television Act of 1967""; he then served as director of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 1968-1974. He was a member of the General Advisory Committee of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1969-1974. Among his books are  (1977); , with Harold E. Edgerton (1939, 1954); and  (1985)."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, additions to the collection are not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT Policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, audio recordings of interviews are closed.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Historical note\n\nWith the rapid progress of basic research in molecular genetics since the 1960s, genetic engineering has become a topic of discussion and concern for scientists and non-scientists alike. The controversy over recombinant DNA is part of this broad concern, though it focuses only on the technique which makes it possible to recombine DNA from organisms of different species .\nVarious aspects of the technique were developed between 1971 and 1973, and by the spring of 1973 it had become a relatively simple process which could be done in any molecular biology laboratory. At the Gordon Research Conference on Nucleic Acids in June of 1973, Herbert Boyer reported on his pioneering work in the field. Several conference participants expressed concern that the creation of new hybrid molecules might pose health hazards under certain circumstances, and the question was discussed briefly. As a result, Maxine Singer and Dieter Söll, co-chairpersons of the conference, wrote a letter to the president of the National Academy of Sciences, which was published in  (September 21, 1973), asking that a study committee be set up to look into potential hazards of recombinant DNA molecules.\nThe National Academy asked Paul Berg, a leading researcher in the field, to head such a committee. In the course of their discussions the Berg committee decided that an international scientific conference should be held to attempt to assess the risks involved. The Berg group also decided to publicly call the scientific community's attention to the possible problems associated with the research, and to request that certain experiments be deferred until after the conference. This was done in a letter published in  and  in July 1974. The decision aroused some criticism, particularly from British and European scientists. They were afraid that non-scientists would misinterpret the Berg committee's concern and evoke irrational fears of laboratory-created epidemics and monsters. There was widespread feeling in the scientific community that legislation and other external regulations should be avoided, but there was disagreement about how that aim should be accomplished. To respond to these concerns, an international conference was organized and held at the Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, California, in February of 1975. The organizers of the conference hoped to be able to reach a consensus within the scientific community that would assure the rest of the world that the problem was under control. The Asilomar conference prepared a preliminary classification scheme for the experiments and outlined safety procedures for each class.\nA National Institutes of Health (NIH) advisory committee spent the year following Asilomar drawing up detailed guidelines to cover research. There was heated debate during this period over details of classification as well as broader questions about the composition of the committee and the ability of scientists to regulate themselves. In the summer of 1975 many scientists voiced criticism of the guidelines and the process by which they were being developed. It became clear that different scientists interpreted existing data differently, that much necessary data did not exist, and that scientists differed in their feelings about regulation in general.\nThe first non-scientist involvement in the controversy took place in the fall of 1975 at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where a faculty committee was deciding whether or not recombinant DNA research should be done on campus. A number of other faculty members in various fields argued that the experiments should not be done for safety and ethical reasons. The committee decided not to ban the research, however, and the University Regents finally approved their recommendations.\nIt was only after the guidelines had been revised and approved by the NIH committee that non-scientists got involved on the national level. Representatives of environmental and public interest groups were invited to a meeting called by the director of NIH in February of 1976 to air opinions of the draft guidelines. Although many people were critical, the guidelines were not substantially altered before their publication in June.\nGroups such as the Friends of Earth, the Environmental Defense Fund, and Science for the People, and academics from many fields, continued their criticism of the way the issue was being handled. The debate revolved around technical questions of risk assessment and policy questions about the regulation of science. Are scientists who have a stake in continuing certain experiments capable of judging the hazards of those experiments? Should granting agencies also regulate research? How can non-scientists be involved in science policy-making? How should priorities for basic research be set?\nIn the year after the NIH guidelines were published, discussion of the issues broadened. The proposed renovation of laboratory space for recombinant DNA research at Harvard University provoked a controversy in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Non-scientists were involved in a review committee mandated by the Cambridge City Council to assess the health hazards of the research for Cambridge citizens. Their recommendations were eventually incorporated into a city ordinance which stipulated that a city biohazards committee would have same voice in monitoring research done at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\nThe issue flared up elsewhere. Citizens in San Diego, California; Princeton, New Jersey; Amherst, Massachusetts; and other cities learned of the controversy at public hearings. Meanwhile, state and federal officials discussed whether legislation should be passed to regulate the research. Hearings were held in New York and California. Since early 1977, Washington, DC had been the focus of the debate, with several bills introduced into Congress. At issue was whether the government should be able to control basic research, whether federal regulations should pre-empt local restrictions, and what regulatory mechanism, if any, should be used. \n\nIn 1975, shortly after the Asilomar conference, an oral history project was initiated to ensure the preservation of unique source materials essential for understanding the history of the controversy and the social impact of this unprecedented extension of molecular biology. The project was directed by Charles Weiner, Professor of History of Science and Technology at MIT. It was funded by the National Science Foundation (Program on Ethical and Value Implications of Science and Technology), the National Endowment for the Humanities (Program of Science, Technology, and Human Values), and the MIT Oral History Program. In addition to Charles Weiner, the interviewers were William Bennett, Paul De Forest, Rae Goodell, Joel Gurin, Lynette Maloney, Aaron Seidman, and Mary Terrall.\nThe Recombinant DNA History Collection is the product of that project and is housed in the Department of Distinctive Collections (formerly the Institute Archives and Special Collections) of MIT. The collection consists of interview transcripts, written material, and audio and video tapes of events. Interviews were conducted with scientists involved in recombinant DNA research, policy-makers and advisors charged with the creation of guidelines or regulatory legislation, individuals who publicly criticized or supported these efforts, and journalists covering the developments. The interviews focus on the backgrounds, motivations, value perceptions, and actions of the interviewees, while discussing the roles they played in the debate and the effects the controversy had on them.\nAmong its activities, the project staff also gathered written sources consisting of documents, correspondence, and press clippings. The material was arranged and indexed on cards, which are included in the collection. Indexing of written sources was terminated in August 1978; however, materials have been added to the collection since that date.\nThe project staff stayed abreast of events as they unfolded by attending committee meetings, conferences, and government hearings. Included in the collection are audio and video tapes of some of these sessions."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, box 3, folder 32 is restricted for 75 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by creating office, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, much of the material in this collection is restricted. Corporation records are restricted for 50 years, fund raising information for 75 years, legal files for 75 years, and personnel information for 75 years. Please consult the reference archivist for restriction information on specific folders.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nIn the early years of the Institute, the governing board consisted of the president, treasurer, secretary, and four Corporation members who, as officers of the Institute, bore the title of vice president. In 1870, MIT president John D. Runkle simplified MIT\'s corporate organization to a president, a treasurer, and a secretary.(1) \nThe office of  senior vice president was re-introduced in 1932, when Vannevar Bush was appointed vice president, serving in that position from 1932 to 1939. James R. Killian (acting president 1943-1946) and Julius A. Stratton (appointed vice president and provost in 1952) had similar responsibilities.\nWith the growth of MIT in the post-World War II period, and after the appointment of James Killian as president in 1948, MIT\'s central administration became more complex and less centralized, and a number of vice presidencies were created to oversee various aspects of academics and administration.  In 1970, President Howard Johnson appointed his assistant Constantine Simonides vice president and assistant to the president, and in July 1971 Simonides was appointed vice president in the office of the president. At that time the administrative organization of MIT also included a vice president, organization services; vice president, operations; vice president, academic administration; vice president and secretary; vice president and treasurer; and vice president for research. Constantine Simonides served as the senior vice president until his death in April 1994. While serving in that position, Simonides concurrently served as secretary of the MIT Corporation, a position he was elected to in 1985.(2) \nAs vice president, Constantine Simonides assisted the president and chancellor with institutional organization and planning, oversaw studies of academic programs and operations, and was responsible for Institute Information Services (now Public Relations Services), the MIT Press.(3)  and the Medical Department.(4)  Simonides was deeply involved with the governing bodies of the Institute; he was responsible for ""coordination, agenda development, and supervision of staff support for the Institute\'s academic councils and committees, and the senior executive group.""(5)   He served on the Academic Council, the Administrative Council, the Committee on Educational Policy (later known as the Faculty Policy Committee), and the Faculty Council, as well as serving as secretary of the Executive Committee of the Corporation. Simonides also attended meetings of department heads, faculty meetings, and meetings of the Information Group. In 1980, with the retirement of John Wynne, vice president for administration and personnel, Simonides took on added responsibilities. These included senior responsibility for human resources and oversight of admissions, career planning and placement, student financial aid, student affairs, and athletics.(6)  \nAfter Simonides\' death, his areas of responsibility were split up among various members of the administration. Personnel matters became the responsibility of Joan F. Rice, formerly director of personnel, who was named vice president of human resources. Kathryn Willmore, executive assistant to the president, succeeded Simonides as secretary of the Corporation. James J. Culliton, vice president for financial operations, was named vice president for administration. In his new role, Culliton was responsible for heading the Office of Admissions, Career Services and Preprofessional Advising, the Department of Athletics, and the Medical Department.(7)  \nIn 1998 President Charles M. Vest created the Office of Executive Vice President to be  responsible for the overall leadership, management, and organization of the Institute\'s administrative and financial affairs. The executive vice president serves on the Academic Council, the Administrative Systems and Policies Coordinating Council, the Budget and Finance Steering Group, the Building Committee, the Committee for Review of Space Planning, the Communication and Coordination and Planning Group, and the Town and Gown Committee, and participates in meetings of the Auditing, Executive, and Investment Committees of the MIT Corporation.(8)  John R. Curry served as executive vice president from 1998 to 2005.\nConstantine B. Simonides was born in Athens, Greece. He attended high school in the city until age seventeen, at which time he came to the United States as an exchange student to attend St. Andrew\'s School in Delaware. He entered MIT as a freshman in 1952, and later transferred to Boston University, where in 1958 he received a bachelor of arts degree in economics. In 1960, he received a master\'s degree from Harvard University in business administration. Later that year, Simonides began a life-long career at MIT. He was first appointed assistant to the director of the summer session, and in 1962 became assistant director of International Programs at the Sloan School of Management. In 1964 he was appointed assistant to the dean of the Sloan School, and in 1966 was appointed assistant to MIT President Howard Wesley Johnson. In 1971, President Johnson appointed Simonides vice president, and in 1985, Simonides was elected secretary and ex officio member of the MIT Corporation. He served as vice president of the Institute and secretary of the Corporation until his death in 1994.(9)\nNotes\n(1) Julius A. Stratton and Loretta Mannix, Mind and Hand(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), p.238-239.\n(2) MIT News Office, ""Constantine Simonides, MIT Vice President and Secretary, Dies at 59"" http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1994/simonides-0427.html, April 28. 1994.\n(3) Jerome B. Wiesner, letter to the MIT community, Tech Talk, June 30, 1971, p.1.\n(4) Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Report of the President, 1970/1971, p.377.\n(5) Jerome B. Wiesner, letter to the MIT community, Tech Talk, 30 June 1971, p.1.\n(6) ""Wynne to leave MIT, Reorganization to Expand Simonides\' Responsibilities,""Tech Talk, 27 February 1980, p.1, 8.\n(7) Stacey E. Blau, ""Administration Reshuffled After Simonides\' Death,""The Tech, 7 February 1995, p.7.\n(8) Office of the Executive Vice President http://web.mit.edu/evp/, 7 June 2005.\n(9) ""A Gathering to Remember Constantine B. Simonides,"" 16 May 1994, box 36, Office of the Vice President (Simonides), Records, 1960-1994 (AC 276), Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records. Minutes, reports, or supporting documents containing student names are restricted for 75 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Committee on Graduate School Policy (CGSP), established in 1950, is a standing committee of the faculty that exercises general overview of graduate programs and students working for advanced degrees. Its responsibilities include: providing guidance on admissions policies and procedures; granting scholarship and fellowship awards; advising on the conditions of appointment to graduate student staff; evaluating proposals and making recommendations to the faculty on the adoption of new graduate degree programs; evaluating proposals for the termination of existing programs; and making recommendations on calendar changes, examinations, and grading.\n\t\nThe Committee on Graduate School Policy consists of the dean of the Graduate School as chair, the associate dean of the Graduate School, the dean of student affairs, the director of admissions, the associate chair of the faculty, the registrar, one elected member of the faculty from each department authorized to recommend candidates for advanced degrees, one member of Whitaker College faculty, and any additional member nominated by the president upon the recommendation of the dean of the Graduate School to represent interdepartmental fields of study.\n\t\nSome of the responsibilities of the CGSP were carried out by its predecessors: the Committee on Advanced Degrees and Fellowships, 1901-1923; the Committee on Graduate Courses and Fellowships, 1923-1932; and the Committee on the Graduate School, 1932-1950."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by creating office.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', ""Historical note\nThe first formal inauguration ceremony of a president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was that of Henry Pritchett in 1900. From 1900 until 1923, the inaugural committee consisted of only members of the MIT Corporation. In 1930, members of the faculty and alumni served as well, and since 1949 the inaugural committees have been composed of members of faculty and administration.\nThe presidents of MIT, the dates of their inaugural ceremonies, and the chairs of the inaugural committees since 1900 are  Henry Pritchett, October 24, 1900, Alexander Wheeler, chair; Richard Maclaurin, June 7, 1909, Thomas L. Livermore, chair; Ernest F. Nichols, June 8, 1921, Elihu Thomson, chair; Samuel Wesley Stratton, June 11, 1923, Francis W. Fabyan, chair; Karl Taylor Compton, June 6, 1930, Walter Humphreys, chair; James R. Killian, April 2, 1949, Everett M. Baker, chair; Julius A. Stratton, June 15, 1959, Edward P. Brooks, chair; Howard W. Johnson, October 7, 1966, Carroll Wilson, chair; Jerome Wiesner, October 7, 1971, Peter Elias, chair; Paul Gray, September 26. 1980, Kenneth Hoffman, chair; Charles M. Vest, 10 May 1991, Claude R. Canizares, chair; Susan Hockfield, May 6, 2005, Steven R. Lerman, chair; and Rafael Reif, September 21, 2012, Duane S. Boning, chair.\nThe start date of a president's term  is not the same as the inauguration date. Further information about MIT presidents can be found at: \n"
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe history of aeronautics/astronautics began at MIT in 1896, when Albert J. Wells (Mechanical Engineering, Class of 1896) designed and built a small wind tunnel as part of his thesis. By 1910, interest in aeronautics had grown considerably and the Alumni Council recommended to the Executive Committee of the Corporation that MIT establish a course in aeronautics and fund the construction of a new wind tunnel. In 1913, President Maclaurin and Professors Gaetano Lanza and Edward F. Miller gave the first lectures on aviation at MIT. In the same year, the Executive Committee provided money for a wind tunnel and Jerome C. Hunsaker was hired to teach aeronautical engineering. The Department of Naval Architecture administered the course, and Hunsaker\'s first offering in 1914 was 13.72, Aeronautics for Naval Constructors. Until 1926, aeronautics was a graduate course only.\nAmerica\'s entry into World War I speeded efforts to increase the size of the course. By the end of the war 17 graduate degrees were conferred; 81 students were enrolled in 1918 alone, and 2,152 army and over 4,000 navy officers had received aeronautical training at MIT. The end of the war brought a sharp decline in the number of aeronautics students, and Naval Architecture desired to abolish the course in aeronautical engineering. In 1920, the Department of Physics took administrative control of aeronautics.\nIn 1926, Course XVI, the Department of Aeronautical Engineering, was created, offering undergraduate courses for the first time. However, the department remained under the control of Physics. Aeronautics was an extremely popular course; within a year the student body rose from 44 to 130 (including graduate students), and limits were placed on class size. Office space was extremely limited also, and MIT quickly accepted an offer from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics to build a complete laboratory for the department. In 1928, the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory and the Aeronautical Library opened, and courses in meteorology (under the administrative control of aeronautics) began.\nIn 1933, Hunsaker became head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and transferred control of aeronautics from Physics to his department. Two years later Charles Stark Draper established a small instruments laboratory to provide graduate students with experience in guidance and control systems.\nAeronautical Engineering became a full fledged department in 1939, with Hunsaker as its first head. In the same year, the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel began operations. The department expanded rapidly to meet war time needs. Aeronautics began intensive courses for army and navy officers and opened a ground school for the Civil Aeronautics Board. More importantly, research on classified projects grew dramatically. The use of the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel doubled and then tripled. Three laboratories opened during the war: Flutter Research (in 1940), Vibrations Measurements, and Structures. In 1942, Draper\'s laboratory, renamed the Confidential Instrument Development Laboratory, began its research and development work on military guidance and control systems.\nThe end of the war brought conflicting demands on the department. Student enrollment dropped gradually, reaching a low in 1952, but the number of research projects continued to grow. Almost all of the major research activities were performed for the military. Project Meteor developed supersonic air to air missiles; the new Gas Turbine Laboratory and the Aeroelastic and Structures Laboratory investigated various aspects of military aircraft performance; and the Instrumentation Laboratory continued its work on guidance and control.\nThe advent of the space age brought further changes to the department. In 1957, with interests in aerospace research quickly growing, the department began studying its research and teaching needs. The department\'s Facilities Planning Committee warned that Aeronautics was running out of space and that equipment was becoming obsolete. It recommended that the department spend $100,000 for ten years to buy ""modest"" new facilities. Within two years, however, the department officially proposed the construction of a center of aeronautics and astronautics. The total cost for the building, renovation of existing space, and equipment was $7 million. By 1963, however, the plans were abandoned and the Center for Space Research built instead.\nThe department\'s 1959 name change to Aeronautics and Astronautics reflected the growing interest in aerospace research. The number of aerospace courses increased, and the Instrumentation Laboratory devoted much effort to the Apollo project guidance system. By 1964, the Experimental Astronomy Laboratory (renamed Measurement Systems Laboratory in 1969) and the Space Propulsion and Man Vehicle Laboratories began operations. In 1967, the department began Project Icarus to determine what would be necessary to deflect or destroy the asteroid Icarus as it passed by the earth. The project was later fictionalized in the motion picture Meteor.\nThe department\'s organization and curriculum changed often throughout the 1960s. In 1960, a two track program for undergraduates began; students would choose a curricular emphasis either in engineering or engineering science. This experiment proved unsatisfactory, and by 1964 it was replaced by the traditional one track system. A 1962 Ford Foundation grant allowed professors to write new textbooks, permitted the establishment of new courses, and funded the students\' Project Laboratory. Interdisciplinary courses with Civil Engineering and the School of Industrial Management were tried. In 1967, academic studies were divided into five divisions: aeronautic/astronautic systems; structures, materials, and elasticity; mechanisms and physics of fluids; instrumentation, control, and guidance; and propulsion and power.\nDisenchantment with the Vietnam war and MIT\'s relationship with classified research directly affected the department. The Inter Laboratory Research Council and the MIT Standing Committee on Special Laboratories (called the Pounds Panel) investigated the role of the Instrumentation Laboratory. In 1970, over objections by many in the department, the laboratory was renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory and removed from department control, becoming a separate division within MIT. With the loss of the laboratory, the department abandoned the divisional research structure it had since 1961. In 1973, the Draper Laboratory was officially divested by MIT.\n "
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Center for International Studies (CIS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was founded in 1952 to conduct social science research to help policymakers better understand and respond to international events. The Center grew out of Project Troy, a 1950 multidisciplinary summer study on the problem of Russian jamming of US radio signals.  A part of the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, the Center includes 160 members of the MIT faculty and staff, mainly from the departments of political science and urban studies, and visiting scholars from around the world. The Center sponsors formal programs, multidisciplinary working groups and public events. While CIS does not offer teaching programs, the Center's faculty and staff engage with students as colleagues in research, audiences in public events, and enthusiastic participants in the MISTI international internship program. \nCenter for International Studies directors:  Max Franklin Millikan, 1952-1969; Everett Einer Hagen, 1970-1971; Eugene B. Skolnikoff, 1972-1987; Myron Weiner, 1988-1992; Kenneth Oye, 1992-2000; and Richard J. Samuels, 2000-present."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', ""Historical note\nThe School of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was established in 1932 as part of the reorganization of the Institute recommended by President Karl Taylor Compton. As the largest of MIT's three schools and two divisions at that time, the School of Engineering brought together the Department of Building Engineering and Construction (which became part of the Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering in 1934); the Department of Business Engineering and Administration (which in 1950 separated from the school to become the School of Industrial Management); the Department of Chemical Engineering; the Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering (which in 1961 became the Department of Civil Engineering and in 1992 changed its name to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering); the Department of Electrical Engineering (which in 1975 became the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science); the Department of Mechanical Engineering; the Department of Mining and Metallurgy (which split in 1936 into two departments: Mining Engineering, which was discontinued in 1940, and Metallurgy, which became the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science in 1967, and then the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in 1974); the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (which became the Department of Ocean Engineering in 1971); the Department of General Sciences and Engineering (which was discontinued in 1957); and the Department of Nuclear Engineering (which was established in 1958). Information about these departments may be found in records under their individual names. \nThe deans of the School of Engineering were Vannevar Bush, 1932 1938; Edward Leyburn Moreland, 1938-1946; Thomas Kilgore Sherwood, 1946 1952; Edward Lull Cochrane, 1952 1954; Carl Richard Soderberg, 1954 1959; Gordon Stanley Brown, 1959 1968; Raymond Lewis Bisplinghoff, 1968 1971; Alfred H. Keil, 1971 1977; James D. Bruce, acting dean, 1977 1978; Robert C. Seamans, 1978 1981; Gerald D. Wilson, 1981 1991; Joel Moses, 1991 1995; John Vander Sande, acting dean, 1995 1996; and Robert A. Brown, 1996-present (as of 1996)\nJanuary 1996\n "
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Conditions Governing Use: Condition of media needs to be reviewed.  There may be restrictions on use.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. (MODIFY? - all videotapes & CDs)', 'Historical note\nMusic was first present at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an     extracurricular activity with the first instrumental concert taking place in October 1884.The first director of dramatics was appointed in 1934, and the first director of music was appointed in 1947. Music courses were first listed under the Department of English in 1942,then separately in 1947. Music and drama came under the Department of Humanities when it was established in the School of Humanities and Social Studies in 1954. In 1961 music became a section of the Department of Humanities. With the recommendation of the Committee to Review the Arts and the approval and support of the provost, music combined with the Dramashop, the        Dance Workshop, and the Shakespeare Ensemble to form the Music and Theater Arts Section in July 1987.Alan Brody was section head from to 1995, Professor Marcus Thompson led the Section during the 1995 fall term, while Institute Professor John Harbison served as temporary Head during the spring term 1996.1996 began with Professor Peter Child taking over as Section head for a three year term. Peter Child completed his tenure as Section Head in June of 1999. Marcus Thompson and John Harbison were Acting Section Heads for fall and spring respectively. Ellen Harris was appointed Section Head as of July 1, 2000 serving until December 2002, and Professor Ziporyn became section head in January 2003.\nThe first music director was Klaus Liepmann, 1947-1967, followed by John        Buttrick, 1967-1976, and Stephen Erdely, 1976-1981. Between 1981 and 1990 the directorship rotated annually among the professors in the section. Joseph D. Everingham came to MIT in 1954 as the founder of the MIT Drama Program and director of Dramashop. Robert Scanlan succeeded him, and was director of Dramashop from 1977-1989. In a reorganization of music and theater programs Alan Brody became the Director of Theater Arts in 1977, and Dramashop continues as part of the Theater Arts Program. The MIT Theater Arts program began as a student group of those interested in doing drama at MIT. In the 1983-1984 school year, students in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHASS) were able to concentrate in drama for the first time. In 1995 Janet Sonenberg became acting director of Theater Arts and continued as of 1996 as director of Theater Arts."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', ""Historical note\nThe Summer Study on Increasing Agricultural Productivity in Underdeveloped Countries was conducted between 29 June and 7 August 1964 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by MIT's Center for International Studies with financial support from the United States Agency for International Development. Forty-four participants, including natural scientists, economists, and behavioral scientists from United States government agencies, American universities and industry, and international government and organization representatives, met to frame policy recommendations concerning both research and operations in agriculture in underdeveloped countries. The study's final report, Policies for Promoting Agricultural  Development (1964), presented a method of approaching agricultural policy and recommended research projects to produce useful short-term results."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office of the collection.', 'Historical note\nThe tuition income distribution reports, also known as the ""Tucker reports,"" were generated by Carlton E. Tucker, executive officer of the Department of Electrical Engineering from 1942 to 1966, and also student placement officer from 1942 to 1953. They were originally compiled to track credit hours taught by each department in the Institute to determine the distribution of tuition income. From 1968 to 1970, the Office of Institutional Studies, a unit of the Office of the Registrar created in 1960, produced the reports.  They were used as a resource for answering historical questions related to enrollment. They were later produced as tables of registration statistics which no longer included statistics on tuition."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe MIT Club of Washington, DC was established in 1899 in order to serve area alumni and alumnae.  On February 18, 1899, twenty-five MIT alumni gathered at Columbian University (now George Washington University) in Washington and drafted the club\'s constitution.  The purpose of the organization as outlined in the constitution was ""to bring together former students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology residing in or near the nation\'s capital, for the purpose of promoting the interests of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and of each other, through social intercourse and cooperation.""\nThe club members also felt that being located in the nation\'s capital gave the organization a unique opportunity to offer assistance to alumni and alumnae working in civil service for the government.  The club\'s early aims also included a focus on assisting area alumni with and keeping records regarding the civil service exam.\nThe club was host to many events, from monthly luncheons and seasonal celebrations to lectures and events dealing with contemporary issues of the time.  Being situated in the nation\'s capital provided the club with both a prestigious member base and a list of potential speakers.  Notable events were the 1953 ""Space Travel--How Soon?"" lecture delivered by Wernher Von Braun; a 1959 presentation by James R. Killian, Special Assistant to the President of the United States for Science and Technology; and a 1991 lecture, ""Technology\'s War: Lessons from the Persian Gulf,"" delivered by Donald J. Atwood, Deputy Secretary of Defense. \nIn 1999 the club celebrated its 100th anniversary, and it continues to serve the Washington, DC area alumni with information about MIT and other alumni and to host many interesting and informative events.\nFurther information regarding the club\'s current activities can be found on the club\'s web site at ."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donors of the collection.', 'History\nThe Alumni Association of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was formed in 1875 with the mission ""to further the well-being of the Institute and its graduates by increasing the interest of members in the school and in each other."" (1) On December 30, 1887, the Alumni Association voted to start regularly corresponding with local societies of alumni that had formed. In 1899, the Association voted to invite a representative from each local alumni society to participate in the Committee on Affiliation. In 1902, on the recommendation of this committee, the Association voted for the fostering and maintenance of a closer union between all graduate organizations of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2) MIT Clubs and Affinity Groups now help to support the mission of the Association off-campus. Clubs are organized by location, while affinity groups are organized by ethnicity, gender, or interest. (3)\n1. Alumni Association of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Executive Committee and Alumni Council Minutes, AC 24, box 9.\n2. Alumni Association of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Executive Committee and Alumni Council Minutes, AC 24, box 10.\n3. MIT Alumni Association Infinite Connection. http://alum.mit.edu/networks/Clubs."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate application for permission to publish must be made to the Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe provost is the senior academic officer of the Institute. He or she shares responsibility with the president and the academic deans for supervision and leadership of the Institute's policies, plans, and priorities as they affect all academic programs. The provost, working with the executive vice president, also has responsibility for coordinating the budgeting of the Institute.\nThe academic offices within the Institute that report directly to the provost include: the deans of the schools; the deans of the interdisciplinary centers, laboratories, and programs; the director of the Libraries; the director of Lincoln Laboratory; and the associate provosts for research, educational policy, and the arts. The provost also coordinates educational and research activities that do not fall under the jurisdiction of any one school, such as interdepartmental collaboration among faculty sponsored jointly by different departments.\nThe Office of the Provost was created in the spring of 1949. The first provost was Julius Adams Stratton, who continued to have the responsibilities of the Office of Provost when he was later appointed vice president and provost in 1952. During his term as MIT president, Stratton appointed the second provost, Charles Hard Townes, in 1961.\nThe provost is currently (as of 2010) a member of the following Institute-wide councils: Academic Council, Faculty Council, Administrative Council, and the Council on Educational Technology. The provost is also a member of the Committee on Resource and Space Planning, the Building Committee, the Budget and Finance Steering Committee, and the Enrollment Management Group.\nWalter Alter Rosenblith was appointed associate provost at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969. In July 1971 he became provost, working with President Jerome Wiesner, and served in that capacity until July 1980. Rosenblith played a central role in the development of health sciences and biomedical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in the Institute's collaboration with other universities and medical institutions.\nRosenblith's terms as an associate provost and provost were marked by student-faculty protests and disruption, a slowing in the development of research programs, and funding cuts throughout the Institute. They were also characterized by movement of research and teaching efforts away from military applications towards social and environmental applications. The United States Congress required the Department of Defense to disengage from support of basic research projects not directly related to military purposes, which led to the transfer for support of the National Magnet Laboratory, the Center for Materials Science and Engineering, and the Lincoln Laboratory to the National Science Foundation. \nOther significant events of Rosenblith's terms include the institution of the Concourse Program, an integrative program for freshmen, in the fall of 1971, and the decennial reaccreditation of the Institute by the North East Association of Schools and Colleges in 1979. In preparation for the reaccreditation, Walter Rosenblith organized a self-study of the Institute that followed four themes representing continuing concerns in academic policy: the basic educational requirements of the MIT undergraduate curriculum; the evolution of interdisciplinary forums, emphasizing interdisciplinary and interdepartmental labs, centers, and programs; the role of computers in MIT education; and career paths and career expectations of MIT students and alumni.\nThe provost is the senior academic officer of the Institute. He or she shares responsibility with the president and the academic deans for supervision and leadership of the Institute's policies, plans, and priorities as they affect all academic programs. The provost, working with the executive vice president, also has responsibility for coordinating the budgeting of the Institute.\nThe academic offices within the Institute that report directly to the provost include: the deans of the schools; the deans of the interdisciplinary centers, laboratories, and programs; the director of the Libraries; the director of Lincoln Laboratory; and the associate provosts for research, educational policy, and the arts. The provost also coordinates educational and research activities that do not fall under the jurisdiction of any one school, such as interdepartmental collaboration among faculty sponsored jointly by different departments.\nThe Office of the Provost was created in the spring of 1949. The first provost was Julius Adams Stratton, who continued to have the responsibilities of the Office of Provost when he was later appointed vice president and provost in 1952. During his term as MIT president, Stratton appointed the second provost, Charles Hard Townes, in 1961.\nThe provost is currently (as of 2010) a member of the following Institute-wide councils: Academic Council, Faculty Council, Administrative Council, and the Council on Educational Technology. The provost is also a member of the Committee on Resource and Space Planning, the Building Committee, the Budget and Finance Steering Committee, and the Enrollment Management Group.\nWalter Alter Rosenblith was appointed associate provost at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969. In July 1971 he became provost, working with President Jerome Wiesner, and served in that capacity until July 1980. Rosenblith played a central role in the development of health sciences and biomedical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in the Institute's collaboration with other universities and medical institutions.\nRosenblith's terms as an associate provost and provost were marked by student-faculty protests and disruption, a slowing in the development of research programs, and funding cuts throughout the Institute. They were also characterized by movement of research and teaching efforts away from military applications towards social and environmental applications. The United States Congress required the Department of Defense to disengage from support of basic research projects not directly related to military purposes, which led to the transfer for support of the National Magnet Laboratory, the Center for Materials Science and Engineering, and the Lincoln Laboratory to the National Science Foundation. \nOther significant events of Rosenblith's terms include the institution of the Concourse Program, an integrative program for freshmen, in the fall of 1971, and the decennial reaccreditation of the Institute by the North East Association of Schools and Colleges in 1979. In preparation for the reaccreditation, Walter Rosenblith organized a self-study of the Institute that followed four themes representing continuing concerns in academic policy: the basic educational requirements of the MIT undergraduate curriculum; the evolution of interdisciplinary forums, emphasizing interdisciplinary and interdepartmental labs, centers, and programs; the role of computers in MIT education; and career paths and career expectations of MIT students and alumni."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nTop-ranking administrative offices at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have evolved over the lifetime of the Institute.  The position of the president was established in 1862, when the Institute charter was accepted by MIT.   The position of the chancellor was created for the first time almost a century later, in the 1950s, to share administrative responsibilities of the president.  The following section provides a summary of the president\'s functions and responsibilities, followed by a brief historical sketch of the office of the chancellor, and by a more detailed account of the structure of the office of the president and chancellor during the tenure of Jerome Wiesner and Paul Gray.\n\nThe president is elected by the MIT Corporation and serves as the chief executive officer of the Institute in charge of its administrative matters.  In this capacity, he serves as ex officio member of the MIT Corporation and of the following Corporation committees:  Membership Committee, Development Committee, and Executive Committee.  The president presides over Executive Committee meetings and sets the agenda. As the chief executive officer, the president makes recommendations to the Executive Committee regarding the organizational structure of MIT and presides over the Institute\'s faculty and Academic Council.  The president is also responsible for initiating budgets, tuition increases, changes in the educational and research programs, new plant and facilities needs, and all other matters relating to Institute operations on which Executive Committee action or concurrence may be necessary or appropriate.  In all matters that do not require Executive Committee action or concurrence, the president is responsible for both initiation and action.  \n\nThe office of the chancellor of MIT is a position created at the discretion of the president and the Executive Committee.  The Institute bylaws state: ""the Chancellor shall have duties as the Executive Committee shall from time to time confer upon him.""  The chancellor is a member, ex officio, of the Corporation and the Executive Committee and reports to the president and the Executive Committee.\nThe position of the chancellor was first created in 1956 under President Killian in recognition of the increased scope of responsibilities at MIT, its many and unusual national obligations during the period, and the consequent need for greater sharing and delegation of administrative responsibilities.  Julius A. Stratton served as the first chancellor, 1956-1959.  Stratton\'s responsibilities included administration of the Institute\'s academic program in all its parts, with all academic officers coming under his jurisdiction; serving as deputy to the president and general executive officer for all Institute affairs; and, in the absence of the president, holding the powers and performing all duties and functions of the president.  \nThe position was reinstated in 1971, when Paul Gray was appointed chancellor under President Wiesner, with authority to serve as deputy to the president on all matters.  Gray served in this post until he became MIT president in 1980.  \nAs academic administration became increasingly complex, the position of chancellor was again reinstated by President Charles M. Vest who appointed Lawrence Bacow as the third chancellor of MIT.  He served from August 1998 to June 30, 2001 and was succeeded by Philip L. Clay who served from July 1, 2001 to February 28, 2011.\nEffective March 1, 2011, W. Eric L. Grimson became the fifth chancellor of MIT.  His duties are to coordinate undergraduate and graduate education, manage and develop programs with institutional partners in industry and in the international arena, and have a major responsibility for long-range strategic planning for MIT.\nhttp://web.mit.edu/chancellor/\n\nWhen Howard Johnson announced his intention to retire as MIT president as of June 1971, the Corporation appointed a presidential search committee to select the new president.  The committee chaired by James Fisk nominated Jerome Wiesner as Johnson\'s successor.  At the same time, responding to the needs of the Institute, the committee recommended that the post of chancellor be reestablished and named Paul Gray, associate provost, to the position. \nDuring the first year of their working together, Wiesner and Gray shared most of their responsibilities, the chancellor having major responsibilities for the Institute\'s budget.  In the fall of 1972 they divided their responsibilities to allow the president to concentrate on policies and strategies for the future development of the Institute, and the chancellor to assume general management responsibilities for academic, research, and administrative programs .   Those changes led to modification of the reporting structure.  Vice presidents were to report to the chancellor on all administrative matters, and the provost was to report on the academic and research programs.  In addition, several other offices reported directly to the chancellor, including the Dean for Student Affairs, the Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Pre-professional Programs, the Assistant to the President and Chancellor for Minority Affairs, and the Director of Information Processing Services.   \nRecognizing the need to address the major issues facing the world such as those related to controlling the proliferation of nuclear weapons, providing energy and food for exponentially growing populations, protecting the environment, and increasing industrial productivity, Wiesner and Gray set the goals of their administration to continue and enhance searching for the ""ways to apply knowledge and skills of science and technology to the pressing problems of our society.""   That meant providing the best scientific and technological education and fostering diverse research efforts relevant to the most important issues of today and to the anticipated needs of generations to come.\nEducational and research initiatives introduced during Wiesner\'s and Gray\'s administration included creating the Center for Policy Alternatives in 1972 to examine technology and engineering problems and their relation to social issues.  An interdisciplinary major in the School of Science was established in 1971 , fostering programs linking science, technology, and social policy, and promoting diverse selection in environmental studies, education, and law.  The Division for Study and Research in Education, formed in 1973, focused on studies of knowledge structures, including learning processes.  The new Institute requirement in Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences was approved in 1974, and the Writing Program was introduced the same year.  Efforts to integrate the humanities into the education of scientists and engineers resulted in the establishment of the MIT Program in Science, Technology, and Society in 1978.\nIn the mid-1970s, the Committee on Research Structure, under the chairmanship of Professor Frank Press, evaluated the influence of the ""national research climate"" on research operations at MIT.  In its report, published in 1976,  the committee recommended enhancing the role of the research centers at the Institute to provide new sources of funding and research opportunities.  It also recommended expanding research staff opportunities by creating new research positions in addition to the traditional teaching faculty structure.\nGrowing interest in the life sciences and health studies led to new major programs on the campus.  The Center for Cancer Research, under Professor Salvador E. Luria, was created in 1972.    The [Harvard-MIT] Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the College of Health Science, Technology, and Management were established in 1977  to provide venues for research and academic activities that were outgrowing the mandate of the Joint Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.\nThe recognition of the importance of the arts and humanities in complementing educational and research activities led to the establishment in 1971 of the Council for the Arts, a volunteer group of alumni and others promoting development of the arts at MIT,  and to the formation of the Corporation Visiting Committee for the Arts.  President Wiesner\'s strong support for the arts and his interest in exploring interactions between the arts and technology led in the late 1970s  to the Arts and  Media Technology project under the leadership of Nicholas Negroponte.  \nThe ambitious, forward-looking goals of the Institute in the 1970s led Wiesner and Gray to create several new senior administrative posts during the first years of their tenure:\nThe next major revision of the division of responsibilities between the president and the chancellor came in December 1977.   For the duration of the Leadership Campaign, a major fund raising campaign launched by the Corporation in 1975, the president was to focus on the campaign-related activities in close collaboration with Howard Johnson—the leader of the campaign and chairman of the Corporation. At the same time, the chancellor assumed responsibility for all management decisions regarding academic and administrative activities on the campus, including planning and developing strategies for the future.  This change led to the transfer of a wide variety of functions and responsibilities from the president to the chancellor, including chairing committees and meetings.  The position of the chancellor was discontinued in 1980 when Paul Gray became the president of the Institute in 1980."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Biographical / Historical\nThe office of the chairman of the Corporation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was first held by Samuel W. Stratton, eighth president of the Institute (1923-1930), from 1930 to his death in 1931.  Karl Taylor Compton, second chairman of the Corporation, took office in 1948, immediately upon his resignation from the MIT presidency, and served until his death in 1954. \nSamuel Stratton, who held the office for only a year, did not define the duties of the chairman.  When Karl Compton became chairman of the Corporation, the office had been vacant for some time.  Thus he had an opportunity to clarify his areas of responsibility.  During the five years he was chairman he was engaged in fund raising during  MIT's Leadership Campaign, 1949-1950.  Compton was instrumental in contacting industrial leaders who donated much of the total $20 million raised; he asked them to regard an investment in education as an investment in their corporate future.  Compton traveled extensively as a representative of the Institute, visiting alumni clubs, naval bases, and technological centers all over the world.\n\nCompton became chairman of the Corporation during the Cold War era.  Atomic energy and its uses dominated much of the scientific, political, and social discussion of the day.  As a prominent physicist and war scientist, he was often consulted by leaders in industry, politics, and the private sector about atomic energy and, in particular, the atomic bomb.  At various times he also served as a trustee to the Ford, Rockefeller, and Sloan Foundations.  He published numerous articles and was in demand as a speaker."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nIn April 1961, the Committee on Undergraduate Policy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recommended that it be replaced by a Committee on Educational Policy (CEP) and the faculty approved the plan in May 1961. The CEP  served as the senior standing committee of the faculty. It coordinated the policy-related activities of other standing committees and was the primary faculty committee concerned with undergraduate education, developing and implementing educational policy, and overseeing educational experiments.\nIn 1985 CEP was divided into two committees, the Faculty Policy Committee and the Committee on the Undergraduate Program."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nRuth M. Adams, President of Wellesley College, and Howard Johnson, President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, announced the establishment of the Wellesley MIT Exchange Program in May 1967. Its purpose was to extend the diversity of educational experiences available to students and faculty of each institution. The program permitted cross registration of undergraduate students and the development of experimental courses. A student faculty committee helped plan for the program which started formally in September 1968. Robert A. Alberty, Dean of Science at MIT, was a co chair.\nIn 1973, when the original five year experimental program ended, the MIT Committee on Educational Policy recommended that the program be continued and its operation became the responsibility of the Provost. In July 1984 the program moved to the Undergraduate Academic Support Office (UASO) within the Office of the Dean for Student Affairs. In 1992 the UASO became the Office for Undergraduate Academic Affairs in the Office of the Dean for Undergraduate Education and Student Affairs."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Secondary Technical Education Project (STEP) was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 as the Institute's effort to participate in the Phase II desegregation program for the Boston Public Schools. In 1976 MIT, in partnership with the Wentworth Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Port Authority, helped establish the Mario Umana Harbor School of Science and Technology, a magnet school for grades 7-12 that provided a technical education to students from all parts of Boston. Several dozen members of the MIT community, including faculty, administrators, staff, and scientists, acted as advisors in the program.\nBetween 1975 and 1982, STEP was part of the Division for Study and Research in Education at MIT; when the division closed in 1982 it became an ad hoc program administered through the president's office. Dr. Stanley Russell directed STEP between 1975 and 1980."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Committee on Educational Survey, also known as the Lewis Committee, was appointed in January 1947 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Faculty to review the Institute's educational policies and procedures.\n\nIn November 1949 and in subsequent years, many recommendations were implemented by the Institute, including the reorganization of the faculty committee structure to provide better planning and supervision of the undergraduate program, and the approval of a revised and expanded program of general education. The committee consisted of Professors Warren K. Lewis, chair; John R. Loofbourow, secretary; Ronald H. Robnett; C. Richard Soderberg; and Julius A. Stratton.\nThe Committee on General Education was chaired by Thomas K. Sherwood and the Committee on Staff Environment was chaired by W. Rupert Maclaurin."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Gas Turbine Laboratory was organized at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947 to conduct research for government and industry on fluid mechanics involved in the operation of gas turbine engines. Completed at the start of the 1947-1948 academic year the laboratory contained a supersonic wind tunnel with eight-inch by nine-inch throat capable of operating up to a Mach number of 3; an air supply for combustion experiments; a low-speed wind tunnel for testing compressor and turbine blade shapes; and other smaller pieces of equipment. A  new course in the principles of jet propulsion engines was offered for graduate students by Professors Edward S.Taylor and William R. Hawthorne. 1\nThe laboratory was directed by the departments of Aeronautical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Chemical Engineering until the mid-1950s when it began to report only to the Department of Aeronautical Engineering, which became the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1959. Between 1977 and 1983 the lab was named the Gas Turbine and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory. The research at the GTL is focused on advanced propulsion systems and turbomachinery.\nThe heads of the Gas Turbine Laboratory included Edward S. Taylor, 1947-1968; Jack Kerrebrock, 1968-1979; James E. McCune, 1979-1980; Eugene Covert, 1980-1984; Edward Greitzer, 1984-1996; Alan H. Epstein, 1996-2008; and Zoltán S. Spakovsky, 2008-present (as of 2011).\n1  Annual Report to the President, 1947, page 119."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Committee on Animal Care was first appointed by Carl Floe, vice president of research administration, in November 1963 to establish standard practices and controls for the care of animals at the Institute. Members of the committee are now appointed by the MIT president.\nThe purpose of the Committee on Animal Care is to ensure humane treatment of animals used in experimentation, to reduce animal use by encouraging alternative ways of conducting research, and to support research which benefits both humans and animals through compassionate and health-promoting care of experimental animals.1\n1 http://web.mit.edu/committees/president/"
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Engineering was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in April 1946 as an interdepartmental laboratory to bring together scientists and engineers in the fields of experimental and theoretical nuclear physics, cosmology, inorganic chemistry, and civil, mechanical, and nuclear engineering to conduct research in nuclear and particle physics.  Jerrold R. Zacharias, professor of physics at MIT, was the first director. The laboratory's early research was funded by the Office of Naval Research and the Atomic Energy Commission. In 1953, when the Department of Nuclear Engineering took over responsibility for the laboratory and for the MIT reactor and other work on applied nuclear science, the name of the laboratory was changed to the Laboratory for Nuclear Science (LNS). In the 1960s work on cosmic rays moved to the Center for Space Research, and programs in nuclear chemistry were phased out. The Center for Theoretical Physics was dedicated in March 1968, and operates under the auspices of the laboratory. Since 1974 the laboratory has also operated the Bates Research and Engineering Center (formerly the Bates Linear Accelerator Center).\nThe Laboratory for Nuclear Science currently supports the basic research in nuclear and elementary particle physics of faculty and research scientists in the School of Science. It supports research interests of faculty in the Department of Physics by maintaining and administering facilities adapted to studies in high energy and nuclear physics.\nAmong many projects supported by the lab are theoretical studies of nuclei and elementary particles; experimental programs using a variety of detector techniques to study strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions of elementary particles and other high energy phenomena; application of high speed nuclear and elementary particle data analysis; nuclear studies using heavy-ion accelerators; and programs in medium energy nuclear research with electrons, photons, protons, and pions."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\n\n\nGraphics research in the 1960s grew out of a desire to improve communications between computers and their users. Early researchers focused on the goal of getting a graphic image on a screen and making user interaction with the image fast and convenient. Ivan Sutherland\'s MIT Ph.D. research, which created a graphics interactive device called Sketchpad in 1963, aroused a great deal of interest.\nThe MIT Electronic Systems Laboratory Computer Applications Group worked on graphics in 1963. John Ward and Doug Ross looked for ways of reducing the computational load required for real-time graphics display. Project MAC shared the cost of this work with ESL. These efforts produced the ESL Display Console, nicknamed the Kludge, which provided faster, more direct, computer-controlled display capabilities in 2-D with rotation and allowed interaction by means of switches, knobs, a light pen, a keyboard, and a globe input device. Use of incremental digital interpretation for line generation reduced the computational load and increased speed. The Kludge was installed in 1964 on the CTSS and was the first graphic display capable of operating on a time-sharing system.\nMany researchers from various departments at MIT found the Kludge useful in their work. Additional users came from Harvard.\nThe Kludge contained a Digital Equipment Corporation Type 330 Incrementing Display made to MIT specifications. The Incrementing Display consisted of a magnetic-deflection cathode ray tube with deflection amplifiers, digital-to-analog converters, digital registers containing beam position coordinates, and various controls. The active display surface was 9 3/8 inches on each side and had 1024 horizontal positions and the same number of vertical positions, allowing the user to specify over 1,000,000 points on the screen. Lines could be drawn by producing strings of pulses into the horizontal and vertical registers.\nA great deal of attention focused on the Kludge in the 1960s and early 1970s. Improvements and additions included a stereo routine and 3-D drawing programs. It was used for displaying stress contours, creating models of molecules, modelling the vocal tract for speech analysis, designing highway interchanges, naval architecture, and many other forms of graphical input and output.\n\nThe Advanced Remote Display Station (ARDS) console was developed at Project MAC between 1965 and 1968 by R. H. Stotz, T. B. Cheek, and others in the Display Group of the Graphics Research division. The research addressed a need for low cost display equipment that could be widely installed to extend the range of potential applications of dynamic graphics capability. The ARDS console developed at MAC provided high-speed alphanumerics and full graphical capabilities and could be used over an ordinary voice-grade telephone line. This development occurred in two phases: ARDS-I was the breadboard model and ARDS-II contained a full console with a full-screen vector generator and a character generator capable of reproducing the entire ASCII symbol set.\nARDS used a direct view storage tube. Its development was hampered somewhat by the unavailability of such tubes of a sufficient size to allow adequate picture resolution. The Tektronix Type 611, which came on the market in 1967, eliminated this problem.\nThe main impetus behind ARDS development was to create a low cost console for dynamic graphics. To this end ARDS was made with integrated circuits for the digital portion of its logic, an integrated diode array for the read only memory of the character generator, and new technology for conversion of digital line information to analog voltages.\nStotz and Cheek left the Display Group in 1968 to form a company to market ARDS. Project MAC and other groups at MIT purchased many of the units for use on CTSS.\n\nThe ""MAC"" in Project MAC stood for ""Machine-Aided Cognition"" as well as ""Men and Computers.""  The idea behind machine-aided cognition was that a system could and should be devised to enable a human and a computer to work together in a real-time collaboration focused on solving a problem.  Such intimate collaboration would, in a practical sense, require a computing system that could be used simultaneously by many humans and would be physically and intellectually convenient to use.  John McCarthy had proposed a multiple-access computer system along these lines in 1961, and his opinion was shared by an MIT committee whose mission was to assess the future computing needs of the Institute.  Under the leadership of Fernando Corbato, the MIT Computation Center created the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) and demonstrated its possibilities near the end of 1961.  CTSS continued to evolve throughout 1962 and 1963.  When Project MAC started in 1963 as an interdisciplinary effort funded by DARPA its main purpose was to expand on the successes of CTSS to create a MAC Computer System with more elaborate time-sharing capabilities.  To this end Project MAC proceeded to search in the Fall of 1963 for the right computer and the right computer manufacturer, one sufficiently interested in time-sharing systems to collaborate with MAC in developing significant modifications and additions.  MAC chose General Electric and the G.E. 635 computer, later modified into the G.E. 645. \nMAC\'s hardware specification phase was complete by 1965.  In 1965 Bell Telephone Laboratories decided to participate in MAC\'s software development effort and acquired the same hardware installation from G.E.  MAC, G.E., and Bell became partners in the Multiplexed Computing and Information Service (Multics) Project in 1965.  The project continued for longer than expected, and was more expensive in terms of money and personnel than had been anticipated.  When Multics was sufficiently advanced to replace CTSS, the older system was switched off and Multics became the MAC time-sharing system.  Development and improvement of time-sharing systems was the main focus of Project MAC research for seven years. Multics became operational in November 1969.\nBell Labs withdrew from the partnership early in 1969.  MAC and Honeywell Information Systems, which had bought the computer division of G.E., continued to collaborate on Multics improvement until 1977.  Honeywell started offering Multics as a commercial product in 1973.\n\nMACSYMA is an acronym meaning MAC\'s Symbolic Manipulation System. It is a large computer program written in LISP, running on an operating system called ITS, or Incompatible Time-sharing System. It was developed by the Mathlab Group at Project MAC for performing symbolic as well as numerical mathematical manipulations. With MACSYMA the user is able to differentiate, integrate, take limits, solve systems of linear or polynomial equations, factor polynomials, expand functions in Laurent or Taylor series, solve differential equations (using direct or transform methods), compute Poisson series, plot curves, and manipulate matrices and tensors. MACSYMA has a language similar to ALGOL-60 to permit users to write their own programs for transforming symbolic expressions.\nWilliam A. Martin\'s Ph.D. dissertation at MIT, ""Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory"" (1967), describes a large computer program he developed to aid applied mathematicians in the solution of problems in non-numerical analysis involving tedious manipulations of mathematical expressions. It was designed to solve sample problems and analyze problems of input, transformation, and display.\nJoel Moses\' Ph.D. dissertation at MIT, ""Symbolic Integration"" (1967), describes how he used the rational function package of Carl Engelman\'s Mathlab in writing a program for symbol integration, SIN, which was more powerful than the best previous program, SAINT, created by James Slagle for his MIT Ph.D. dissertation in 1961. Moses\' thesis discusses SIN (Symbolic Integrator program) and SOLDIER (Solution of Differential Equations Routine) and projects a future mathematical online laboratory.\nMartin\'s thesis and the related work done by Moses at MIT and Engelman at MITRE Corporation gave Martin the idea of creating a large, powerful symbolic manipulation system, combining various techniques and representations. He was the leader of this development between 1968 and 1972. Actual development of MACSYMA started in July 1969 in the Mathlab Group at Project MAC. An operational system was in place by July 1970. The system had its first users in 1971 and evolved as additional contributions were made to it. Of particular importance in this regard was the research completed by Richard Fateman and Paul Wang in the early 1970s.\nMathlab was originally a system for computation developed by Carl Engelman. The name then attached to a group at Project MAC, whose principal research was on the system eventually called MACSYMA. At times in early records of the MACSYMA Project, the terms Mathlab and MACSYMA are used interchangeably.\nA MACSYMA consortium was formed in 1976. MACSYMA was the subject of important ""users\' conferences"" in 1977, 1979, and 1984. Many additional published and unpublished papers illustrate its usefulness in various fields. MACSYMA proved to be very successful and heavily used, not only in Cambridge, but also by off-site users who accessed it through ARPANET. MIT licensed MACSYMA to Symbolics, Inc., in 1983, and MACSYMA, Inc., acquired the rights in 1992.\n\nARPA-funded time-sharing developments such as CTSS and Multics at Project MAC illustrated the feasibility and benefits of sharing computer resources. L. G. Roberts at ARPA and others were planning a wide network as early as 1967. Computer time-sharing experiments had given researchers insights that proved very helpful in the design of the network that came to be known as the ARPA network or ARPANET (the ancestor of the Internet).\nThe ARPANET was designed by an Interface Message Processor Group composed of representatives from many ARPA contractors as well as ARPA itself. The network was implemented by Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). It started operating with four nodes in 1969 and had expanded to include Project MAC and 23 other nodes by 1972. It was developed as an experimental system that would allow ARPA to link together dissimilar computers at dispersed sites (universities doing defense-related research, defense contractors, and military installations). The idea was that such a network would decrease duplication of expensive hardware and permit sharing of software, promote communication by allowing computers at different sites to have conversations at a high data rate, and facilitate decisions and coordinate actions by means of electronic mail. The implemented network had two basic functions: as a research project to test ways of sharing computer resources among different kinds of computers and operating systems; and as a facility for providing services to a large group of computer users. Dynamic rerouting was an important aspect of ARPANET: if an enemy attack knocked out a Network link, the traffic on it could automatically be rerouted to other links.\nThe network\'s basic structure called for a subnet of small computers called Interface Message Processors (IMPs) created by interconnecting them through wideband communication lines. The communications subnetwork was a packet-switching system (also known as a store-and-forward message switching system). Message switching did not require a dedicated path between computers that wanted to communicate. Such computers sent instead a sequence of messages, each of which had an address, and each of which might travel through several network nodes en route from sender to receiver, being stored at one node until picked up by another. IMPs controlled traffic flow and routed messages. Host computers at the various military sites, universities, and manufacturers were connected to the IMPs, and communicated via them, to form the ARPANET.\nAdditional ARPA-funded research focused on network security measures to prevent unauthorized intrusion. Some nodes split off in 1984 because of security concerns and formed the MILNET. However, because of the success of security programs developed in the 1970s, MILNET was able to maintain important connections to ARPANET services."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Urban Systems Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was an outgrowth of recommendations and proposals of the Ad Hoc Faculty Committee on Urban Affairs.  MIT was given a $3 million grant in November 1967 from the Ford Foundation to establish professorships, lectures, and a laboratory for urban systems analysis. The interdepartmental and multidisciplinary Urban Systems Laboratory was established early in 1968 with Civil Engineering faculty member Charles Miller as director. The laboratory closed in 1974."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\n\nWhen Howard Johnson announced his intention to retire as MIT president as of June 1971, the Corporation appointed a presidential search committee to select the new president.  The committee chaired by James Fisk nominated Jerome Wiesner as Johnson\'s successor.  At the same time, responding to the needs of the Institute, the committee recommended that the post of chancellor be reestablished and named Paul Gray, associate provost, to the position. \nDuring the first year of their working together, Wiesner and Gray shared most of their responsibilities, the chancellor having major responsibilities for the Institute\'s budget.  In the fall of 1972 they divided their responsibilities to allow the president to concentrate on policies and strategies for the future development of the Institute, and the chancellor to assume general management responsibilities for academic, research, and administrative programs.   Those changes led to modification of the reporting structure.  Vice presidents were to report to the chancellor on all administrative matters, and the provost was to report on the academic and research programs.  In addition, several other offices reported directly to the chancellor, including the Dean for Student Affairs, the Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Pre-professional Programs, the Assistant to the President and Chancellor for Minority Affairs, and the Director of Information Processing Services. \nRecognizing the need to address the major issues facing the world such as those related to controlling the proliferation of nuclear weapons, providing energy and food for exponentially growing populations, protecting the environment, and increasing industrial productivity, Wiesner and Gray set the goals of their administration to continue and enhance searching for the ""ways to apply knowledge and skills of science and technology to the pressing problems of our society.""   That meant providing the best scientific and technological education and fostering diverse research efforts relevant to the most important issues of today and to the anticipated needs of generations to come.\nEducational and research initiatives introduced during Wiesner\'s and Gray\'s administration included creating the Center for Policy Alternatives in 1972 to examine technology and engineering problems and their relation to social issues.  An interdisciplinary major in the School of Science was established in 1971, fostering programs linking science, technology, and social policy, and promoting diverse selection in environmental studies, education, and law.  The Division for Study and Research in Education, formed in 1973, focused on studies of knowledge structures, including learning processes.  The new Institute requirement in Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences was approved in 1974, and the Writing Program was introduced the same year.  Efforts to integrate the humanities into the education of scientists and engineers resulted in the establishment of the MIT Program in Science, Technology, and Society in 1978.\nIn the mid-1970s, the Committee on Research Structure, under the chairmanship of Professor Frank Press, evaluated the influence of the ""national research climate"" on research operations at MIT.  In its report, published in 1976, the committee recommended enhancing the role of the research centers at the Institute to provide new sources of funding and research opportunities.  It also recommended expanding research staff opportunities by creating new research positions in addition to the traditional teaching faculty structure.\nGrowing interest in the life sciences and health studies led to new major programs on the campus.  The Center for Cancer Research, under Professor Salvador E. Luria, was created in 1972.   The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the College of Health Science, Technology, and Management were established in 1977  to provide venues for research and academic activities that were outgrowing the mandate of the Joint Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.\nThe recognition of the importance of the arts and humanities in complementing educational and research activities led to the establishment in 1971 of the Council for the Arts, a volunteer group of alumni and others promoting development of the arts at MIT,  and to the formation of the Corporation Visiting Committee for the Arts.  President Wiesner\'s strong support for the arts and his interest in exploring interactions between the arts and technology led in the late 1970s  to the Arts and  Media Technology project under the leadership of Nicholas Negroponte. \n\nThe ambitious, forward-looking goals of the Institute in the 1970s led Wiesner and Gray to create several new senior administrative posts during the first years of their tenure:\n•1972/1973 - Assistant for Minority Affairs (later Assistant to the President and Chancellor for Minority Affairs)\n•1972/1973 - Special Assistant to the Chancellor (later Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Pre-professional Programs)\n•1973/1974 - Assistant to the President for the Arts\n•1973/1974 - Special Assistant to the President on Urban Resources\n•1973/1974 - Special Assistant to the President and Chancellor for Women and Work\nThe next major revision of the division of responsibilities between the president and the chancellor came in December 1977.   For the duration of the Leadership Campaign, a major fund raising campaign launched by the Corporation in 1975, the president was to focus on the campaign-related activities in close collaboration with Howard Johnson—the leader of the campaign and chairman of the Corporation. At the same time, the chancellor assumed responsibility for all management decisions regarding academic and administrative activities on the campus, including planning and developing strategies for the future.  This change led to the transfer of a wide variety of functions and responsibilities from the president to the chancellor, including chairing committees and meetings.  The position of the chancellor was discontinued in 1980 when Paul Gray became the president of the Institute.\n______________________________\n (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1972), p.12.\n Ibid., p.1.\n Ibid., pp.191-192.\n ""Report of the Committee on MIT Research Structure.""  (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1976).\n (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1973), pp. 63-64.\n (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1977), pp. 9-10, 95-96.\n Walter A. Rosenblith, ed.,   (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003), pp. 89-97, 149-155\n (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1978), p. 14.\n______________________________\n\n"
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nAs an institution receiving Morrill land grant monies the Massachusetts Institute of Technology offered military instruction from the time classes first began in 1865.  An Army Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) unit was established at the Institute in 1917, shortly after the passage of the National Defense Act of 1916 which authorized ROTC programs. Participation in ROTC was required of all MIT students until 1958.\nThe Naval ROTC program at MIT formally began in 1956.  This program was a departure from traditional ROTC programs in that the faculty had a strong part in organizing the curriculum.  Students substituted regular professional subjects for the vocational training that had been a traditional part of ROTC programs.  Military preparation was treated as an academic subject and integrated, as much as was possible, into the professional courses at MIT\nIn the late 1960s there was much debate and discussion among MIT students and faculty members about the state of ROTC at the Institute.  While many of the ROTC programs at universities in the area were disbanded, the program at MIT continued.  In order to accommodate interested students from other universities, cross-registration was started for students from Harvard beginning in 1981, Tufts in 1982, and Wellesley in 1983 (discontinued later at Wellesley).\nThere was additional debate over the role of ROTC on campus and an MIT task force was charged with conducting the evaluation and forming the recommendations required by a 1990 resolution of the MIT faculty regarding ROTC and the Department of Defense policy governing homosexual orientation in the armed forces. The final report of the committee was issued in 1996 and the ROTC Oversight Committee was established by the MIT president to monitor campus ROTC programs.\nhttp://web.mit.edu/committees/rotc/rotchist.html \nhttp://web.mit.edu/committees/president/Rosters/ROTCover.pdf"
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nIn July of 1996, President Charles Vest appointed the Task Force on Student Life and Learning to undertake a comprehensive review of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\'s educational mission and student life as the Institute approached the 21st century.  The last review of this scope was carried out in 1948 and 1949 by the Committee on Educational Survey, known as the Lewis Committee, which examined MIT\'s educational system in the aftermath of World War II .\nThe Task Force on Student Life and Learning was modeled after the Lewis Committee and, like the Lewis Committee, it looked back to the earliest years of MIT\'s existence to study its founding principles as outlined by the Institute\'s first president, William Barton Rogers.\nThe Task Force held meetings with MIT administrators, sponsors, and faculty members,  and conducted surveys of students, staff, alumni, and parents to gather opinions on strategic issues related to student life and learning. The Task Force also met regularly with the Student Advisory Committee, obtaining substantial information and feedback from the students\' perspective.  The collected data enabled the committee to identify the elements of the MIT ""educational triad"": research, academics, and community interaction.\nSome of the recommendations made by the Task Force included the expansion of UROP (Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program) and the creation of Freshman Advisory Research subjects (FARs) to make participation in  Institute research activities an integral part of undergraduate education.  A recommendation to house all freshmen in residence halls on campus was immediately implemented.\nThe Task Force published a final report titled Task Force on Student Life and Learning (http://web.mit.edu/committees/sll/tf.html). The Task Force recommendations guided many decisions at MIT after its issue.\nMembers of the Task Force:\nCo-chairs: R. John Hansman, Jr. (Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics)\nRobert J. Silbey (Professor of Chemistry)\nJesus del Alamo (Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science)\nSallie W. Chisholm (McAfee Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering)\nIddo Gilon (Graduate Student)\nHermann A. Haus (Institute Professor)\nJune L. Matthews (Professor of Physics)\nMario Molina (Institute Professor)\nLuis A. Ortiz (Graduate Student)\nJeremy D. Sher (Undergraduate Student)\nCharles Stewart III (Associate Professor of Political Science)\nMarcus A. Thompson (Taylor Professor of Music and Theater Arts)\n\nJ. Kim Vandiver (Professor of Ocean Engineering)\nRosalind H. Williams (Metcalfe Professor of Writing; Dean for Students and Undergraduate Education)\nMembers of the Student Advisory Committee:\nErik Balsley \'96\nAlexander Cahill \'01\nErnest Cuni \'98\nJason Dailey \'99\nMichelle Evans \'99\nIddo Gilon G\nArlene Hahn \'97\nJohn Hollywood G\nAnders Hove \'96\nKai-Yuh Hsiao \'99\nAnthony Ives \'96\nSteven Jens \'98\nTimothy K. Layman \'97\nMichele Micheletti \'00\nAmalia Miller \'99\nPaul Njoroge \'00\nLuis Ortiz G\nJacob Seid G\nJeremy Sher \'99"
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Division of Industrial Cooperation was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1932, succeeding the Division of Industrial Cooperation and Research. Its purpose was to consolidate all cooperative services to industry, track ongoing work, and supervise all agreements and contracts between faculty members and industry and government agencies providing research grants.  In 1956 it became the Division of Sponsored Research."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Office of the Vice President for Administration was founded in 1994 as part of an administrative reorganization following the death of Vice President Constantine B. Simonides(1).  The office was discontinued in 1996(2)  and the areas of responsibility split between the Office of the Vice President of Finance and Treasurer and the Office of the Vice President for Human Resources and Equal Opportunity Officer(3).  \nIn 1994, Vice President for Financial Operations James J. Culliton was appointed vice president for administration, a post he held until his death in 1996. Upon appointment, he took on responsibility for the Office of Admissions, Career Services and Preprofessional Advising, the Department of Athletics, and the Medical Department. Culliton retained responsibility for the Bursar\'s Office, the Registrar\'s Office, the Office of Sponsored Programs, and the Student Financial Aid Office(4).  As a senior officer of the Institute, Culliton also served on the Academic Council.\n\n(1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. , 1994-1995, p.473.\n(2) Record of the Faculty Meeting, Samuel M. Allen, 16 October 1996, box 6, MIT Faculty Meetings, Records, 1865- (AC 1), Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries.\n(3) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. , 1996-1997, pp.5-6.\n(4) Stacey E. Blau, ""Administration Reshuffled After Simonides\' Death,"" , 7 February 1995, p.7."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nAlthough Gray House was not officially given its name until 2002, the building has been the President's House on the the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus since 1917. Gray House (Building E1) is located at 111 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, and was designed by architect Welles W. Bosworth, class of 1889, as part of MIT's new Cambridge campus. The opening of the main buildings of the new campus took place in June 1916. Richard C. Maclaurin, the sixth resident of the Institute, moved into the completed home in 1917 after four years of construction. Gray House was formally named on April 5, 2002, in honor of Paul E. and Priscilla K. Gray, President and First Lady of MIT from 1980 to 1990. Gray House is the site of many Institute social events, receptions, dinners, and ceremonies."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nThe Campus Activities Complex (CAC) is a department of MIT's Division of Student Life and provides event planning and scheduling services for common community spaces across the MIT campus. In addition, the CAC oversees MIT's mascot, Tim the Beaver. \nUntil 2004, the office also managed the Talbot House, an MIT-owned and operated farmhouse in South Pomfret, Vermont. The house was donated by Laurance Rockefeller in 1967 for the use of MIT faculty, staff, and student groups. The Talbot House was sold in 2004 and is now a private residence. "
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Daedalus Project was organized in 1985 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics to design, build, and fly a human powered aircraft. One goal was to use the aircraft to recreate the mythical flight of the ancient Greek engineer, Daedalus. The prototype aircraft, , made test flights in January 1987.  successfully flew from Crete to the island of Santorini on April 23, 1988, setting a world record for human powered flight of 72.44 statute miles. John S. Langford was the project manager."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\n\nThe United States Patent Office issued Patent No. 2,736,880 to Professor Jay Forrester in 1956.  The patent acknowledged Forrester\'s invention of magnetic core computer storage and set the stage for the development of high-speed digital computers.\nThe story of Forrester\'s invention of magnetic core memory began during World War II with a joint effort by MIT and the U.S. armed services to improve American defense capabilities.  The original goal was the creation of an aircraft simulator, called the Aircraft Stability and Control Analyzer (ASCA), to aid the development of new improved aircraft. \nThe MIT unit involved in this project was the Servomechanisms Laboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering.  The laboratory, established in 1940, was headed by Gordon S. Brown, and assisted by Albert C. Hall, John O. Silvey, and Jay W. Forrester\nASCA itself was never built.  Instead, the emphasis shifted from development of the simulator aircraft to creation of the computer mechanism which was the essential component of the simulator cockpit. The development of this computer, known as Project Whirlwind, represented a breakthrough in the way computers stored information, and resulted in the creation of a high-speed general purpose digital computer which subsequently became the prototype for most large-scale general purpose computers.\nIn the early years of Project Whirlwind, Forrester became aware of the limitations of the computer storage systems available.  The then-popular electrostatic storage tubes lacked the speed and reliability required for the project. Forrester\'s solution was the development of an array of magnetic materials for storing information. The new storage system, called magnetic core memory, consisted of honeycombs of minute magnetic cores strung on wires through which storage information was read to electronic circuits in the computer.\nMagnetic core memory provided a high degree of speed and level of reliability.  Any bit of information stored in the memory could be extracted almost immediately rather than by a sequential search along magnetic drums, tapes, disks, or the electrostatic storage tubes.  The method was quickly adopted by others in the computer field.  In 1953, Raytheon, Remington Rand, and RCA shifted commercial machine storage emphasis to magnetic core storage, followed one year later by IBM.\nA history of Project Whirlwind is recounted in Project Whirlwind: A Case History in Contemporary Technology by Kent C. Redmond and Thomas M. Smith (Bedford, Mass.: Digital Press, 1980).\n\n\nAs soon as it was issued, the Forrester patent for magnetic core memory was contested by Dr. Jan Rajchman, an RCA researcher who had filed a similar patent application eight months before. Forrester and MIT were represented by the Research Corporation, a non-profit organization which handled inventions for universities. In 1935, MIT had entered into a contractual agreement with Research Corporation regarding inventions assigned to MIT by its faculty and research staff.  The Research Corporation was to evaluate the inventions, obtain patents on them, and secure their use through licensing to industry.  The royalty income was divided between MIT, Research Corporation, and the inventor.\nRajchman asked the Patent Office to declare interference, a legal term that means there is doubt as to whose claim is valid.  If interference is declared, the patent is suspended until a determination of inventorship is made.  The Patent Office agreed to declare interference regarding the Forrester patent.\nRajchman did not dispute that Forrester had been first to conceive of the idea.  Rather, his case revolved around two major claims.  First, he argued that Forrester had not reduced his idea to practice before filing his patent application.  ""Reduction to practice"" means translating a concept into reality.  Second, he argued that Forrester had not been ""continuously diligent"" in attempting to reduce to practice during the time between Rajchman\'s patent filing date (September 30, 1950) and Forrester\'s (May 1951).  This claim meant that Forrester did not work continuously toward constructing his invention during this time period.\nRajchman did not question Forrester\'s diligence from September to December 1950, or from April to May 1951.  The specific time period at issue was December 1950 to March 1951.  Rajchman claimed that work on the invention had come to a standstill or had been abandoned by December 1950.  He argued that William Papian, one of Forrester\'s key research assistants, discovered at a March 1951 meeting that Rajchman was working along the same lines.  This knowledge, Rajchman contended, spurred Papian into renewed activity.\nSince Rajchman\'s patent application filing date preceded Forrester\'s, Rajchman was designated the senior party to the case.  As the junior party, Forrester had the burden of proving his case.  Forrester contended that tests performed in October 1950 by Papian constituted reduction to practice, and that continuous work was performed during the time in question.  For evidence, Forrester depended primarily on biweekly reports, laboratory notebooks, and oral testimony provided by those involved in the research.  In March 1961, the Patent Office issued its decision.  It concluded that the October 1950 tests did not constitute reduction to practice nor did it believe Forrester had proved diligence during the crucial period between December 1950 and March 1951.  Consequently, the Patent Office awarded priority of inventorship to Jan Rajchman.\nThe Research Corporation filed a civil action in New York and sought to reverse the Patent Office\'s decision on prior inventorship. It also charged RCA with infringement of the Forrester patent.\n \n\nIBM was involved in Project Whirlwind from the early stages of its development.  In 1952, MIT personnel selected IBM to work with the Institute to augment the engineering design capability of the Whirlwind computer and to prepare for computer production.\nAfter IBM began manufacturing computers with magnetic core memory systems, disagreement arose regarding the amount of royalties IBM should pay MIT for magnetic core memory.  IBM and MIT differed in their assessments of the degree to which each had contributed to the development of magnetic core memory systems.\nIn 1961, MIT proposed that settlement negotiations be formally conducted with IBM concerning this matter.  MIT rejected IBM\'s initial offer of $1 2 million as being too small.  IBM countered that magnetic core memory was not worth more because it would soon be obsolete.\nIn July 1962, the Research Corporation, which was also conducting negotiations with IBM, filed a suit charging the firm with infringement of the Forrester patent.  MIT officials, however, continued to feel that negotiations were the best way to proceed, and talks between MIT and IBM continued. Talks were also going on between RCA and MIT while the appeal of the interference decision was pending.  The negotiations with IBM and RCA were closely related. Attorneys for MIT believed it was imperative to prove Forrester\'s inventorship in the RCA case before settling with IBM.\nIn March 1963, MIT terminated its relationship with the Research Corporation, bought the rights to the Forrester patent, and became a co-plaintiff in the RCA and IBM litigations.  The Research Corporation claimed MIT underestimated the value of the patent and succumbed to pressure tactics by IBM to keep royalty rates low.  MIT argued that it was the Research Corporation which had initially doubted the value of the Forrester patent, and claimed that excessively high royalty demands would hurt its relationship with IBM and with other computer companies. As an active participant in the suits, MIT sought to reverse the Patent Board\'s decision in the interference case and thus open the way to concluding the IBM and RCA cases.  To do so, MIT needed to document the key period between December 1950 and March 1951.\nMr. James Hastings and Ms. Joyce Jones Ericson of MIT\'s Patent Administration Office (formerly the Research Administration) performed the tasks of locating, collecting, and indexing documents relevant to this time period.  Their efforts covered a broad range of activities. Indeed, the title of one of the memos in this collection is entitled ""Treasure Hunt,"" a good indication of the type of activity involved. The major thrust of their investigation was to gather hard evidence concerning Forrester\'s work and to ascertain the exact relationship between Rajchman\'s and Forrester\'s work.  What did Rajchman know of Forrester\'s work?  When and how could he have learned of it?  People who knew Rajchman were contacted, and his activities were investigated. MIT Alumni Placement Office files were checked to see if any MIT Electrical Engineering students worked under Rajchman.  Travel vouchers were located to see which people may have met which others at conferences. Telephone bills were uncovered to see who might have talked to the concerned parties.  People were asked to recollect past conversations. The repositories that received Forrester\'s published works were checked to see who might have read the works and when. Purchase orders for core memory components were located to ascertain exactly when different stages of magnetic core memory production occurred.  Laboratory notebooks were analyzed.\nMIT\'s efforts were successful.  In 1964, the cases against RCA and IBM were settled out of court by negotiated settlements.  RCA withdrew its claims to any portion of the Forrester patent.  MIT agreed to let RCA use the invention under a combination of royalty-free and royalty-bearing licenses.  Under this agreement, RCA paid no royalties for memory systems sold as part of RCA computers.  RCA would pay a royalty of 1/7 cent per bit on apparatus made by RCA for sale by other firms.  MIT agreed to grant, upon request of RCA, royalty-free licenses to RCA licensees under claims that were in interference.\nThe IBM suit was ended after MIT granted a license to the corporation. In return, IBM paid MIT $13 million for ""past and future use"" of the magnetic core memory.\nThe resolution of the IBM and RCA cases opened the way for settlements with other major companies that manufactured magnetic core memory systems.  The negotiations centered primarily around the determination of an equitable royalty settlement.  The companies involved included General Electric, Sperry Rand, Seeburg, Indiana General Corporation, Burroughs, Digital Equipment Corporation, AMPEX, National Cash Register, and Fabritek.  All but Digital Equipment Corporation were settled by lump sum settlements.  Settlement with Digital Equipment Corporation was reached on a running royalty basis.  Disputes over the size of royalty payments between MIT and AMPEX, Fabritek, and National Cash Register led to further litigation."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Center for Advanced Engineering Study (later Center for Advanced Engineering Studies, CAES) was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1963 through a grant of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The Sloan Foundation made a $5,000,000 grant to the Institute to establish the center, including money for construction of a building designed to support continuing education programs. (1)\nThe program itself was ""designed to provide a substantial new curriculum of postgraduate work for both practicing engineers and for professors of engineering."" (2) Starting in 1964, the center hosted groups of fellows for each academic year --the Advanced Study Program under which engineers and scientists came to MIT for a year of study either in programs announced by CAES or individually devised programs.  Other activiites were the Self-Study Program which distributed videotapes, films, and study guides on a rental and sales basis. CAES also rean the Tutored Video Instruction Program, a system for producing and distributing tapes made in MIT classrooms, and a Cable and Videoservices activitiy which provided videoservices throughout MIT.\nCAES was renamed and reorganized on September 1, 1995. Now the Center for Advanced Educational Services, it was moved from the School of Engineering to the Office of the Provost. After its reorganization, CAES was responsible for the Advanced Study Program (ASP), the Professional Institute\'s Summer Session (later Short Programs), Center for Educational Computing Initiatives (CECI), and MIT Video Productions (MVP). (3) The center would later grow to comprise eight units: ASP, MVP, CECI, Professional Institute (PI), Educational Media Creation Center (EMCC), Streaming Media Compression Services (SMCS), MIT World, and Learning International Networks Consortium (LINC). The Center for Advanced Educational Services was disbanded on June 30, 2003.  (4)\n(1)  MIT News Office press release, January 26, 1972\n(2) MIT, , p.  31.\n(3) MIT, , p.  44-47.\n(4) MIT, , 2002-2003."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', ""Historical note\nPhilip Stoddard, Vice President of Operations and Personnel, established the Planning Office in 1958.  The office staff assumed many of the functions previously assigned to the Division of Business Administration and the Department of Buildings and Power. The initial purpose of the new office was to help create a comprehensive planning framework for the long-range development of buildings and other facilities on the MIT campus.  Malcom Rivkin was appointed planning officer. In 1960, Robert Simha became the director and remained as director until the office closed in 2000. The Planning Office reported successively to the Office of the Vice President of Operations and Personnel, 1958-1968; Vice President, Organization Systems, 1968-1971; Vice President Administration and Personnel, 1971-1976; Vice President, Operations, 1976-1982; Senior Vice President, 1982-1992; Senior Vice President, Operations, 1992-1998; and  Executive Vice President, 1998-2000.\nActivities in the office's formative years focused on the establishment of appropriate concepts and the mapping out of specific directions relating to MIT's physical environment and the needs of the academic, research, and administrative programs of MIT. A further objective was to relate the Institute's planning to that of the surrounding community in the City of Cambridge. From the mid-1970s the Planning Office concentrated its activities on three areas: community planning, institutional research, and project planning support. More specific foci have included a campus landscape program, handicapped accessibility projects, transportation and parking, housing, and plans for academic facilities. Of special importance in academic planning was the work of the institutional research staff within the Planning Office who produced a variety of materials for MIT's president and provost in support of academic planning, including policy analyses and comparative information from other universities.\nIn 2000 the multifaceted functions of the Planning Office were reorganized by MIT for the purpose of aligning staff more closely with the departments and business processes that rely on their expertise. Members of the Planning Office staff were reassigned to the Provost's Office, the Office of Facilities, the Office of the Dean of Students, and the Office of the Executive Vice President."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, in accordance with MIT policy, there may be restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, portions of the collection are restricted.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, portions of the collection are restricted.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, portions of the collection require permission for access. Contact Distinctive Collections for further information.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, portions of the collection require permission for access.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet  processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT Policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use.  The interview transcript files and tapes of interviews are closed. Edited transcripts of interviews are available for reserach. See Related Materials in Distinctive Collections."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT Policy, there are restrictions on access to MIT records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the  collection.', 'Biography\nJames Brown Fisk, 1910-1981, SB in aeronautical engineering, 1931, PhD in theoretical physics, 1935, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, taught physics at the University of North Carolina and at MIT before joining Bell Laboratories in 1939. During World War II he headed a group that developed the microwave device used to generate high frequency radar. He was appointed assistant director of research at Bell Labs in 1949, vice president for research in 1954, and executive vice president in 1955. He was president of Bell Labs from 1959 to 1973, when he became chairman of the board. In 1947 he served as the first director of research for the US Atomic Energy Commission. In 1958 he headed a team of scientists sent to Geneva by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to negotiate the technical groundwork for the nuclear test ban treaty. He was a member of the corporation at Harvard University and MIT, and served on MIT presidential search committees in 1965 and 1970."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology consists of the chair of the Corporation; the president, the vice presidents, the provost, the chancellor, and the associate provosts of the Institute; all members of the instructing staff with the rank of professor, associate professor, or assistant professor; the dean of the School of Architecture and Planning; the dean of the School of Engineering; the dean of the School of Humanities Arts, and Social Sciences; the dean of the School of Science; and the dean of the Sloan School of Management; the dean for graduate education; the dean for undergraduate education; the dean for student life; the dean of admissions; the director of athletics; the director of the Libraries; the medical director; the registrar; the executive director, Student Financial Services; and the director of the MIT Professional Institute.  In addition, the faculty, on the recommendation of its officers, designates each year by vote certain administrative staff positions; the holders of these positions, not to exceed four in number, are ex officio members of the Faculty for the year.\nThe officers of the Faculty are the chair, the associate chair, the secretary, and, ex officio, the president of the Institute.  (The president of the Institute is, ex officio, president of the Faculty.) In the absence of the president, the chair of the Faculty presides at Faculty meetings.\nFrom  1.10 and 1.20. (revised March 2011)\n\n2013-: Steve Hall\n2011-2013: Samuel Allen\n2009-2011: Thomas A. Kochan\n2007-2009: Bishwapriya Sanyal\n2006-2007: Steven R. Lerman\n2005-2006: Lorna J. Gibson\n2003-2005: Rafael Bras\n2001-2003: Stephen C. Graves\n1999-2001: Stephen R. Lerman\n1997-1999: Lotte Bailyn\n1995-1997: Laurence S. Bacow\n1993-1995: Robert L. Jaffe\n1991-1993: J. Kim Vandiver\n1989-1991: Henry D. Jacoby\n1987-1989: Bernard J. Frieden\n1985-1987: Mary C. Potter\n1983-1985: Arthur C. Smith\n1981-1983: Felix M. H. Villars\n1979-1981: Sheila E. Widnall\n1977-1979: Robert I. Hulsizer, Jr.\n1975-1977: John Ross\n1973-1975: Elias Panayiotis Gyftopoulos\n1971-1973: Hartley Rogers\n1969-1971: William Ted Martin\n1967-1969: Walter Alter Rosenblith\n1965-1967: Charles Poor Kindleberger\n1964-1965: Ascher Herman Shapiro\n1963-1964: Harold Somers Mickley\n1962-1963: Jerrold Reinach Zacharias\n1960-1962: Patrick Mason Hurley\n1958-1960: Philip McCord Morse\n1956-1958: John Torrey Norton\n1954-1956: Martin J. Buerger\n1952-1954: Edwin Richard Gilliland\n1951-1952: Gordon Stanley Brown\n1951: Douglass V. Brown\n1950-1951: John R. Loofbourow\n[J. R. Loofbourow died during his term as Chairman. Douglass V. Brown apparently completed the term.]\n1949-1950: Douglass V. Brown\n1947-1949: William H. McAdams\n1945-1947: William H. Timbie\n1943-1945: Henry B. Phillips\n1942-1943: Floyd E. Armstrong\n1940-1942: Charles B. Breed\n1939-1940: Harry M. Goodwin\n1937-1939: James F. Norris\n1935-1937: Charles E. Fuller\n1933-1935: William Emerson\n1931-1933: Frederick S. Woods\n1929-1931: Samuel C. Prescott\n1927-1929: Charles L. Norton\n1925-1927: Charles M. Spofford\n1923-1925: Dugald Caleb Jackson\n1921-1923: Edward Furber Miller\n1919-1921: Henry P. Talbot\n1917-1919: Arthur Edwin Kennelly\n1915-1917: Cecil Hobart Peabody\n1913-1915: Harry W. Tyler\n1911-1913: Davis R. Dewey\n1909-1911: Dwight Porter\n*In 1993, the Faculty voted to delete any gender specific terminology from the . This decision changed the Chairman of the Faculty position to Chair of the Faculty."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nThe Institute Council on Environmental Health and Safety is responsible to the president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for coordinating the policy development and the assessment of procedures of the several Institute committees concerned with specific areas of environmental health and safety. The council serves as a forum in which overlapping and joint areas of concern of these committees are reviewed and clarified, and questions in dispute by individual committees are resolved. The council is also responsible for identification of new environmental health and safety matters which may emerge as new activities are undertaken and new technologies develop or old ones change direction. In instances where such new activities do not fall within the purview of an existing committee, the council may expand the area of concern of an existing committee or recommend the creation of a new committee."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office.', 'Historical note\nMeteorological study began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  (MIT) in the summer of 1928 in the Department of Aeronautical Engineering under a three-year grant from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. Carl-Gustaf Rossby began the study of meteorology and physical oceanography when he was appointed to the faculty of the Department of Aeronautics in 1928. Graduate instruction began in the fall of 1928, and undergraduate instruction was offered from 1944 to 1957.\nMeteorology remained a program in the Department of Aeronautical Engineering until 1941, when it became the Department of Meteorology in the School of Engineering, Course XIV. In  1946 the course number changed to XIX. In 1957 the Department moved from the School of Engineering to the School of Science. In 1981 the name of the department became the  Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, and in 1983 it merged with the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and became part of Course  XII, as  the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.', 'Biographical / Historical\nThe heads of the Department of Meteorology of the Massachusetts Institure of Technology (MIT) were: Sverre Petterssen, 1941-1942; Henry Houghton, executive officer, 1942-1946, and head, 1946-1969; Norman Alton Phillips,  1970-1974; Jule Charney, 1974-1977; Edward Lorenz, 1977-1981; and Peter H. Stone, 1981-1983."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to some of the records.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the creating office."
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT Policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Box 6 is restricted for 75 years.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', 'Biography\nAscher H. Shapiro, 1916-2004, S.B. 1938, Ph.D. 1946, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, became an instructor at MIT in 1940, assistant professor in 1943, associate  professor in 1947, and professor in 1952. He was appointed Ford Professor of Engineering in 1962 and Institute Professor in 1975. He was head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1965-1974. His areas of research include fluid dynamics, rarefied gas flows, thermodynamics, propulsion and power generation, and biomedical engineering.\nIn 1961 Ascher Schapiro founded the National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films in collaboration with the Education Development Center (successor to Educational Services Incorporated). In that effort he developed 39 videos and accompanying texts for the teaching of fluid mechanics.  His writings include  (1953-1954) and  (1960).\nMIT News Office notice: "
"Access note: The collection is open for research; however, the collection is not yet fully processed and may need to be screened before use. In accordance with MIT Policy, there may be restrictions on access to MIT records. Boxes 90 to 95 and box 123 are restricted pending review.', 'Intellectual Property Rights: Access to collections in the Department of Distinctive Collections is not authorization to publish. Separate written application for permission to publish must be made to Distinctive Collections. Copyright of some items in this collection may be held by respective creators, not by the donor of the collection.', ""Biographical note\nfrom: https://biology.mit.edu/events/francis_o_schmitt_lecture\nThe Biology Department is proud to host the Francis O. Schmitt Lecture in honor of Dr. Schmitt who was a Professor of Biology, and held the position of Head of the Department from 1942-1955. When Dr. Schmitt assumed the Head, the Department included just a handful of faculty. Under his leadership, Biology was developed into a major Department at MIT. He also ran his lab's research program, in the biochemistry and biophysics of nerves, and in neurosciences, over the same period.\nDr. Schmitt was appointed Institute Professor in 1955, a distinguished academic post awarded by MIT which recognizes outstanding achievement. He provided leadership to a number of scientific organizations, including serving on the boards of both MGH and McLean Hospital. He also founded the Neurosciences Research Program in 1962, which gave a focus through conferences and publications to research in the neurosciences throughout the world."", 'Biography\nMIT News Office obituary:  http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/obit-schmitt.html\nFrancis Otto Schmitt was born November 23, 1903, and died October 3, 1995.  He attended St. Louis public schools and during high school became interested in chemistry.  Schmitt entered Washington University in 1920 as a premedical student and studied under Caswell Grave, J. P. Visscher, and S. W. Geiser, among others.  Between his junior and senior years at Washington University, Schmitt studied general physiology at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, with a half-tuition scholarship. There, Robert Chambers introduced Schmitt to microdissection. Later that summer, at Chambers\'s invitation, Schmitt went to Salisbury Cove Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, to help Chambers carry out experimental work in preparation for a chapter for Cowdry\'s . During his senior year, Schmitt continued to do cytological research and in 1924 published his first article, co-authored by Caswell Grave, ""A Mechanism for the Coordination of the Movement of Cilia of Epithelia,"" in .  Also with Grave, he wrote ""A Mechanism for the Coordination and Regulation of Ciliary Movement As Revealed by Micro-dissection and Cytological Studies of Ciliated Cells in Mollusks,"" which appeared in the . Schmitt graduated from Washington University in 1924 with final honors and was made a member of Sigma Xi.\nInterested in X-ray diffraction and tissue ultrastructure, and impressed with Washington University\'s facilities and Joseph Erlanger, Schmitt decided in 1924 to pursue his graduate studies in the physiology department at the Washington University Medical School, turning down a scholarship at the University of Pennsylvania.  The first two years of his graduate training included both pre-clinical studies for the M.D. and research for the Ph.D. (Schmitt\'s father wanted him to be a surgeon.)  After two years, Schmitt ceased his medical studies, with his father\'s agreement, and concentrated on his X-ray diffraction work on muscle and studies of kidney function.  During this time Schmitt studied and worked with Herbert S. Gasser, George Bishop, Harvey Lester White, Arthur I. Kendall, and Joseph Erlanger.  It was under Erlanger that Schmitt did his doctoral research.  Erlanger assigned Schmitt the topic ""The Irritability of Heart Muscle"" for his thesis research, and in June 1927 Schmitt received his Ph.D. in Medical Science.\nSchmitt pursued post-doctoral studies in three locations. With a National Research Council fellowship, he worked in the chemistry department at the University of California at Berkeley in 1927-1928 under G. N. Lewis.  For seven weeks in 1928 he went to London to further his work on lipids in the laboratories of J. C. Drummond at University College, with the assistance of N. K. Adam and B. C. J. G. Knight.  In 1929 Schmitt completed his post-doctoral studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Biologie in Berlin, first in the laboratory of Otto Warburg studying oxidation theory, then in the laboratory of Otto Meyerhof studying the gaseous metabolism of nerves.\nSchmitt returned to Washington University in 1929 as assistant professor of zoology.  Thereafter, he moved up in the ranks, becoming associate professor in 1934, professor in 1938, and in 1940, upon the retirement of Caswell Grave, Schmitt was made head of the zoology department. During these years Schmitt benefited from the assistance of and collaboration with his brother Otto, a physicist.  Another significant collaborator was Richard S. Bear with whom Schmitt worked from 1935 to 1940.  Schmitt and Bear investigated nerve structure using polarization optics and X-ray diffraction.\nIn 1941 Schmitt was asked by Karl Taylor Compton, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to join the faculty of the biology department.  Schmitt joined the MIT staff as professor of biology, and in 1942, when biology department head S. C. Prescott retired, Schmitt assumed his responsibilities.\nDuring World War II Schmitt\'s laboratory was devoted to research on burns, wound healing, and the production of synthetic surgical gut which could be used in military field hospitals.  The remainder of Schmitt\'s work during the 1940s was devoted to groundbreaking research using electron microscopy.  In 1941 the first electron microscope to be used in an academic biology department was installed at MIT. With C. E. Hall and M. A. Jakus, Schmitt studied the ultrastructure of nerve, collagen, muscle, and other fibrous proteins, making the department a preeminent center for investigation of ultrastructure.  R. S. Bear, who had come to MIT with Schmitt, continued to collaborate with him on these studies.\nUnder Schmitt\'s administration, MIT\'s biology department grew and became distinguished in the areas of biophysics and biochemistry.  In 1955, Schmitt was made Institute Professor in recognition of his exemplary achievements at the Institute.  One of only three persons to have received that honor up to that time, Schmitt was released from his administrative responsibilities to enable him to devote himself exclusively to advanced teaching and research.\nAs a result of his multidisciplinary research interests, Schmitt founded the Neurosciences Research Program (NRP) in 1962.  An interdisciplinary, inter-university organization, the NRP was Schmitt\'s means for promoting research in what he considered the last frontier of science, the brain and brain function.  Comprised of staff and an international group of ""Associates,"" outs

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