my_macros.ex

defmodule MyMacros do
  defmacro my_macro() do
    module = __CALLER__.module
    Module.get_attribute(module, :foo) |> IO.inspect(label: "outside quote")

    quote do
      Module.get_attribute(unquote(module), :foo) |> IO.inspect(label: "with unquoted module")
      Module.get_attribute(__MODULE__, :foo) |> IO.inspect(label: "with __MODULE__")
    end
  end
end

defmodule UseMacros do
  require MyMacros

  @foo bar: 1
  MyMacros.my_macro()
end

output.txt

outside quote: nil
with unquoted module: [bar: 1]
with __MODULE__: [bar: 1]