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// DDRD (R/W) pin direction (0 = INPUT / 1 = OUTPUT)
// PORTD (R/W) pin state (INPUT: 0 = LOW / 1 = HIGH | OUTPUT: 0 = PULL-UP DIACTIVATED / 1 = PULL-UP ACTIVATED)
// PIND (R) pin state (INPUT ONLY: 0 = LOW / 1 = HIGH)

// bit(n)                                 // calculates value of n-th bit (returns: 0 / 1)
// bitRead(byteName, n)                   // gets value of n-th bit of byte (returns: 0 / 1)
// bitSet(byteName, n)                    // sets value of n-th bit of byte to 1
// bitClear(byteName, n)                  // sets value of n-th bit of byte to 0
// bitWrite(byteName, n, val)             // sets value of n-th bit of byte to 0 or 1

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extras/* linguist-documentation

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double mapf(double val, double in_min, double in_max, double out_min, double out_max) {
    return (val - in_min) * (out_max - out_min) / (in_max - in_min) + out_min;
}

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/*
 GPIOR
 -----
 Three general purpose I/O registers that can be used for storing any information (GPIOR0, GPIOR1 and GPIOR2)
 These registers are particularly useful for storing global variables and status flags, since they are accessible 
 to bit-specific instructions such as SBI, CBI, SBIC, SBIS, SBRC, and SBRS.

 Note that only GPIOR0 is bit-addressable

 References:   

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// http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/I2cScanner

// -------------
// i2c_scanner
// -------------

#include <Wire.h>

void setup() {
    Wire.begin();

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#include "MCP3221.h"

const byte DEV_ADDR = 0x4D;                                           // I2C address of the MCP3221 (Change if needed)

MCP3221 mcp3221(DEV_ADDR);                                            // constructs a new MCP3221 object with the relevant I2C address

void setup() {
    Serial.begin(9600);                                               // initiallizes the Serial Communications Port (at 9600bd)
    Wire.begin();                                                     // initiallizes the I2C Communications bus
    while(!Serial);                                                   // waits for Serial Port to initialize

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/*
HOOK-UP: NORMALLY OFF
---------------------
Connect one pin of the push-button or toggle switch to pin D5.
Connect a 10K pull-down resistor between the above pin and GND.
Connect the other pin of the push-button or toggle switch to 5V.

HOOK-UP: NORMALLY ON
--------------------
Connect one pin of the push-button or toggle switch to pin D5.

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typedef struct Scr_t {
    union {
        u16 data;
        struct {
            u16 tile    : 10;
            u16 hflip   :  1;
            u16 vflip   :  1;
            u16 pal     :  4;
        };
    };

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struct hours_byte {
    unsigned int format: 1;     // range: 0-1, 0=24h 1=12h
    unsigned int ampm: 1;       // range: 0-1, 0=AM 1=PM
    unsigned int tenshours: 2;  // range: 0-2
    unsigned int hours: 4;      // range: 0-15 (guessing it never goes over 9)
};

void pHour(hours_byte when) {
   Serial.print(when.tenshours, DEC);
   Serial.print(when.hours, DEC);

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int i = 42;
int *p = &i;

// '*' means 'points to' and '&' means 'address of' ('p' is a pointer to the address of integer 'i')