| issue | c | zig (release-safe) | rust (release) | Nim (release) | Nim (danger) | D (@safe) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| out-of-bounds heap read/write | none | runtime | runtime | runtime | none | runtime |
| null pointer dereference | none | runtime | runtime | runtime | none | runtime¹ |
| type confusion | none | runtime, partial | runtime | compile time | compile time | compile time |
| integer overflow | none | runtime | runtime | runtime | none | wraps |
| use after free | none | none | compile time | handled by gc | handled by gc | handled by gc or rc |
| double free | none | none | compile time | handled by gc | handled by gc | handled by gc or rc |
| invalid stack read/write | none | none | compile time | handled by gc | handled by gc | compile time |
| uninitialized memory | none | none | compile time | memory always zeroed | memory always zeroed | memory always initialized |
| data race | none | none | compile time | none | none | compile time (WIP)² |
- D relies on the operating system to trap null dereferences.
- D's type system distinguishes between shared and thread-local data. Compile-time checks for unsynchronized access to shared data are partially implemented and currently considered experimental.