1. Subject opener.
The dog chased the cat.t
2. Prepositional - "positional"
Example:
Inside the yard, the dog chased the cat.
Yesterday, the dog chased the cat. (position in time)
According to the neighbor, the dog chased the cat.
other prepositions: among, after, beside, below, against,
across, according to, regarding,
3. -ly (adverbs)
Normally, the dog chases the cat.
Ocassionaly, the dog chases the cat.
4. -ing, (gerand)
Skiing is a fun activity.
Farming as a hard job.
Chasing the cat around the yard, the dog became exhausted.
5. Adverbial clause - when, where, while, as, since, if, although
When the gates opened, the dog chased the cat.
Where the fence opened to the yard, the dog chased the cat.
While I was looking out the window, the dog chased the cat.
Although the dog was old, it chased the cat.
6. strong verbs
"weak" verbs: is, was, were, am (to be verbs)
<Noun> can be learned...
<Noun> taught me
<Noun> taught us...
<Plurals> with... e.g. Managers with
definition: <Noun> is...
A few years ago...
And it...
And even if...
As a...
As this unfolded...
As you'll see...
As we'll see..
Although x is ...
Always on the run...
Anyone who...
Because...
Before this failure...
Before I start...
Being...
But even if...
But because...
By contrast...
By way of example...
Consequently...
Consider...
Depending on..
Day in and day out...
Everyone seems...
Even if...
Feeling like..
Forget the fact...
For all...
Finally
Following <noun> ...
Furthermore...
Getting to the point...
Getting back to...
Going with that line of thinking...
Going with that idea..
However,
However, because <noun> ...
Here is...
Here's what <noun> <verb>
Here's how...
In that sense...
In that light...
In a way...
In contrast...
It's not a stretch...
It seems
It was...
Let's go back...
Let us consider
My work...
My time...
My experience...
Over time...
On the contrary...
On the other hand...
Put another way...
Please consider...
When x was
Whoever...
Inevitably, things ...
In that sense...
In other words...
In the unlikely event/case...
If you imagine...
If you look closely...
If you <verb>
It's not a stretch...
It seems
It was...
It wasn't until...
Runnning away...
So, when..
So, I ...
Still, when ...
Still, it is ...
Thanks to ...
The measure...
The test...
The times..
That is...
That doesn't...
That does...
That made sense...
There were times that..
There was a sens...
Think back...
Think about it...
This <noun> <verb>
This pattern of...
This experience changed..
This product incorporated...
Today <noun> <verb>
Those moments...
Those times...
Throughout my...
The x was
The point
The fact
Thus...
Thus <noun> <verb>
Unpredictably...
When I was...
When I <verb>...
This graph represents
THis graph shows...
To read the graph,
In addition to...
Besides...
Countless times...
Among the...
The following...
For the following reasons...
First and foremost...
The most important...
The least important...
Another aspect...
Finally,
Lastly,
None of this..
In conclusion...
After this had been going on for a year..
But even...
It is not...
During the hour and the half I was in the offfice...
During the meeting...
Because...
Later, in Chapter 12...
Django itself...
The core...
If your' not sure..
At any given time
Official releases...
Here's how...
Django uses...
Git is a free open source..
WHen using the development version...
To grab the latest Django, follow these steps:
1. Make sure...
2. Clone...
3. Locate...
4. Within the the sites-packages directory, create...
5. Place...
After downloading...
Because Django code changes...
Finally, if you use the dev version, you should know...
For some post-installation feedback...
The Python interactive...
Throughout this book...
Multiline statements are padded...
Those three dots...
topic:Setting up a Database
At this point...
Django supports four database engines...
If you just want to start playing with Django...
For the most part, all the engines...
Setting up the database is a two-step process...
If you're playing around with Django and dont wan't...
topic: Starting a project
Once you've install python...
A project is a collection..
If this is your first time, you'll have to take care of some initial setup.
After...
At the time..
As time went by...
As <noun> <verb>...
During the...
As this unfolded...
In the old days...
In looking back...
It never occurred...
It never...
In the middle of...
After this...
Before <noun> e.g. Before people...
Sometimes...
Those times...
Throughout...
The times...
Every time...
Almost always...
Looking back...
When I first...
source: http://pyvideo.org/category/52/pyohio-2014
Have you ever...
The x is an <adjective>
This talk will explain...
Recent statistics show..
Not all data is numeric...
Before you...
Who was responsible for...
Who started...
Who stopped...
Who prevented...
Who ended...
Who changed...
Who lead...
What if <noun> <verb>
What if <plural> <verb>
What does x mean...
What does x do...
What is the relationship between x and y...
When did x start..
When did x stop..
When did x change...
Whene did x happen...
How does x work
How do you add...
How do you subtract...
How do you start...
How do you stop...
How do you change...
How do you reverse...
How do you undo...
How do you transform...
How do you increase...
How do you decrease...
How do you improve...
How does <x> and <y> work together...
How did...
Why is it that...
Why do people do this...
Why do <plural> do this..
You can use the following techniques to warmup or generate content:
* Socratic method
* Dear XYZ,
* Write about how you are feeling or something you dislike
* Write what you did earlier
* Write a prediction
* Start with a word
More here: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1NAqYYPL_f_L7H3Ak-a_BP-RaZo1nrMVMtwDOYSk0BF0/edit#gid=0
General Subject | Limited Subject | Thesis |
---|---|---|
Marriage | Honeymoon | A honeymoon is perhaps the worst way to begin a marriage. |
Family | Older sister | My older sister helped me overcome my shyness. |
Television | TV preachers | TV evangelists use sales techniques to promote their messages. |
Children | Disciplining children | My husband and I have several effective ways of disciplining our children. |
Sports | Players' salaries | Players' high salaries are bad for the game, for the fans, and for the values our children are developing. |
Purpose | Thesis |
---|---|
To analyze | A home energy audit revealed that we can reduce home heating costs by $500 a year. |
To explain a cause | Our home heating costs were high because of poor insulation, drafty windows, and an inefficient furnance. |
To contrast | Homes using passive solar energy have lower heating bills than others. |
To explain an effect | Higher heating costs have made architects designe more energy-efficient homes. |
To explain a process | Lowering home heating costs is easy if one follows three basic steps. |
To offer a solution | People who on older homes should have an energy audit to find ways to reduce heating costs. |
To classify | Heating costs can be reduced by using fossil-fuel alternatives: solar, wind, and geothermal. |
To explain advantages | Reducing heating costs not only saves money, but it also increases the value of a home and helps the environment. |
To explain disadvantages | Installing solar panels will reduce heating costs, but they are unsightly and expensive. |
To convince | Every house should be required to install solar panels because they reduce costs and are good for the environment. |
To evaluate | The Spider-Man movie is worth watching because it has great acting, good writing, and amazing special-effects. |
The purpose of the evaluation essay is to demonstrate the overall quality (or lack thereof) of a particular product, business, place, service or program. The tone should not be opinionated but rather factual.
You need 3 things to write an evaluation:
- Criteria - establish the ideal of what the item should be
- Evaluation - compare your ideal with the subject at hand
- Evidence - provide evidence for the comparison
a.As a brilliantly aware satire, Matt Groening’s The Simpsons has effectively stirred different emotions from different factions of the culturally deadened American populace, and for this alone, it should be recognized as “quality programming.”
b.At a time when it seems that society is being destroyed by its own designs, it is good to be able to hold up a mirror that shows us the extent of our problems. Neither escapist nor preachy, The Simpsons provides such a satiric mirror, a metaphoric reflection of our dissolving social foundation. More than that, The Simpsons is therapeutic: to be able to laugh in the face of such problems is the ultimate catharsis.
a.With its characters, music, and special effects, and its clearly distinguished boundaries of belief, Poltergeist is able to capture its audience with its unique thrills, allowing viewers to link their most inner-locked fears to those on the screen. Poltergeist: It knows what scares you!
b.At first and final glance, Poltergeist is simply a riveting demonstration of a movie’s power to terrify. It creates honest thrills within the confines of a PG rating, reaching for shock effects and the forced suspension of disbelief throughout the movie.
c.Unlike most horror flicks, Poltergeist works! Its success is due to excellent characters, music, and special effects -- and to the fact that the story stays within the bounds of believability.
source: http://webs.anokaramsey.edu/stankey/Writing/Evaluate/SampThes.htm https://www.aims.edu/student/online-writing-lab/understanding-writing/evaluation.php
The purpose of the expository essay is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author's subject to the reader. The expository essay is a general type of essay that includes how-to (or process), classification, definition, cause and effect, and compare and contrast essays.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_modes#Exposition
source: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/17-expository-essay-topics/
claim + point 1 + point 2 + point 3.
The claim should be an independent clause.
Example A - Argumentative/Persuasive
Cell phones belong in school because they save lives,
serve as learning tools, and can teach teenagers responsibility.
Example B - Argumentative/Persuasive
High schools should adopt uniform policies because they decrease
bullying, parentail financial pressure, and school distractions.
or moving the independent clause:
Because they decrease bullying, parental financial pressure,
and school distractions.
Example 1 - Argumentative
In its quest to reduce motor vehicle accidents and casualties,
the British Columbia government has introduced stringent requirements
for new drivers.
While many applaud the new relus as a step toward reducing the carnage
on our rodas, many others argue that the new relus are unfair and unnecessary.
By examining the transportation needs of young people, the
issue of individual responsibility, the costs of driving education, and the
accident rates for various age groups, we will see that these new driving
regulations are indeed unwarranted and need to be modified.
Example 2 - Argumentative
When a cell phone goes off in a classroom or at a concert,
we are irritated, but at least our lives are not endangered.
When we are on the road, however, irresponsible users are more
than irritating: They are putting our lives at risk.
Many of us have witnessed drives so distracted by dialing
and chatting that they resemble drunk drivers, weaving between
lanes, for example, or nearly running down pedestrians in crosswalks.
A number of bills to regulate use of cell phones on the road have
been introduced in state legislatures, and the time has come
to push for their passage. Regulation are needed because
drivers who use phones are seriously impaired and laws
on negligent and reckless driving are not sufficient to
punish offenders.
Example 3 - Literary
Poor: Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel
Better: Through its contrasting river and shore scenes,
Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression
of American ideals, one must leave civilized society and go
back to nature.
Example 4 - Literary - approaching the literature's structure
In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses the river
journey to illustrate Huck's increasing awareness of the moral
hypocrisy in the "civilized" South.
Example 5 - Literary - appoarching the literature's imagery
The fate of the main characters in Antigone illustrates the danger
of excessive pride. The imagery in Dylan Thomas's poem "Fern Hill"
reveals the ambiguity of humans' relationship with nature.
Example 6 - Literary
Poor: Edgar Allen Poe's work was affected greatly by the current
events of his life, covering his family life, his childhood, and
his career; these events changed the style and subject of his works.
*What's wrong with this thesis statement?
*More questions than answers: which works will be explored?
What current events? What childhood or career events?
How did Poe's style change and WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
Example 7 - Expository/Informative essay
THe Boston Tea Party was a significant act of civil disobedience
that galvanazied Americans around the issue of taxation without
representation and helped spark the Revolutionary War.
Example 7b - expository essay
The invention of the steam engine changed the landscape
of America, allowing people to travel further than they
ever had before and speeding the settlement of the frontier.
Example 8 - narrative
Love has changed my whole life and made a better person out of me.
Example 9 - narrative
My family gives me the inspiration throughout my life.
sources:
http://www.custom-essays.org/narrative_essay/thesis_statement.html
“A Son Returns to the Agony of Somalia” by K’Naan from The New York Times
One has to be careful about stories. Especially true ones.
When a story is told the first time, it can find a place
in the listener’s heart. If the same story is told over and over,
it becomes less like a presence in that chest and more like an X-ray of it.
The beating heart of my story is this: I was born in Mogadishu, Somalia.
I had a brief but beautiful childhood filled with poetry from renowned
relatives. Then came a bloody end to it, a lesson in life as a Somali:
death approaching from the distance, walking into our lives in an experienced stroll.
**********************************************
“It Beat Me Up and Ran Away” by Anonymous
No one seemed to notice the pool of blood forming at my feet.
It was two o’clock, Ms. Fernandez was talking about indirect
object pronouns, and there was a knife in my stomach.
It was right above my belly button, this knife, and it sat there,
an ache resonating through my body, until it yanked itself out
and thrust into another part of my abdomen. I winced and dropped
the pencil as the knife entered. Ms. Fernandez continued to
discuss proper Spanish grammar.
**********************************************
“Momento Mori” by David Sedaris
For the past ten years or so, I’ve made it a habit to carry a
small notebook in my front pocket. The model I favor is called
the Europa, and I pull it out an average of ten times a day,
jotting down grocery lists, observations, and little thoughts
on how to make money, or torment people. The last page is always
reserved for phone numbers, and the second to last I use for
gift ideas. These are not things I might give to other people,
but things that they might give to me: a shoehorn,
for instance—always wanted one. The same goes for a
pencil case, which, on the low end, probably costs no more than a doughnut.
Example 1 - Narrative
Reflection:
. . . I wished that he had been beside me so that I could have searched
his face for the answers which only the future would give me now.
Reflection 2
What I believe is this: That pinch was entry into our childhood;
my arm around him, our smiling, is the proof of us two surfacing,
alive but not unscathed. And here are my own two boys, already embarked.
Action 1
But since, short of diving in after him, there was nothing I could do, I walked away.
source:
https://writingcenterunderground.wordpress.com/2012/04/11/in-conclusion-tips-to-create-a-memorable-ending-for-your-narrative-essay-2/
A University in Every Town
The Turkish government is planning to open 15 new universities
in developing provinces of Turkey. The is a response to pressure
coming from local MPs who in turn voice the demands of their
constituencies. However, while the already existing 85
universities are wrestling with the financial and academic
difficulties, it does not seem to be a good idea to add new
universities to the sytom of higher education.
First of all, the new universities will experience staffing problems.
That is, they will have difficulty finding faculty that is
qualified to teach in these budding universities. In our country
the number of academicians who meet the academic requirements
is limited. New universities will have two choices:
either to draw from the existing pool or to employ under qualified people.
To attract those instructors from other universities they will have
ot offer attractive incentives. However, sinec these will be state
universities they will not have the necessary fund and moste
academics will be unwilling to go to small town universities
where academic and life standards are below par. The only venue open
to these universities will be to employ local professionals or under
qualified instructors. The inevitable result will follow:
a drop in the quality of education.
In addition to recruitment problems, small town universities will
have financial difficulties. The funds allocated to them by the state
will not be enough to build from scratch all the facilities that make a
university a "real university." A university
is more than a few classrooms. Students will need dorms, gyms,
cafeterias, sports, facilities, labs and computers for their
academic and social development. How man new universities can
claim to have only a few of these facilities on their campuses?
The result will be a small town "university" which consists of
a sol building that houses classrooms and offices, and
nothing more.
It is argued that the establishment of a university in a developing
town will contribute to the development of local culture,
community and economy. However, if a university is wrestling with staff
recruitment problems, or if it cannot solve its financial
difficulties it means that in cannot be of any help to the local
community or economy either. It will only employ a few locals,
provide substandard education to a few local youth, and it will
not fulfill the aim for which it was initially established.
Universities are institutions of higher education and they need
to provide education to satisfy certain standards. In order
to provide such quality education they need to have qualified
teachers and must provide minimum social and academic facilities.
Since funds are limited, we should raise the standard of our existing
universities first. Only after that, should we invest in establishing
new ones.
- The Premise - the "because" portion of an argument
- The Conclusion/Proposition - the logical ending of a premise or the correct interpretation of the premises
Example: Because testosterone is a natural steroid and men have more of it, men are bigger than women.
Another way to say it: Men are bigger than women because they have more testosterone which is a natural steroid.
Example: Because all men are mortal and socrates is a man, Socrates is Mortal.
Another way to say it: Socrates is mortal because he is a man and all men are mortal.
- Introduction
- Strongest argument
- Weakest argument
- Second strongest argument at the end, and a transition to the other side
- The other side
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- The other side, then your side, then transition back to
- The other side, then your weakest point, and a transition back to
- The other side, then your strongest point at the end
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- The other side, plus a transition back to your side
- Your second strongest argument
- Your weakest argument, in the middle
- Your strongest argument at the end
- Conclusion
Rhetorical strategy | Example |
---|---|
Generalization (inductive-small to large) | Fair trade agreements have raised the quality of life for coffee producers, so fair trade agreements could be used to help other farmers as well. |
Generalization (deductive-large to small) | Genetically modified seeds have caused poverty, hunger, and a decline in bio-diversity everywhere they have been introduced, so there is no reason the same thing will not occur when genetically modified corn seeds are introduced in Mexico. |
Appeal to authority (character, credibility) | Doctors all over the world reccomend this type of treament. |
Appeal to emotion | Where would we be without this tradition? Ever since our forefathers landed at Plymouth Rock, we've celebrated Thanksgiving without fail, making more than cherished recipes: we've made memories. |
More resources: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/04/
http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/skeptic/arguments.html
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-ethos-logos-and-pathos.html
http://web.clark.edu/martpe/writing_strong_argument_papers.htm
-
Are you generalizing without sufficient data?
-
Are you stereotyping? Are your analogies, (similarities between 2 things), based on things that are truly similar?
-
Are you sure that your causes and effects are really causes and effects, and are not related to something else instead?
-
Do you have enough options? Not much is really either one thing or another. There are usually other choices.
-
Do your conclusions follow your arguments logically?
-
Are you overusing emotions?
1)The thesis should commit the writer to a single line of argument
Poor: The Roman theater was inspride by the Greek theater, which it imitated, and eventually
the Romans produced great plays in their theatrons, such as those by Plautus, who was
the best Roman comic writer beacuse of his robustness and inventiveness.
Better: Beacuse of his robust language and novel comic plots, Titus Maccicus Plautus
can be consider the best Roman comic playwright; his plays are still successfully
staged today.
2)The thesis should not be worded in figurative language
Poor: Henry James is the Frank Lloyd Wright of the American novel.
Better: The novels of Heny Jame have internal consistence because fo the way
he unifies his themes, patterns his episod, and orders his images.
3)The thesis should not be worded vaguely
Poor: Cigarette smoking wreaks havoc on the body.
Better: Cigarette smaking harms the body by constricting the blood vessels,
accelarting the heartbet, paralyizg the cilia in the bronchial tubes,
and activating excessing gastric secretions in the stomach.
4)The thesis should not be workd as a question
Poor: Who makes the key decisions in U.S. cities?
Better: Key decisions in large U.S. cities are
made by a handful of individuals, drawn largely from business, industrial,
and municipal circles, who occupy the top of the power hiearchy.
5)The thesis should be concise as possible
Poor: Despite the fact that extensive time consumed by television
distracts from homework, competes with schooling more generally,
and has contributed to the decline in the SAT averages, television
related forms of communication give the future of learning its largest
promise, the most constructive approach being less dependet on limitng
the uses of these processes than on the willingness of the community
and the family to exercise the responsibiliy what is taught and
learned this way as they have exercised with respect to older
forms of education.
Better: While numerous studies acknowledge that the extensive time spent
by students watching television has contributed to the decline in
the Scholastic Aptitude Test Scores, leading educators are convinced
that television holds immense promise for the future of learning,
provided that the family and the community prudently monitor its use.
P: Point/topic of paragraph. You should be able to read this
sentence and know what the paragraph is about. Make a point worth making.
I: Illustration. This should be your quote or your sources information.
Give some evidence for how you know it
E: Explain. Explain how the quote relates/why it matters to your topic
and expand on it. This part should be a couple sentences.
Explain how the evidence makes the point.
or, PEE
Point
Evidence
Explain
source: https://www.reddit.com/r/LifeProTips/comments/136zs4/lpt_another_way_to_write_fast_wellconstructed/
Topic Sentence
Detail
Commentary
Detail
Commentary
Closing Sentence
Example:
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world.
First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access
to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard
of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged
to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and
efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for
people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.
TYPES OF OUTLINES:
- Topic Outline. Useful for outlining relatively simple subjects
- Sentence Outline. Useful for complex subjects, the detailed entries give good overview of the paper.
- Paragraph outline. Not recommended for ordinary college papers.
Topic Outline Example
--------------------
Thesis: After six decades of being judged a demoniacal libertine, Rasputin
now deserves to be views from another point of view -- as a man who was intennsely
religious, who passionatily desired peach, and who was deeply devot to his family and friends.
I. The ambiguity of the real Rasputin
A. His birth
B. Popular Historical view
1. His supporters
2. His detractors
II. Rasputin's religious feelings
A. His rich nature and exuberant vitality
B. His simple peason faith
III. Rasputin's desire for peach in Russia
A. His concern for the Russian underdog
1. His loyalty to the peasantry
2. His opposition to the anti-Semitism
B. His opposition to all wars
IV. Rasputin's gently, compassionate side
A. His kindness to the Romanovs
B. His love for family
Sentence outline example
----------------------
Thesis: same as above.
I. The real Rasputin is difficult to discover
A. The birth of Rasputin coincided with a "shooting star"
B. The popular historical view of Rasputin portrays him as primarily evil
1. Supporters called him a spiritual leader
2. Detractors calledm him a satyr and charged that his depraved faithful
were merely in awe of his sexual endowments
II. Rasputin had intense religious feelings.
A. He had a rich nature and exuberant vitality
B. He had a simple peasant faith in God
III. Rasputin's passionate desire for peace in Russia
A. He was concerned for the Russian underdog.
1. He wanted a Tsar for who would standy mainly for the peasantry.
2. He spoke out boldly against anti-Semitism
B. Because of his humanitarian spirit, he was opposed to all wars
IV. Rasputin had a gentle, compassionat side.
A. He showed great kindness to the Romanovs
B. Maria Rasputin tell of her father's love for his family
Paragraph outline example
-------------------------
Thesis: same as above.
I. Rasputin himself always attached great significant to the fact that at the time
of his birth, a shooting star was seen streaking across the horizon. He saw this
phenomenon as an omen that he was fated to have influence and special powers.
The popular historical view of Rasputin points him primarily as evil. In his day,
however, he attracted numerous supporters who viewd him as their spiritual leader.
But he also had many detractors who called him a satyr and accused his
followers of sexual depravity.
II. Rasputin had intense religious feelings. He was so filled with exuberance and vitality
that he could stay awake untel the early hours of the morning, dancing and drinking in
frenzied religious fervor. He did not have the theology of a sophisticated cleric, but
rather he expressed his religion in simple terms of a Russian peasant.
III. Rasputin's passionate desire for peace in Russia revealed itself in several ways.
For instance, he was concerend for such Russian underdogs as the peasant and the Jews,
always encouragi the Tsar to protect these unfortunate groups. Also, his humanitarian
and pacifist nature made him a determined opponent of all wars.
IV. Rasputin had a gentle, compassionate side. He was completely devoted to the Tsar's
family and was know to have had a calming influence on the hemophiliac son of the Tsar.
Maria Rasputin gives a glowing report of her father's kindness and love.
I.R.E. / IRE
Introduce - if quoting fiction, summarize the context.
otherwise, answer "who or what" are you quoting
Reproduce - give your quote and try to integrate
it into a complete sentece so it r
Explain - why did you quote this? what is the interpretation?
focus on explaining why the qouto supports your thesis.
Example:
As Laurel realizes what her father meant by this as she relays
his explanation to her troop, and as she remembers that he did not
thank the Mennonites. Laural says she "suddenly knew there was
something mean in the world that I could not stop." (Packer, 1995).
While most of the other girls on the bus find humor and oddity in these
Mennonites, Laurel instead looks at the motivation of her father and
learsn of the cyclical, useless nature of hatdre. Due to this new
understanding, Laurel proves to be a thoughtful character.
Signal phrases:
According to Smith,
In the article "People Power", it says
Bob snorted and said, “I don’t believe in zombies” - right before thirty of them emerged from the tunnel.
“Don’t underestimate me,” she said with a disarmingly friendly smile.
Her favorite song was “Gangnam Style”; she spent weeks trying to learn the dance.
She sang her favorite line from “I Don’t Want To Stop”: “You’re either in or in the way.”
Reynold asked, “Can we have ice cream for dinner?”
Mom snapped and shouted, “No, we cannot have ice cream for dinner!”
You could
1. Summarize main points
2. Suggest what a reader should do / Call to action. Good for argumentative papers.
3. End rather than stop
Call to action example
----------------------
We must stop promoting the myth that if a company hires a handicapped person to do a job
for which he or she is qualified insurance rates will skyrocket, job performance decline,
safety records be ruined, and work areas have to be redesigned to accomadate the outrageous
demands of the handicapped. Statistics clearly prove that handicapped job-seekers
deserve to be hired and that little difference exists in workplace performance
between handicapped and non-handicapped workers.
Example: "End rather than stop"
Poor: So, as you have read in this paper, the television footage of comabt was simply
inadequate.
Better: Because time constraints allowed only a tiny part of the action associated with
combat in Vietnam to be aired on television; because the mechanics of television reporting
(need for camera, sound equipment, film) handicapped field reporting; and because Americans
refused to watch scenes depicting battlefield suffering, what Americans saw on television
during the Vietnam war was cinema, not reality.
aboard | concerning | opposite |
---|---|---|
about | considering | out |
above | despite | out of |
according to | down | outside |
across | during | over |
after | except | over to |
against | excepting | past |
along | for | prior |
alongside | from | regarding |
amid | in | save |
among | in addition to | through |
apart from | in place of | throughout |
around | in spite of | til |
at | inside | to |
back of | instead of | together with |
behind | like | under |
below | near | underneath |
beneath | of | until |
besides | on | up |
between | on account of | upon |
beyond | on behalf of | with |
by | onto | within, without |
when, where, while, as, since, if, although
First major point | Linking transition | Second major point | Third main point |
---|---|---|---|
First of all, | In addition to, | A second reason why | Finally |
The first reason why | Additionally, | Another reason why | Most importantly, |
One of the reasons why | In addition to | A final reason why | |
add information | concluding transitions | repeating information | comparison | contrasting/differences |
---|---|---|---|---|
also | finally | in fact | as... as | although |
and | in conclusion | in other words | in like manner | but |
another | to conclude | once again | as if | however |
beside | to sum up | to put it another way | like | in contrast |
first, second, third... | A final reason | to repeat | by comparison | in spite of |
in addition | likewise | nevertheless | ||
furthermore | in comparison | nonetheless | ||
moreover | similarly | rather than | ||
One reason for | though | |||
unlike | ||||
yet |
time relationships | limiting/preparing | cause | effect/result | assert obvious truth/grant opposition |
---|---|---|---|---|
after so much time | for example | because | as a result | certainly |
after that | for instance | because of | consequently | conceding that |
at first | to illustrate | caused by | for this/that reason | granted that |
before | such as | that is why | in fact | |
beginning with, ending | therefore | naturally | ||
eventually | thus | no doubt | ||
earlier | of course | |||
even when | undoubtedly | |||
ever since | without a doubt | |||
following | ||||
from then on | ||||
from, to | ||||
in time | ||||
last | ||||
later | ||||
meanwhile | ||||
near, far | ||||
next | ||||
now | ||||
over | ||||
soon | ||||
still | ||||
the next day, night | ||||
then | ||||
while |
More transitions:
http://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/transition-words.html
Clause - has a noun and verb. can be main clause or subordinate clause
Conjunctions - and, or, but, yet, so, etc..
Prepositions - "position"
Transitions
Interjections
Interrupters - a word, phrase, or clause that breaks the flow of a sentence
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
- recycle sentences
- run-on sentence (sayingtoo much)
- capitalization errors
- commas for prep. phrases
- quotes
- Organization:
- thesis statement
- topic sentence
- closing sentence (not that
important)
- follow PEE
- ESL:
- articles
- capitalization
- pronouns
For literary analysis, you can break down the story into the following components:
- Character
- relationships (positive, negative, tension, needy?)
- actions (slow, fast, nostalgic, fearful, assertive?)
- physical appearance (vocabulary used by author)
- dialog (vocabulary, outer, inner-dialog, tone?)
- author's attitude about character (vocabulary used by author?)
- Setting
- mood (claustrophobic, bright, dark?)
- pace (futuristic, past, present, future?)
- Symbols
- A symbol is an object that represents something other than itself
- e.g. Godzilla represents the fear of nuclear destruction/war
- e.g. Scarlet Letter represents shame and accusation
- Themes
- The theme or themes of the story is the lesson or takeaway from the story; it is an abstract idea
- Google: "common literary themes"
- Plot
- The plot is just a laundry list of things that happened
When you use someone else's idea to support or bootstrap from, you should give credit to the source - that is why we use citations.
Formal citations are composed of three things:
- Information
- Punctuation
- Formatting
Work on one at a time, so it will be easier for you to understand how the Works Cited page works.
Citations quick guide: http://library.triton.edu/citations Citations: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qaTcZZz1QpdPI1vzaWqB4dVuSGUeij3Z8CQR21NKMpw/edit?usp=sharing
Missing APA information: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change ..." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6).
More examples: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/
https://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/613ch7/im_jim_harper_vice_president_at_the_competitive/
The following rubric describes what 095 and 096 teachers look for to place students to 101. The use this to see whether a student is ready for 101. Students who get 12 points or more are ready to go to 101. That means if students get 4 points for their Thesis and Development, they can get 2 in grammar and 2 in body paragraph and still be ready for 101 (?).
Note: if students have little time before deadline, focus on supporting details in body paragraphs.
4=101 | 3=096 | 2=095 | |
---|---|---|---|
Thesis | Clear, parallel. Answers the prompt. Thesis is placed correctly | Clear, parallel. Answers the prompt. | Unclear Does not answer |
Intro/conclusion | Intro begins and narrows properly; conclusion restates thesis and ends properly. | Intro might preview the thesis; conclusion might be missing an element | Intro previews the thesis; conclusion does not exist. |
Body paragraphs | Clear topic sentence Paragraphs are mostly unified Transitions are properly used. | Most topic sentences are are clear. Paragraphs are mostly unified. Transitions are used. | Unclear topic sentences. No unified paragraphs |
Development | Supporting detail are ample and focused; uses logical examples/explanations. | May need more supporting details; uses mostly logical examples/explanation. | Not enough support; illogical examples |
Grammar | Few major and minor errors | Many major and minor errors. | Overwhelming |
Source: Aja Gorham
095 | 096 | 101 | 102 |
---|---|---|---|
Topic sentences | Thesis statements | Incorporating quotes | Incorporating quotes |
Relevant details | Relevant examples with clearly explained details | Including counter arguments | Refuting counter points |
Noun-verb agreement | Pronouns, adjectives and adverbs | Understanding rhetorical modes | Using rhetorical strategies to persuade |
Sentence structure/ punctuation | Sentence structure/ punctuation | Clarity, word choice and sentence structure | Clarity, word choice and sentence structure |
Narrative writing tells a story or part of a story.
Descriptive writing vividly portrays a person, place, or thing in such a way that the reader can visualize the topic and enter into the writer’s experience.