example code for http://tex.stackexchange.com/q/119883 (tracking missing glyphs with luaotfload)

track_missing_glyphs.lua

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--         FILE:  track-missing-glyphs.lua
--        USAGE:  dofile "track-missing-glyphs.lua"
--  DESCRIPTION:  output a message if a font lacks a glyph for a
--                codepoint
-- REQUIREMENTS:  luatex, luaotfload
--    COPYRIGHT:  Hans Hagen, Pragma ADE, Hasselt NL
--       AUTHOR:  Philipp Gesang (Phg), <phg42.2a@gmail.com>
--     MODIFIED:  2013-06-22 12:39:26+0200
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--

local stringformat  = string.format
local traverse_id   = node.traverse_id
local utf8char      = unicode.utf8.char

local fonthashes    = fonts.hashes
local fontdata      = fonthashes.identifiers
local chardata      = characters.data
local names_report  = logs.names_report
local glyph_t       = nodes.nodecodes.glyph

local nullfont      = 0

--- namespace
documentdata                  = documentdata or { }
documentdata.missing_glyphs   = documentdata.missing_glyphs or { }
local missing_glyphs          = documentdata.missing_glyphs

local complain = function (font_id, char)
  local tfmdata = fontdata[font_id]
  if tfmdata then
    local fontname = tfmdata.fontname or ""
    names_report("both", 0, "missing glyph",
                 "%d [%s] of %s", char, utf8char(char), fontname)
  else
    names_report("both", 0, "missing glyph",
                 "%d [%s] of %d", char, utf8char(char), font_id)
  end
end

local fontcharacters = { }

table.setmetatableindex(fontcharacters, function (t, k)
  if k == true then
    return fontcharacters[currentfont()]
  else
    local tfmdata = fontdata[k]
    if not tfmdata then --- unsafe
      tfmdata = font.fonts[k]
      if not (tfmdata and type (tfmdata) == "table") then
        return false
      end
    end
    local characters = tfmdata.characters
    t[k] = characters
    return characters
  end
end)

local initialize = function ( )
  local chardef  = assert(kpse.find_file ("char-def.lua", "lua"),
                          "\nError: cannot find char-def.lua; \z
                           please install Context.")
  dofile(chardef) --- will overwrite the partial character table
  chardata = characters.data
  return chardata
end

local is_character = table.tohash({ --- from char-ini.lua
    "lu", "ll", "lt", "lm", "lo", 
    "nd", "nl", "no", 
    "mn", 
    "nl", "no", 
    "pc", "pd", "ps", "pe", "pi", "pf", "po", 
    "sm", "sc", "sk", "so"
})

local once      = false   --- complain only once per glyph
local missing   = { }     --- (font_id, glyph_id set) hash_t

local initialized = false --- track loading of char-def for older versions

local nodeprocessor = function (head)
  local lastfont, characters = nil, nil
  local missing = missing
  for n in traverse_id(glyph_t, head) do
    local font = n.font
    local char = n.char
    if missing[font] and missing[font][char] == true then
      --- already registered
      if once == false then
        complain(font, char)
      end
    else
      if font ~= lastfont and font ~= nullfont then
        characters = fontcharacters[font]
      end
      if characters ~= false then
        lastfont = font
        if not characters[char] then
          local category = chardata[char].category
          if not category then  --- old luaotfload
            initialize()
            category = chardata[char].category
          end
          if category and is_character[category] then
            missing[font] = missing[font] or { }
            --- could have a counter and do some stats here
            missing[font][char] = true
            complain(font, char)
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
  return head, false
end

local active = false

local enable = function (parm)
  if active == false then
    if parm == "once" then
      once = true
    end
    luatexbase.add_to_callback(
      "pre_linebreak_filter", nodeprocessor, "user.missing_glyphs")
    luatexbase.add_to_callback(
      "hpack_filter", nodeprocessor, "user.missing_glyphs")
    active = true
  end
end

local disable = function ( )
  if active == true then
    luatexbase.remove_from_callback(
      "pre_linebreak_filter", "user.missing_glyphs")
    luatexbase.remove_from_callback(
      "hpack_filter", "user.missing_glyphs")
    once   = false
    active = false
  end
end

documentdata.missing_glyphs.enable  = enable
documentdata.missing_glyphs.disable = disable

track_missing_glyphs.tex

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{luacode,fontspec}

%% 1) initialize the tracker code (could go to separate file)
\makeatletter
\directlua{dofile "track_missing_glyphs.lua"}
%% 2) Environment start: the optional argument “once”, in square
%%    brackets, requests that the missing glyph message be printed
%%    only once per character and font.
\def\startreportmissingglyphs{%
  \@ifnextchar[\missingglyphs@start@indeed%
               {\missingglyphs@start@indeed[]}%
}
\def\missingglyphs@start@indeed[#1]{%
  \directlua{documentdata.missing_glyphs.enable"\luaescapestring{#1}"}%
}
%% 3) Environment stop: we need to force a \par here to
%%    have the callback apply to the current paragraph.
\def\stopreportmissingglyphs{%
  \endgraf %% paragraph-based callback!
  \directlua{documentdata.missing_glyphs.disable()}%
}
\makeatother
%% Usage examples.
\begin{document}
  %% Latin modern lacks glyphs for the Greek script so we use that for
  %% testing.
  \startreportmissingglyphs
    Program the μC, please.
    %% Works in math mode (different font model) as well.
    $f = ma$
  \stopreportmissingglyphs

  lorem schmipsum

  \startreportmissingglyphs[once]
    %% With the “once” flag, no message is emitted for repetitions of
    %% missing chars.
    Θάλαττα, θάλαττα.
  \stopreportmissingglyphs
\end{document}