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@retronym
Created December 16, 2009 11:17
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Tour of Scala Type Bounds
class A
class A2 extends A
class B
trait M[X]
//
// Upper Type Bound
//
def upperTypeBound[AA <: A](x: AA): A = x
// equivalently, require a implicit parameter of <:<[AA, A].
// This technique must be used if A is an abstract type from the
// enclosing scope.
def upperTypeBound2[AA](x: AA)(implicit ev: AA <:< A): A = x // compiles to ev(x)
//
// Lower Type Bound
//
def lowerTypeBound[AA >: A](x: AA, pred: (AA => Boolean)): Boolean = pred(x)
// equivalently, require a implicit parameter of <:<[A, AA].
// This technique must be used if A is an abstract type from the
// enclosing scope.
def lowerTypeBound2[AA >: A](x: AA, pred: (AA => Boolean))(implicit ev: A <:< AA): Boolean = pred(x)
//
// View Bound
//
def viewBound[AA <% A](x: AA): A = x
//compiles to:
def viewBound$[AA](x: AA)(implicit ev1$ : AA => A) = ev1$(x)
//
// Context Bound
//
def contextBound[X: M](x: X) = x;
//compiles to:
def contextBound$[X](x: X)(implicit ev1$ : M[X]) = x
// In combination:
def combo[AA <: A >: B <% String <% Int : M : Ordering] = 0
// compiles to:
def combo[AA >: B <: A](implicit
evidence$1: (AA) => String,
evidence$2: (AA) => Int,
evidence$3: M[AA],
evidence$4: Ordering[AA]
): Int = 0
//
// Usage
//
{
{
upperTypeBound(new A)
upperTypeBound(new A2)
}
{
val predA = (a: A) => true
val predAny = (a: Any) => true
lowerTypeBound(new A, predA)
lowerTypeBound(new {}, predAny)
}
{
implicit def String2A(s: String): A = new A
viewBound("")
}
{
implicit def MofA: M[A] = new M[A] {}
contextBound(new A)
}
}
@razie
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razie commented Aug 17, 2010

this is the very definition of "screwy"...

@jppellet
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Great summary and reference. It shows that multiple view and context bounds are possible, but this does not work with upper bounds and lower bounds. I believe multiple upper bounds can be specified with with: [A <: B with C], and multiple lower bounds are discussed there: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6117999/multiple-lower-type-bounds-in-scala

Could you add such examples for completeness's sake?

@dcsobral
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I'd like to see some example of "abstract type from the enclosing scope".

@hseeberger
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Me, too! ("I'd like to see some example of "abstract type from the enclosing scope")

@retronym
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Author

trait M[A] {
   def a: A
   def inc(implicit A <:< Int): Int = 1 + a
}

@hseeberger
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Thanks!
A little bug, though ;-)
Fixed:

trait M[A] {
   def a: A
   def inc(implicit ev: A <:< Int): Int = 1 + a
}```

@falconepl
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I know this Gist is pretty old, but just to point out for further audience... A <% B (view bound) has been deprecated in Scala 2.11. Check SI-7629 issue and discussion for more details.

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