Skip to content

Instantly share code, notes, and snippets.

@theonewolf
Created August 7, 2013 15:58
Show Gist options
  • Star 2 You must be signed in to star a gist
  • Fork 2 You must be signed in to fork a gist
  • Save theonewolf/6175427 to your computer and use it in GitHub Desktop.
Save theonewolf/6175427 to your computer and use it in GitHub Desktop.
Dijkstra's Recipe in Python Example (shamelessly stolen; links embedded)
#!/usr/bin/env python
graph = {
'N1': {'N2': 1},
'N12':{'N13':1},
'N2': {'N4': 1, 'N13':1},
'N4': {'N5': 1, 'N12': 1},
'N5': {'N6': 1},
'N6': {'N7': 1},
'N7': {'N8': 1},
'N8': {'N9':1},
'N9': {'N10': 1, 'N11': 1, 'N12':1},
'N10': {'N11':1},
'N11': {'N12':1},
'N13':{'N12':1}
}
# Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths
# David Eppstein, UC Irvine, 4 April 2002
# http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/117228
from priodict import priorityDictionary
def Dijkstra(G,start,end=None):
"""
Find shortest paths from the start vertex to all
vertices nearer than or equal to the end.
The input graph G is assumed to have the following
representation: A vertex can be any object that can
be used as an index into a dictionary. G is a
dictionary, indexed by vertices. For any vertex v,
G[v] is itself a dictionary, indexed by the neighbors
of v. For any edge v->w, G[v][w] is the length of
the edge. This is related to the representation in
<http://www.python.org/doc/essays/graphs.html>
where Guido van Rossum suggests representing graphs
as dictionaries mapping vertices to lists of neighbors,
however dictionaries of edges have many advantages
over lists: they can store extra information (here,
the lengths), they support fast existence tests,
and they allow easy modification of the graph by edge
insertion and removal. Such modifications are not
needed here but are important in other graph algorithms.
Since dictionaries obey iterator protocol, a graph
represented as described here could be handed without
modification to an algorithm using Guido's representation.
Of course, G and G[v] need not be Python dict objects;
they can be any other object that obeys dict protocol,
for instance a wrapper in which vertices are URLs
and a call to G[v] loads the web page and finds its links.
The output is a pair (D,P) where D[v] is the distance
from start to v and P[v] is the predecessor of v along
the shortest path from s to v.
Dijkstra's algorithm is only guaranteed to work correctly
when all edge lengths are positive. This code does not
verify this property for all edges (only the edges seen
before the end vertex is reached), but will correctly
compute shortest paths even for some graphs with negative
edges, and will raise an exception if it discovers that
a negative edge has caused it to make a mistake.
"""
D = {} # dictionary of final distances
P = {} # dictionary of predecessors
Q = priorityDictionary() # est.dist. of non-final vert.
Q[start] = 0
for v in Q:
D[v] = Q[v]
if v == end: break
for w in G[v]:
vwLength = D[v] + G[v][w]
if w in D:
if vwLength < D[w]:
raise ValueError, \
"Dijkstra: found better path to already-final vertex"
elif w not in Q or vwLength < Q[w]:
Q[w] = vwLength
P[w] = v
return (D,P)
def shortestPath(G,start,end):
"""
Find a single shortest path from the given start vertex
to the given end vertex.
The input has the same conventions as Dijkstra().
The output is a list of the vertices in order along
the shortest path.
"""
D,P = Dijkstra(G,start,end)
Path = []
while 1:
Path.append(end)
if end == start: break
end = P[end]
Path.reverse()
return Path
print shortestPath(graph, 'N1','N13')
print shortestPath(graph, 'N1','N12')
# Priority dictionary using binary heaps
# David Eppstein, UC Irvine, 8 Mar 2002
# Implements a data structure that acts almost like a dictionary, with two modifications:
# (1) D.smallest() returns the value x minimizing D[x]. For this to work correctly,
# all values D[x] stored in the dictionary must be comparable.
# (2) iterating "for x in D" finds and removes the items from D in sorted order.
# Each item is not removed until the next item is requested, so D[x] will still
# return a useful value until the next iteration of the for-loop.
# Each operation takes logarithmic amortized time.
from __future__ import generators
class priorityDictionary(dict):
def __init__(self):
'''Initialize priorityDictionary by creating binary heap of pairs (value,key).
Note that changing or removing a dict entry will not remove the old pair from the heap
until it is found by smallest() or until the heap is rebuilt.'''
self.__heap = []
dict.__init__(self)
def smallest(self):
'''Find smallest item after removing deleted items from front of heap.'''
if len(self) == 0:
raise IndexError, "smallest of empty priorityDictionary"
heap = self.__heap
while heap[0][1] not in self or self[heap[0][1]] != heap[0][0]:
lastItem = heap.pop()
insertionPoint = 0
while 1:
smallChild = 2*insertionPoint+1
if smallChild+1 < len(heap) and heap[smallChild] > heap[smallChild+1] :
smallChild += 1
if smallChild >= len(heap) or lastItem <= heap[smallChild]:
heap[insertionPoint] = lastItem
break
heap[insertionPoint] = heap[smallChild]
insertionPoint = smallChild
return heap[0][1]
def __iter__(self):
'''Create destructive sorted iterator of priorityDictionary.'''
def iterfn():
while len(self) > 0:
x = self.smallest()
yield x
del self[x]
return iterfn()
def __setitem__(self,key,val):
'''Change value stored in dictionary and add corresponding pair to heap.
Rebuilds the heap if the number of deleted items gets large, to avoid memory leakage.'''
dict.__setitem__(self,key,val)
heap = self.__heap
if len(heap) > 2 * len(self):
self.__heap = [(v,k) for k,v in self.iteritems()]
self.__heap.sort() # builtin sort probably faster than O(n)-time heapify
else:
newPair = (val,key)
insertionPoint = len(heap)
heap.append(None)
while insertionPoint > 0 and newPair < heap[(insertionPoint-1)//2]:
heap[insertionPoint] = heap[(insertionPoint-1)//2]
insertionPoint = (insertionPoint-1)//2
heap[insertionPoint] = newPair
def setdefault(self,key,val):
'''Reimplement setdefault to pass through our customized __setitem__.'''
if key not in self:
self[key] = val
return self[key]
Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub. Already have an account? Sign in to comment