the c programming language toc

Preface 6
Preface to the first edition   8
Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction    9
 1.1 Getting Started 9
 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions   11
 1.3 The for statement  15
 1.4 Symbolic Constants 17
 1.5 Character Input and Output 17
  1.5.1 File Copying  18
  1.5.2 Character Counting   19
  1.5.3 Line Counting    20
  1.5.4 Word Counting    21
 1.6 Arrays  23
 1.7 Functions  25
 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value  28
 1.9 Character Arrays   29
 1.10 External Variables and Scope  31
Chapter 2 - Types, Operators and Expressions    35
 2.1 Variable Names 35
 2.2 Data Types and Sizes   35
 2.3 Constants  36
 2.4 Declarations   38
 2.5 Arithmetic Operators   39
 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators   39
 2.7 Type Conversions   40
 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators  43
 2.9 Bitwise Operators  45
 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions  46
 2.11 Conditional Expressions   47
 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation    48
Chapter 3 - Control Flow    50
 3.1 Statements and Blocks  50
 3.2 If-Else    50
 3.3 Else-If    51
 3.4 Switch 52
 3.5 Loops - While and For  53
 3.6 Loops - Do-While   56
 3.7 Break and Continue 57
 3.8 Goto and labels    57
Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure 59
 4.1 Basics of Functions    59
 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers   61
 4.3 External Variables 63
 4.4 Scope Rules    68
 4.5 Header Files   69
 4.6 Static Variables   70
 4.7 Register Variables 71
 4.8 Block Structure    71
 4.9 Initialization 72
 4.10 Recursion 73
 4.11 The C Preprocessor    74
  4.11.1 File Inclusion 75
  4.11.2 Macro Substitution 75
  4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion  77
Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays 78
 5.1 Pointers and Addresses 78
 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments    79
 5.3 Pointers and Arrays    81
 5.4 Address Arithmetic 84
 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions   87
 5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers   89
 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays   92
 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays   93
 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays  94
 5.10 Command-line Arguments    95
 5.11 Pointers to Functions 98
 5.12 Complicated Declarations  100
Chapter 6 - Structures  105
 6.1 Basics of Structures   105
 6.2 Structures and Functions   107
 6.3 Arrays of Structures   109
 6.4 Pointers to Structures 112
 6.5 Self-referential Structures    113
 6.6 Table Lookup   117
 6.7 Typedef    119
 6.8 Unions 120
 6.9 Bit-fields 121
Chapter 7 - Input and Output    124
 7.1 Standard Input and Output  124
 7.2 Formatted Output - printf  125
 7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists 127
 7.4 Formatted Input - Scanf    128
 7.5 File Access    130
 7.6 Error Handling - Stderr and Exit   132
 7.7 Line Input and Output  134
 7.8 Miscellaneous Functions    135
  7.8.1 String Operations   135
  7.8.2 Character Class Testing and Conversion  135
  7.8.3 Ungetc  135
  7.8.4 Command Execution   135
  7.8.5 Storage Management  136
  7.8.6 Mathematical Functions  136
  7.8.7 Random Number generation    136
Chapter 8 - The UNIX System Interface   138
 8.1 File Descriptors   138
 8.2 Low Level I/O - Read and Write 139
 8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink 140
 8.4 Random Access - Lseek  142
 8.5 Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc  142
 8.6 Example - Listing Directories  145
 8.7 Example - A Storage Allocator  149
Appendix A - Reference Manual   154
 1 Introduction   154
 2 Lexical Conventions    154
  2.1 Tokens  154
  2.2 Comments    154
  2.3 Identifiers 154
  2.4 Keywords    154
  2.5 Constants   155
  2.6 String Literals 156
 3 Syntax Notation    156
 4 Meaning of Identifiers 157
  4.1 Storage Class   157
  4.2 Basic Types 157
  4.3 Derived types   158
  4.4 Type Qualifiers 158
 5 Objects and Lvalues    158
 6 Conversions    159
  6.1 Integral Promotion  159
  6.2 Integral Conversions    159
  6.3 Integer and Floating    159
  6.4 Floating Types  159
  6.5 Arithmetic Conversions  159
  6.6 Pointers and Integers   160
  6.7 Void    160
  6.8 Pointers to Void    161
 7 Expressions    161
  7.1 Pointer Conversion  161
  7.2 Primary Expressions 161
  7.3 Postfix Expressions 162
  7.4 Unary Operators 164
  7.5 Casts   165
  7.6 Multiplicative Operators    165
  7.7 Additive Operators  166
  7.8 Shift Operators 166
  7.9 Relational Operators    167
  7.10 Equality Operators 167
  7.11 Bitwise AND Operator   167
  7.12 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator  167
  7.13 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator  168
  7.14 Logical AND Operator   168
  7.15 Logical OR Operator    168
  7.16 Conditional Operator   168
  7.17 Assignment Expressions 169
  7.18 Comma Operator 169
  7.19 Constant Expressions   169
 8 Declarations    170
  8.1 Storage Class Specifiers 170
  8.2 Type Specifiers  171
  8.3 Structure and Union Declarations 172
  8.4 Enumerations 174
  8.5 Declarators  175
  8.6 Meaning of Declarators   176
  8.7 Initialization   178
  8.8 Type names   180
  8.9 Typedef  181
  8.10 Type Equivalence    181
 9 Statements  181
  9.1 Labeled Statements   182
  9.2 Expression Statement 182
  9.3 Compound Statement   182
  9.4 Selection Statements 183
  9.5 Iteration Statements 183
  9.6 Jump statements  184
 10 External Declarations  184
  10.1 Function Definitions    185
  10.2 External Declarations   186
 11 Scope and Linkage  187
  11.1 Lexical Scope   187
  11.2 Linkage 187
 12 Preprocessing  187
  12.1 Trigraph Sequences  188
  12.2 Line Splicing   188
  12.3 Macro Definition and Expansion  188
  12.4 File Inclusion  190
  12.5 Conditional Compilation 191
  12.6 Line Control    192
  12.7 Error Generation    192
  12.8 Pragmas 192
  12.9 Null directive  192
  12.10 Predefined names   192
 13 Grammar    193
Appendix B - Standard Library   200
 1 Input and Output: <stdio.h> 200
  1.1 File Operations  200
  1.2 Formatted Output 200
  1.3 Formatted Input  202
  1.4 Character Input and Output Functions 203
  1.5 Direct Input and Output Functions    204
  1.6 File Positioning Functions   204
  1.7 Error Functions  206
 2 Character Class Tests: <ctype.h></ctype.h>    206
 3 String Functions: <string.h>    206
 4 Mathematical Functions: <math.h>    207
 5 Utility Functions: <stdlib.h>   208
 6 Diagnostics: <assert.h> 210
 7 Variable Argument Lists: <stdarg.h> 210
 8 Non-local Jumps: <setjmp.h> 211
 9 Signals: <signal.h> 211
 10 Date and Time Functions: <time.h>  211
 11 Implementation-defined Limits: <limits.h> and <float.h>    213
Appendix C - Summary of Changes 215