pywapi 0.3.8 because it's a pain in the ass to find

pywapi.py

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
### BEGIN LICENSE
#Copyright (c) 2009 Eugene Kaznacheev <qetzal@gmail.com>
#Copyright (c) 2013 Joshua Tasker <jtasker@gmail.com>

#Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
#obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
#files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
#restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
#copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
#copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
#Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
#conditions:

#The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
#included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

#THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
#EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
#OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
#NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
#HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
#WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
#FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
#OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
### END LICENSE

""" Fetches weather reports from Yahoo! Weather, Weather.com and NOAA """

__version__ = "0.3.8"

try:
    # Python 3 imports
    from urllib.request import urlopen
    from urllib.parse import quote
    from urllib.parse import urlencode
    from urllib.error import URLError
    # needed for code to work on Python3
    xrange = range
    unicode = str
except ImportError:
    # Python 2 imports
    from urllib2 import urlopen
    from urllib import quote
    from urllib import urlencode
    from urllib2 import URLError
import sys
import re
from math import pow
from xml.dom import minidom
import json

try:
    from unidecode import unidecode
except ImportError:
    pass

GOOGLE_COUNTRIES_URL = 'http://www.google.com/ig/countries?output=xml&hl=%s'
GOOGLE_CITIES_URL    = 'http://www.google.com/ig/cities?output=xml&' + \
                       'country=%s&hl=%s'

YAHOO_WEATHER_URL    = 'http://xml.weather.yahoo.com/forecastrss/%s_%s.xml'
YAHOO_WEATHER_NS     = 'http://xml.weather.yahoo.com/ns/rss/1.0'

NOAA_WEATHER_URL     = 'http://www.weather.gov/xml/current_obs/%s.xml'

WEATHER_COM_URL      = 'http://wxdata.weather.com/wxdata/weather/local/%s?' + \
                       'unit=%s&dayf=5&cc=*'

LOCID_SEARCH_URL     = 'http://wxdata.weather.com/wxdata/search/search?where=%s'

WOEID_SEARCH_URL     = 'http://query.yahooapis.com/v1/public/yql'
WOEID_QUERY_STRING   = 'select line1, line2, line3, line4, ' + \
                       'woeid from geo.placefinder where text="%s"'

#WXUG_BASE_URL        = 'http://api.wunderground.com/auto/wui/geo'
#WXUG_FORECAST_URL    = WXUG_BASE_URL + '/ForecastXML/index.xml?query=%s'
#WXUG_CURRENT_URL     = WXUG_BASE_URL + '/WXCurrentObXML/index.xml?query=%s'
#WXUG_GEOLOOKUP_URL   = WXUG_BASE_URL + '/GeoLookupXML/index.xml?query=%s'
#WXUG_ALERTS_URL      = WXUG_BASE_URL + '/AlertsXML/index.xml?query=%s'



class WindUnits:
    """Class for available wind unit systems"""
    MPS = 1
    MPH = 2
    BEAUFORT = 3
    KPH = 4
    KNOTS = 5

    
def get_weather_from_weather_com(location_id, units = 'metric'):
    """Fetches weather report from Weather.com

    Parameters:
      location_id: A five digit US zip code or location ID. To find your
      location ID, use function get_loc_id_from_weather_com().
      
      units: type of units. 'metric' for metric and 'imperial' for non-metric.
      Note that choosing metric units changes all the weather units to metric.
      For example, wind speed will be reported as kilometers per hour and
      barometric pressure as millibars.
 
    Returns:
      weather_data: a dictionary of weather data that exists in XML feed.
    
    """
    location_id = quote(location_id)
    if units == 'metric':
        unit = 'm'
    elif units == 'imperial' or units == '':    # for backwards compatibility
        unit = ''
    else:
        unit = 'm'      # fallback to metric
    url = WEATHER_COM_URL % (location_id, unit)
    try:
        handler = urlopen(url)
    except URLError:
        return {'error': 'Could not connect to Weather.com'}
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        content_type = dict(handler.getheaders())['Content-Type']
    else:
        # Python 2
        content_type = handler.info().dict['content-type']
    try:
        charset = re.search('charset\=(.*)', content_type).group(1)
    except AttributeError:
        charset = 'utf-8'
    if charset.lower() != 'utf-8':
        xml_response = handler.read().decode(charset).encode('utf-8')
    else:
        xml_response = handler.read()
    dom = minidom.parseString(xml_response)    
    handler.close()

    try:
        weather_dom = dom.getElementsByTagName('weather')[0]
    except IndexError:
        error_data = {'error': dom.getElementsByTagName('error')[
            0].getElementsByTagName('err')[0].firstChild.data}
        dom.unlink()
        return error_data

    key_map = {'head':'units', 'ut':'temperature', 'ud':'distance',
               'us':'speed', 'up':'pressure', 'ur':'rainfall',
               'loc':'location', 'dnam':'name', 'lat':'lat', 'lon':'lon',
               'cc':'current_conditions', 'lsup':'last_updated',
               'obst':'station', 'tmp':'temperature',
               'flik':'feels_like', 't':'text', 'icon':'icon',
               'bar':'barometer', 'r':'reading', 'd':'direction',
               'wind':'wind', 's':'speed', 'gust':'gust', 'hmid':'humidity',
               'vis':'visibility', 'uv':'uv', 'i':'index', 'dewp':'dewpoint',
               'moon':'moon_phase', 'hi':'high', 'low':'low', 'sunr':'sunrise',
               'suns':'sunset', 'bt':'brief_text', 'ppcp':'chance_precip'}

    data_structure = {'head': ('ut', 'ud', 'us', 'up', 'ur'),
                      'loc': ('dnam', 'lat', 'lon'),
                      'cc': ('lsup', 'obst', 'tmp', 'flik', 't',
                             'icon', 'hmid', 'vis', 'dewp')}
    cc_structure = {'bar': ('r','d'),
                    'wind': ('s','gust','d','t'),
                    'uv': ('i','t'),
                    'moon': ('icon','t')}

    # sanity check, skip missing items
    try:
        for (tag, list_of_tags2) in data_structure.items():
            for tag2 in list_of_tags2:
                if weather_dom.getElementsByTagName(tag)[0].childNodes.length == 0:
                    data_structure[tag] = []
    except IndexError:
        error_data = {'error': 'Error parsing Weather.com response. Full response: %s' % xml_response}
        return error_data

    try:
        weather_data = {}
        for (tag, list_of_tags2) in data_structure.items():
            key = key_map[tag]
            weather_data[key] = {}
            for tag2 in list_of_tags2:
                key2 = key_map[tag2]
                try:
                    weather_data[key][key2] = weather_dom.getElementsByTagName(
                        tag)[0].getElementsByTagName(tag2)[0].firstChild.data
                except AttributeError:
                    # current tag has empty value
                    weather_data[key][key2] = unicode('')
    except IndexError:
        error_data = {'error': 'Error parsing Weather.com response. Full response: %s' % xml_response}
        return error_data

    if weather_dom.getElementsByTagName('cc')[0].childNodes.length > 0:
        cc_dom = weather_dom.getElementsByTagName('cc')[0]
        for (tag, list_of_tags2) in cc_structure.items():
            key = key_map[tag]
            weather_data['current_conditions'][key] = {}
            for tag2 in list_of_tags2:
                key2 = key_map[tag2]
                try:
                    weather_data['current_conditions'][key][key2] = cc_dom.getElementsByTagName(
                        tag)[0].getElementsByTagName(tag2)[0].firstChild.data
                except AttributeError:
                    # current tag has empty value
                    weather_data['current_conditions'][key][key2] = unicode('')
    
    forecasts = []
    if len(weather_dom.getElementsByTagName('dayf')) > 0:
        time_of_day_map = {'d':'day', 'n':'night'}
        for forecast in weather_dom.getElementsByTagName('dayf')[0].getElementsByTagName('day'):
            tmp_forecast = {}
            tmp_forecast['day_of_week'] = forecast.getAttribute('t')
            tmp_forecast['date'] = forecast.getAttribute('dt')
            for tag in ('hi', 'low', 'sunr', 'suns'):
                key = key_map[tag]
                try:
                    tmp_forecast[key] = forecast.getElementsByTagName(
                    tag)[0].firstChild.data
                except AttributeError:
                    # if nighttime on current day, key 'hi' is empty
                    tmp_forecast[key] = unicode('')
            for part in forecast.getElementsByTagName('part'):
                time_of_day = time_of_day_map[part.getAttribute('p')]
                tmp_forecast[time_of_day] = {}
                for tag2 in ('icon', 't', 'bt', 'ppcp', 'hmid'):
                    key2 = key_map[tag2]
                    try:
                        tmp_forecast[time_of_day][
                            key2] = part.getElementsByTagName(tag2)[0].firstChild.data
                    except AttributeError:
                        # if nighttime on current day, keys 'icon' and 't' are empty
                        tmp_forecast[time_of_day][key2] = unicode('')
                tmp_forecast[time_of_day]['wind'] = {}
                for tag2 in ('s', 'gust', 'd', 't'):            
                    key2 = key_map[tag2]
                    tmp_forecast[time_of_day]['wind'][key2] = part.getElementsByTagName(
                        'wind')[0].getElementsByTagName(tag2)[0].firstChild.data
            forecasts.append(tmp_forecast)
        
    weather_data['forecasts'] = forecasts
    
    dom.unlink()
    return weather_data

def get_weather_from_google(location_id, hl = ''): 		
    """Fetches weather report from Google. No longer functional,
    since Google discontinued their Weather API as of Sep 2012.
    Method retained for backwards compatibility.

    Returns:
    weather_data: a dictionary containing only the key 'error'

    """
    weather_data = {'error': 'The Google Weather API has been ' + \
                             'discontinued as of September 2012.'}
    return weather_data

def get_countries_from_google(hl = ''):
    """Get list of countries in specified language from Google
    
    Parameters:
      hl: the language parameter (language code). Default value is empty
      string, in this case Google will use English.
    Returns:
      countries: a list of elements(all countries that exists in XML feed).
      Each element is a dictionary with 'name' and 'iso_code' keys. 
      For example: [{'iso_code': 'US', 'name': 'USA'},
                    {'iso_code': 'FR', 'name': 'France'}]

    """
    url = GOOGLE_COUNTRIES_URL % hl
    
    try:
        handler = urlopen(url)
    except URLError:
        return [{'error':'Could not connect to Google'}]
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        content_type = dict(handler.getheaders())['Content-Type']
    else:
        # Python 2
        content_type = handler.info().dict['content-type']
    try:
        charset = re.search('charset\=(.*)', content_type).group(1)
    except AttributeError:
        charset = 'utf-8'
    if charset.lower() != 'utf-8':
        xml_response = handler.read().decode(charset).encode('utf-8')
    else:
        xml_response = handler.read()
    dom = minidom.parseString(xml_response)
    handler.close()

    countries = []
    countries_dom = dom.getElementsByTagName('country')
    
    for country_dom in countries_dom:
        country = {}
        country['name'] = country_dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'name')[0].getAttribute('data')
        country['iso_code'] = country_dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'iso_code')[0].getAttribute('data')
        countries.append(country)
    
    dom.unlink()
    return countries

def get_cities_from_google(country_code, hl = ''):
    """Get list of cities of necessary country in specified language from Google
    
    Parameters:
      country_code: code of the necessary country. For example 'de' or 'fr'.

      hl: the language parameter (language code). Default value is empty 
      string, in this case Google will use English.

    Returns:
      cities: a list of elements(all cities that exists in XML feed). Each 
      element is a dictionary with 'name', 'latitude_e6' and 'longitude_e6' 
      keys. For example: [{'longitude_e6': '1750000', 'name': 'Bourges', 
                           'latitude_e6': '47979999'}]

    """
    url = GOOGLE_CITIES_URL % (country_code.lower(), hl)
    
    try:
        handler = urlopen(url)
    except URLError:
        return [{'error':'Could not connect to Google'}]
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        content_type = dict(handler.getheaders())['Content-Type']
    else:
        # Python 2
        content_type = handler.info().dict['content-type']
    try:
        charset = re.search('charset\=(.*)', content_type).group(1)
    except AttributeError:
        charset = 'utf-8'
    if charset.lower() != 'utf-8':
        xml_response = handler.read().decode(charset).encode('utf-8')
    else:
        xml_response = handler.read()
    dom = minidom.parseString(xml_response)
    handler.close()

    cities = []
    cities_dom = dom.getElementsByTagName('city')
    
    for city_dom in cities_dom:
        city = {}
        city['name'] = city_dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'name')[0].getAttribute('data')
        city['latitude_e6'] = city_dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'latitude_e6')[0].getAttribute('data')
        city['longitude_e6'] = city_dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'longitude_e6')[0].getAttribute('data')
        cities.append(city)
    
    dom.unlink()
    
    return cities

def get_weather_from_yahoo(location_id, units = 'metric'):
    """Fetches weather report from Yahoo! Weather

    Parameters:
      location_id: A five digit US zip code or location ID. To find your
      location ID, use function get_location_ids().

      units: type of units. 'metric' for metric and 'imperial' for non-metric.
      Note that choosing metric units changes all the weather units to
      metric. For example, wind speed will be reported as kilometers per
      hour and barometric pressure as millibars.
 
    Returns:
      weather_data: a dictionary of weather data that exists in XML feed.
      See http://developer.yahoo.com/weather/#channel

    """
    location_id = quote(location_id)
    if units == 'metric':
        unit = 'c'
    elif units == 'imperial' or units == '':   # for backwards compatibility
        unit = 'f'
    else:
        unit = 'c'  # fallback to metric
    url = YAHOO_WEATHER_URL % (location_id, unit)
    try:
        handler = urlopen(url)
    except URLError:
        return {'error': 'Could not connect to Yahoo! Weather'}
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        content_type = dict(handler.getheaders())['Content-Type']
    else:
        # Python 2
        content_type = handler.info().dict['content-type']
    try:
        charset = re.search('charset\=(.*)', content_type).group(1)
    except AttributeError:
        charset = 'utf-8'
    if charset.lower() != 'utf-8':
        xml_response = handler.read().decode(charset).encode('utf-8')
    else:
        xml_response = handler.read()
    dom = minidom.parseString(xml_response)
    handler.close()
        
    weather_data = {}
    try:
        weather_data['title'] = dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'title')[0].firstChild.data
        weather_data['link'] = dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'link')[0].firstChild.data
    except IndexError:
        error_data = {'error': dom.getElementsByTagName('item')[
            0].getElementsByTagName('title')[0].firstChild.data}
        dom.unlink()
        return error_data
        
    ns_data_structure = { 
        'location': ('city', 'region', 'country'),
        'units': ('temperature', 'distance', 'pressure', 'speed'),
        'wind': ('chill', 'direction', 'speed'),
        'atmosphere': ('humidity', 'visibility', 'pressure', 'rising'),
        'astronomy': ('sunrise', 'sunset'),
        'condition': ('text', 'code', 'temp', 'date')
    }       
    
    for (tag, attrs) in ns_data_structure.items():
        weather_data[tag] = xml_get_ns_yahoo_tag(
            dom, YAHOO_WEATHER_NS, tag, attrs
            )

    weather_data['geo'] = {}
    try:
        weather_data['geo']['lat'] = dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'geo:lat')[0].firstChild.data
        weather_data['geo']['long'] = dom.getElementsByTagName(
            'geo:long')[0].firstChild.data
    except AttributeError:
        weather_data['geo']['lat'] = unicode()
        weather_data['geo']['long'] = unicode()

    weather_data['condition']['title'] = dom.getElementsByTagName(
        'item')[0].getElementsByTagName('title')[0].firstChild.data
    weather_data['html_description'] = dom.getElementsByTagName(
        'item')[0].getElementsByTagName('description')[0].firstChild.data
    
    forecasts = []
    for forecast in dom.getElementsByTagNameNS(YAHOO_WEATHER_NS, 'forecast'):
        forecasts.append(xml_get_attrs(forecast,('day', 'date', 'low', 'high',
                                                 'text', 'code')))
    weather_data['forecasts'] = forecasts
    
    dom.unlink()
    return weather_data
    
def get_everything_from_yahoo(country_code, cities):
    """Get all weather data from yahoo for a specific country.

    Parameters:
      country_code: A four letter code of the necessary country.
                    For example 'GMXX' or 'FRXX'.
      cities: The maximum number of cities for which to get data.
      
    Returns:
      weather_reports: A dictionary containing weather data for each city.

    """
    city_codes = yield_all_country_city_codes_yahoo(country_code, cities)
    
    weather_reports = {}
    for city_c in city_codes:
        weather_data = get_weather_from_yahoo(city_c)
        if ('error' in weather_data):
            return weather_data
        city = weather_data['location']['city']
        weather_reports[city] = weather_data
        
    return weather_reports

def yield_all_country_city_codes_yahoo(country_code, cities):
    """Yield all cities codes for a specific country.
    
    Parameters:
      country_code: A four letter code of the necessary country.
                    For example 'GMXX' or 'FRXX'.
      cities: The maximum number of cities to yield.
      
    Returns:
      country_city_codes: A generator containing the city codes.

    """    
    # cities stands for the number of available cities
    for i in range(1, cities + 1):
        yield ''.join([country_code, (4 - len(str(i))) * '0', str(i)])

def get_weather_from_noaa(station_id):
    """Fetches weather report from NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
    Administration (United States)

    Parameter:
      station_id: the ID of the weather station near the desired location
      To find your station ID, perform the following steps:
      1. Open this URL: http://www.weather.gov/xml/current_obs/seek.php?state=az&Find=Find
      2. Select the necessary state state. Click 'Find'.
      3. Find the necessary station in the 'Observation Location' column.
      4. The station ID is in the URL for the weather page for that station.
      For example if the weather page is http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/current/KPEO.html -- the station ID is KPEO.

      Another way to get the station ID: use the 'Weather.location2station'
      function of this library: http://code.google.com/p/python-weather/

    Returns:
      weather_data: a dictionary of weather data that exists in XML feed. 

      ( useful icons: http://www.weather.gov/xml/current_obs/weather.php )

    """
    station_id = quote(station_id)
    url = NOAA_WEATHER_URL % (station_id)
    try:
        handler = urlopen(url)
    except URLError:
        return {'error': 'Could not connect to NOAA'}
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        content_type = dict(handler.getheaders())['Content-Type']
    else:
        # Python 2
        content_type = handler.info().dict['content-type']
    try:
        charset = re.search('charset\=(.*)', content_type).group(1)
    except AttributeError:
        charset = 'utf-8'
    if charset.lower() != 'utf-8':
        xml_response = handler.read().decode(charset).encode('utf-8')
    else:
        xml_response = handler.read()
    dom = minidom.parseString(xml_response)
    handler.close()
        
    data_structure = ('suggested_pickup',
                'suggested_pickup_period',
                'location',
                'station_id',
                'latitude',
                'longitude',
                'observation_time',
                'observation_time_rfc822',
                'weather',
                'temperature_string',
                'temp_f',
                'temp_c',
                'relative_humidity',
                'wind_string',
                'wind_dir',
                'wind_degrees',
                'wind_mph',
                'wind_gust_mph',
                'pressure_string',
                'pressure_mb',
                'pressure_in',
                'dewpoint_string',
                'dewpoint_f',
                'dewpoint_c',
                'heat_index_string',
                'heat_index_f',
                'heat_index_c',
                'windchill_string',
                'windchill_f',
                'windchill_c',
                'icon_url_base',
                'icon_url_name',
                'two_day_history_url',
                'ob_url'
                )
    weather_data = {}
    current_observation = dom.getElementsByTagName('current_observation')[0]
    for tag in data_structure:
        try:
            weather_data[tag] = current_observation.getElementsByTagName(
                tag)[0].firstChild.data
        except IndexError:
            pass

    dom.unlink()
    return weather_data

def xml_get_ns_yahoo_tag(dom, ns, tag, attrs):
    """Parses the necessary tag and returns the dictionary with values
    
    Parameters:
      dom: DOM
      ns: namespace
      tag: necessary tag
      attrs: tuple of attributes

    Returns:
      a dictionary of elements 

    """
    element = dom.getElementsByTagNameNS(ns, tag)[0]
    return xml_get_attrs(element,attrs)

def xml_get_attrs(xml_element, attrs):
    """Returns the list of necessary attributes
    
    Parameters: 
      element: xml element
      attrs: tuple of attributes

    Returns:
      a dictionary of elements

    """    
    result = {}
    for attr in attrs:
        result[attr] = xml_element.getAttribute(attr)   
    return result

def wind_direction(degrees):
    """ Convert wind degrees to direction """
    try:
        degrees = int(degrees)
    except ValueError:
        return ''
    
    if degrees < 23 or degrees >= 338:
        return 'N'
    elif degrees < 68:
        return 'NE'
    elif degrees < 113:
        return 'E'
    elif degrees < 158:
        return 'SE'
    elif degrees < 203:
        return 'S'
    elif degrees < 248:
        return 'SW'
    elif degrees < 293:
        return 'W'
    elif degrees < 338:
        return 'NW'

def wind_beaufort_scale(value, wind_units = WindUnits.KPH):
    """Convert wind speed value to Beaufort number (0-12)
    
    The Beaufort wind force scale is an empirical measure that
    relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land.
    
    Parameters:
        value: wind speed value to convert
        wind_units: unit system of value, defaults to km/h
        
    Returns:
        a string containing the Beaufort number from 0 to 12

    """    
    if wind_units == WindUnits.BEAUFORT:
        return str(value)
    
    try:
        value = float(value)
    except ValueError:
        return ''

    if value < 0.0:
        return ''

    if wind_units == WindUnits.KPH:
        if value < 1:
            # Calm
            return '0'
        elif value <= 5.5:
            # Light air
            return '1'
        elif value <= 11:
            # Light breeze
            return '2'
        elif value <= 19:
            # Gentle breeze
            return '3'
        elif value <= 28:
            # Moderate breeze
            return '4'
        elif value <= 38:
            # Fresh breeze
            return '5'
        elif value <= 49:
            # Strong breeze
            return '6'
        elif value <= 61:
            # High wind, moderate gale, near gale
            return '7'
        elif value <= 74:
            # Gale, fresh gale
            return '8'
        elif value <= 88:
            # Strong gale
            return '9'
        elif value <= 102:
            # Storm, whole gale
            return '10'
        elif value <= 117:
            # Violent storm
            return '11'
        else:
            # Hurricane
            return '12'
    
    if wind_units == WindUnits.MPH:
        if value < 1:
            return '0'
        elif value <= 3:
            return '1'
        elif value <= 7:
            return '2'
        elif value <= 12:
            return '3'
        elif value <= 17:
            return '4'
        elif value <= 24:
            return '5'
        elif value <= 30:
            return '6'
        elif value <= 38:
            return '7'
        elif value <= 46:
            return '8'
        elif value <= 54:
            return '9'
        elif value <= 63:
            return '10'
        elif value <= 73:
            return '11'
        else:
            return '12'

    if wind_units == WindUnits.MPS:
        if value < 0.3:
            return '0'
        elif value <= 1.5:
            return '1'
        elif value <= 3.4:
            return '2'
        elif value <= 5.4:
            return '3'
        elif value <= 7.9:
            return '4'
        elif value <= 10.7:
            return '5'
        elif value <= 13.8:
            return '6'
        elif value <= 17.1:
            return '7'
        elif value <= 20.7:
            return '8'
        elif value <= 24.4:
            return '9'
        elif value <= 28.4:
            return '10'
        elif value <= 32.6:
            return '11'
        else:
            return '12'
        
    if wind_units == WindUnits.KNOTS:
        if value < 1:
            return '0'
        if value <= 3:
            return '1'
        if value <= 6:
            return '2'
        if value <= 10:
            return '3'
        if value <= 16:
            return '4'
        if value <= 21:
            return '5'
        if value <= 27:
            return '6'
        if value <= 33:
            return '7'
        if value <= 40:
            return '8'
        if value <= 47:
            return '9'
        if value <= 55:
            return '10'
        if value <= 63:
            return '11'
        else:
            return '12'

def get_wind_direction(degrees):
    """ Same as wind_direction """
    return wind_direction(degrees)

def getText(nodelist):
    rc = ""
    for node in nodelist:
            if node.nodeType == node.TEXT_NODE:
                    rc = rc + node.data
    return rc

def get_location_ids(search_string):
    """Get location IDs for place names matching a specified string.
    Same as get_loc_id_from_weather_com() but different return format.
    
    Parameters:
      search_string: Plaintext string to match to available place names.
      For example, a search for 'Los Angeles' will return matches for the
      city of that name in California, Chile, Cuba, Nicaragua, etc as well
      as 'East Los Angeles, CA', 'Lake Los Angeles, CA', etc.
      
    Returns:
      location_ids: A dictionary containing place names keyed to location ID

    """
    loc_id_data = get_loc_id_from_weather_com(search_string)
    if 'error' in loc_id_data:
        return loc_id_data
    
    location_ids = {}
    for i in xrange(loc_id_data['count']):
        location_ids[loc_id_data[i][0]] = loc_id_data[i][1]
    return location_ids

def get_loc_id_from_weather_com(search_string):
    """Get location IDs for place names matching a specified string.
    Same as get_location_ids() but different return format.
    
    Parameters:
      search_string: Plaintext string to match to available place names.
      For example, a search for 'Los Angeles' will return matches for the
      city of that name in California, Chile, Cuba, Nicaragua, etc as well
      as 'East Los Angeles, CA', 'Lake Los Angeles, CA', etc.
      
    Returns:
      loc_id_data: A dictionary of tuples in the following format:
      {'count': 2, 0: (LOCID1, Placename1), 1: (LOCID2, Placename2)}

    """
    # Weather.com stores place names as ascii-only, so convert if possible
    try:
        # search_string = unidecode(search_string.encode('utf-8'))
        search_string = unidecode(search_string)
    except NameError:
        pass
    
    url = LOCID_SEARCH_URL % quote(search_string)
    try:
        handler = urlopen(url)
    except URLError:
        return {'error': 'Could not connect to server'}
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        content_type = dict(handler.getheaders())['Content-Type']
    else:
        # Python 2
        content_type = handler.info().dict['content-type']
    try:
        charset = re.search('charset\=(.*)', content_type).group(1)
    except AttributeError:
        charset = 'utf-8'
    if charset.lower() != 'utf-8':
        xml_response = handler.read().decode(charset).encode('utf-8')
    else:
        xml_response = handler.read()
    dom = minidom.parseString(xml_response)
    handler.close()

    loc_id_data = {}
    try:
        num_locs = 0
        for loc in dom.getElementsByTagName('search')[0].getElementsByTagName('loc'):
            loc_id = loc.getAttribute('id')  # loc id
            place_name = loc.firstChild.data  # place name
            loc_id_data[num_locs] = (loc_id, place_name)
            num_locs += 1
        loc_id_data['count'] = num_locs
    except IndexError:
        error_data = {'error': 'No matching Location IDs found'}
        return error_data
    finally:
        dom.unlink()

    return loc_id_data

def get_where_on_earth_ids(search_string):    
    """Get Yahoo 'Where On Earth' ID for the place names that best match the
    specified string. Same as get_woeid_from_yahoo() but different return format.
    
    Parameters:
      search_string: Plaintext string to match to available place names.
      Place can be a city, country, province, airport code, etc. Yahoo returns
      the 'Where On Earth' ID (WOEID) for the place name(s) that is the best
      match to the full string.
      For example, 'Paris' will match 'Paris, France', 'Deutschland' will match
      'Germany', 'Ontario' will match 'Ontario, Canada', 'SFO' will match 'San
      Francisco International Airport', etc.
      
    Returns:
      where_on_earth_ids: A dictionary containing place names keyed to WOEID.

    """
    woeid_data = get_woeid_from_yahoo(search_string)
    if 'error' in woeid_data:
        return woeid_data
    
    where_on_earth_ids = {}
    for i in xrange(woeid_data['count']):
        where_on_earth_ids[woeid_data[i][0]] = woeid_data[i][1]
    return where_on_earth_ids

def get_woeid_from_yahoo(search_string):    
    """Get Yahoo WOEID for the place names that best match the specified string.
    Same as get_where_on_earth_ids() but different return format.
    
    Parameters:
      search_string: Plaintext string to match to available place names.
      Place can be a city, country, province, airport code, etc. Yahoo returns
      the WOEID for the place name(s) that is the best match to the full string.
      For example, 'Paris' will match 'Paris, France', 'Deutschland' will match
      'Germany', 'Ontario' will match 'Ontario, Canada', 'SFO' will match 'San
      Francisco International Airport', etc.
      
    Returns:
      woeid_data: A dictionary of tuples in the following format:
      {'count': 2, 0: (WOEID1, Placename1), 1: (WOEID2, Placename2)}

    """
    ## This uses Yahoo's YQL tables to directly query Yahoo's database, e.g.                        
    ## http://query.yahooapis.com/v1/public/yql?q=select%20*%20from%20geo.placefinder%20where%20text%3D%22New%20York%22
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        encoded_string = search_string
    else:
        # Python 2
        encoded_string = search_string.encode('utf-8')
    params = {'q': WOEID_QUERY_STRING % encoded_string, 'format': 'json'}
    url = '?'.join((WOEID_SEARCH_URL, urlencode(params)))
    try:
        handler = urlopen(url)
    except URLError:
        return {'error': 'Could not connect to server'}
    if sys.version > '3':
        # Python 3
        content_type = dict(handler.getheaders())['Content-Type']
    else:
        # Python 2
        content_type = handler.info().dict['content-type']
    try:
        charset = re.search('charset\=(.*)', content_type).group(1)
    except AttributeError:
        charset = 'utf-8'
    if charset.lower() != 'utf-8':
        json_response = handler.read().decode(charset).encode('utf-8')
    else:
        json_response = handler.read()
    handler.close()
    yahoo_woeid_result = json.loads(json_response)

    try:
        result = yahoo_woeid_result['query']['results']['Result']
    except KeyError:
        # On error, returned JSON evals to dictionary with one key, 'error'
        return yahoo_woeid_result
    except TypeError:
        return {'error': 'No matching place names found'}

    woeid_data = {}
    woeid_data['count'] = yahoo_woeid_result['query']['count']
    for i in xrange(yahoo_woeid_result['query']['count']):
        try:
            place_data = result[i]
        except KeyError:
            place_data = result
        name_lines = [place_data[tag]
                     for tag in ['line1','line2','line3','line4']
                     if place_data[tag] is not None]
        place_name = ', '.join(name_lines)
        woeid_data[i] = (place_data['woeid'], place_name)

    return woeid_data
    
def heat_index(temperature, humidity, units = 'metric'):
    """Calculate Heat Index for the specified temperature and humidity
    
    The formula below approximates the heat index in degrees
    Fahrenheit, to within ±1.3 °F. It is the result of a
    multivariate fit (temperature equal to or greater than
    80°F and relative humidity equal to or greater than 40%)
    to a model of the human body.
   
    Heat Index = c_1 + (c_2 * T) + (c_3 * R) + (c_4 * T * R) +
                  (c_5 * T^2) + (c_6 * R^2) + (c_7 * T^2 * R) +
                  (c_8 * T * R^2) + (c_9 * T^2 * R^2) 
    where:
      T = ambient dry-bulb temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)
      R = relative humidity (percentage value between 0 and 100)

    Parameters:
      temperature: air temperature in specified units
      humidity: relative humidity (a percentage) at specified air temperature
      units: type of units. 'metric' for metric and 'imperial' for non-metric.
      
    Returns:
      heat_index: a numerical value representing the heat index
        in the temperature scale of the specified unit system.
        Returns None if the specified temperature is less than 80°F
        or the specified relative humidity is less than 40%.
    """
    # fallback to metric
    if units != 'imperial' and units != '' and units != 'metric':
        units = 'metric'
    
    R = float(humidity)

    if units == 'imperial' or units == '':   # for backwards compatibility
        T = float(temperature)
    elif units == 'metric':
        # Heat Index is calculated in F
        T = (float(temperature) * 9.0/5.0) + 32.0
    
    # Heat Index is only valid for temp >= 80°F and humidity >= 40%)
    if (R < 40.0 or T < 80.0):
        return None

    Rsquared = pow(R, 2.0)
    Tsquared = pow(T, 2.0)

    # coefficients for calculation
    c = [None, -42.379, 2.04901523, 10.14333127, -0.22475541,  
         -6.83783 * pow(10.0,-3.0), -5.481717 * pow(10.0,-2.0),
         1.22874 * pow(10.0,-3.0), 8.5282 * pow(10.0,-4.0),
         -1.99 * pow(10.0,-6.0)]

    heat_index = ( c[1] + (c[2]* T) + (c[3]* R) + (c[4]* T * R) +
                   (c[5]* Tsquared) + (c[6]* Rsquared) +
                   (c[7]* Tsquared * R) + (c[8]* T * Rsquared) +
                   (c[9]* Tsquared * Rsquared) )
    
    # round to one decimal place
    if units == 'metric':
        return round(((heat_index - 32.0) * 5.0/9.0), 1)
    else:
        return round(heat_index, 1)