Exemplo: GridBagLayout

MinhaJanela.java

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class MinhaJanela extends JPanel {

    public MinhaJanela() {
        GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout();
        GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
        c.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
        setLayout(gridbag);

        // Distribuicao horizontal de espaço
        c.weightx = 1.0;
        makeButton("Button 1", gridbag, c);
        makeButton("Button 2", gridbag, c);
        makeButton("Button 3", gridbag, c);
        c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER;
        makeButton("Button 4", gridbag, c);

        c.weightx = 0.0;
        makeButton("Button 5", gridbag, c);

        c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.RELATIVE;
        makeButton("Button 6", gridbag, c);

        c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER;
        makeButton("Button 7", gridbag, c);

        c.gridwidth = 1;
        c.gridheight = 2;
        c.weightx = 1.0; // Distribuição vertical do espaço
        makeButton("Button 8", gridbag, c);
        c.weightx = 0.0;
        c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER;
        c.gridheight = 1;
        makeButton("Button 9", gridbag, c);
        makeButton("Button 10", gridbag, c);
    }

    void makeButton(String name, GridBagLayout gridbag, GridBagConstraints c) {
        JButton button = new JButton(name);
        gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
        add(button);
    }
}

Principal.java

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class Principal extends JFrame {

    public Principal() {
        super("Minha Janela");
        setSize(400, 300);

        Container c = getContentPane();
        MinhaJanela janela = new MinhaJanela();
        c.add(janela);

        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

        setVisible(true);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Principal();
    }
}