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August 1, 2016 05:15
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Tainted kernels: | |
Some oops reports contain the string 'Tainted: ' after the program | |
counter. This indicates that the kernel has been tainted by some | |
mechanism. The string is followed by a series of position-sensitive | |
characters, each representing a particular tainted value. | |
1: 'G' if all modules loaded have a GPL or compatible license, 'P' if | |
any proprietary module has been loaded. Modules without a | |
MODULE_LICENSE or with a MODULE_LICENSE that is not recognised by | |
insmod as GPL compatible are assumed to be proprietary. | |
2: 'F' if any module was force loaded by "insmod -f", ' ' if all | |
modules were loaded normally. | |
3: 'S' if the oops occurred on an SMP kernel running on hardware that | |
hasn't been certified as safe to run multiprocessor. | |
Currently this occurs only on various Athlons that are not | |
SMP capable. | |
4: 'R' if a module was force unloaded by "rmmod -f", ' ' if all | |
modules were unloaded normally. | |
5: 'M' if any processor has reported a Machine Check Exception, | |
' ' if no Machine Check Exceptions have occurred. | |
6: 'B' if a page-release function has found a bad page reference or | |
some unexpected page flags. | |
7: 'U' if a user or user application specifically requested that the | |
Tainted flag be set, ' ' otherwise. | |
8: 'D' if the kernel has died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG. | |
9: 'A' if the ACPI table has been overridden. | |
10: 'W' if a warning has previously been issued by the kernel. | |
(Though some warnings may set more specific taint flags.) | |
11: 'C' if a staging driver has been loaded. | |
12: 'I' if the kernel is working around a severe bug in the platform | |
firmware (BIOS or similar). | |
13: 'O' if an externally-built ("out-of-tree") module has been loaded. | |
14: 'E' if an unsigned module has been loaded in a kernel supporting | |
module signature. | |
15: 'L' if a soft lockup has previously occurred on the system. | |
16: 'K' if the kernel has been live patched. | |
The primary reason for the 'Tainted: ' string is to tell kernel | |
debuggers if this is a clean kernel or if anything unusual has | |
occurred. Tainting is permanent: even if an offending module is | |
unloaded, the tainted value remains to indicate that the kernel is not | |
trustworthy. |
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