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Hamid264/ML0101EN-RecSys-Collaborative-Filtering-movies-py-v1.ipynb

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ML0101EN-RecSys-Collaborative-Filtering-movies-py-v1.ipynb
{
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"<a href=\"https://www.bigdatauniversity.com\"><img src=\"https://ibm.box.com/shared/static/cw2c7r3o20w9zn8gkecaeyjhgw3xdgbj.png\" width=\"400\" align=\"center\"></a>\n",
"\n",
"<h1 align=\"center\"><font size=\"5\">COLLABORATIVE FILTERING</font></h1>"
]
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"Recommendation systems are a collection of algorithms used to recommend items to users based on information taken from the user. These systems have become ubiquitous can be commonly seen in online stores, movies databases and job finders. In this notebook, we will explore recommendation systems based on Collaborative Filtering and implement simple version of one using Python and the Pandas library."
]
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"source": [
"<h1>Table of contents</h1>\n",
"\n",
"<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\" style=\"margin-top: 20px\">\n",
" <ol>\n",
" <li><a href=\"#ref1\">Acquiring the Data</a></li>\n",
" <li><a href=\"#ref2\">Preprocessing</a></li>\n",
" <li><a href=\"#ref3\">Collaborative Filtering</a></li>\n",
" </ol>\n",
"</div>\n",
"<br>\n",
"<hr>"
]
},
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"source": [
"\n",
"\n",
"<a id=\"ref1\"></a>\n",
"# Acquiring the Data"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"To acquire and extract the data, simply run the following Bash scripts: \n",
"Dataset acquired from [GroupLens](http://grouplens.org/datasets/movielens/). Lets download the dataset. To download the data, we will use **`!wget`** to download it from IBM Object Storage. \n",
"__Did you know?__ When it comes to Machine Learning, you will likely be working with large datasets. As a business, where can you host your data? IBM is offering a unique opportunity for businesses, with 10 Tb of IBM Cloud Object Storage: [Sign up now for free](http://cocl.us/ML0101EN-IBM-Offer-CC)"
]
},
{
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{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"--2020-08-05 20:40:31-- https://s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net/cf-courses-data/CognitiveClass/ML0101ENv3/labs/moviedataset.zip\n",
"Resolving s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net (s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net)... 67.228.254.196\n",
"Connecting to s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net (s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net)|67.228.254.196|:443... connected.\n",
"HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\n",
"Length: 160301210 (153M) [application/zip]\n",
"Saving to: ‘moviedataset.zip’\n",
"\n",
"moviedataset.zip 100%[===================>] 152.88M 23.3MB/s in 6.9s \n",
"\n",
"2020-08-05 20:40:38 (22.3 MB/s) - ‘moviedataset.zip’ saved [160301210/160301210]\n",
"\n",
"unziping ...\n",
"Archive: moviedataset.zip\n",
" inflating: links.csv \n",
" inflating: movies.csv \n",
" inflating: ratings.csv \n",
" inflating: README.txt \n",
" inflating: tags.csv \n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"!wget -O moviedataset.zip https://s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net/cf-courses-data/CognitiveClass/ML0101ENv3/labs/moviedataset.zip\n",
"print('unziping ...')\n",
"!unzip -o -j moviedataset.zip "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
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"source": [
"Now you're ready to start working with the data!"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
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"source": [
"<hr>\n",
"\n",
"<a id=\"ref2\"></a>\n",
"# Preprocessing"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"First, let's get all of the imports out of the way:"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"#Dataframe manipulation library\n",
"import pandas as pd\n",
"#Math functions, we'll only need the sqrt function so let's import only that\n",
"from math import sqrt\n",
"import numpy as np\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"%matplotlib inline"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
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"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
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}
},
"source": [
"Now let's read each file into their Dataframes:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
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"source": [
"#Storing the movie information into a pandas dataframe\n",
"movies_df = pd.read_csv('movies.csv')\n",
"#Storing the user information into a pandas dataframe\n",
"ratings_df = pd.read_csv('ratings.csv')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
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"source": [
"Let's also take a peek at how each of them are organized:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
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{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
" vertical-align: top;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe thead th {\n",
" text-align: right;\n",
" }\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>title</th>\n",
" <th>genres</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>0</th>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>Toy Story (1995)</td>\n",
" <td>Adventure|Animation|Children|Comedy|Fantasy</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>1</th>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" <td>Jumanji (1995)</td>\n",
" <td>Adventure|Children|Fantasy</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>3</td>\n",
" <td>Grumpier Old Men (1995)</td>\n",
" <td>Comedy|Romance</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>4</td>\n",
" <td>Waiting to Exhale (1995)</td>\n",
" <td>Comedy|Drama|Romance</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>5</td>\n",
" <td>Father of the Bride Part II (1995)</td>\n",
" <td>Comedy</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" movieId title \\\n",
"0 1 Toy Story (1995) \n",
"1 2 Jumanji (1995) \n",
"2 3 Grumpier Old Men (1995) \n",
"3 4 Waiting to Exhale (1995) \n",
"4 5 Father of the Bride Part II (1995) \n",
"\n",
" genres \n",
"0 Adventure|Animation|Children|Comedy|Fantasy \n",
"1 Adventure|Children|Fantasy \n",
"2 Comedy|Romance \n",
"3 Comedy|Drama|Romance \n",
"4 Comedy "
]
},
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"#Head is a function that gets the first N rows of a dataframe. N's default is 5.\n",
"movies_df.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
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"source": [
"So each movie has a unique ID, a title with its release year along with it (Which may contain unicode characters) and several different genres in the same field. Let's remove the year from the title column and place it into its own one by using the handy [extract](http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.Series.str.extract.html#pandas.Series.str.extract) function that Pandas has."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
"read_only": false
}
},
"source": [
"Let's remove the year from the __title__ column by using pandas' replace function and store in a new __year__ column."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {
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},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#Using regular expressions to find a year stored between parentheses\n",
"#We specify the parantheses so we don't conflict with movies that have years in their titles\n",
"movies_df['year'] = movies_df.title.str.extract('(\\(\\d\\d\\d\\d\\))',expand=False)\n",
"#Removing the parentheses\n",
"movies_df['year'] = movies_df.year.str.extract('(\\d\\d\\d\\d)',expand=False)\n",
"#Removing the years from the 'title' column\n",
"movies_df['title'] = movies_df.title.str.replace('(\\(\\d\\d\\d\\d\\))', '')\n",
"#Applying the strip function to get rid of any ending whitespace characters that may have appeared\n",
"movies_df['title'] = movies_df['title'].apply(lambda x: x.strip())"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
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},
"source": [
"Let's look at the result!"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
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{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
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"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>title</th>\n",
" <th>genres</th>\n",
" <th>year</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>0</th>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>Toy Story</td>\n",
" <td>Adventure|Animation|Children|Comedy|Fantasy</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>1</th>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" <td>Jumanji</td>\n",
" <td>Adventure|Children|Fantasy</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>3</td>\n",
" <td>Grumpier Old Men</td>\n",
" <td>Comedy|Romance</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>4</td>\n",
" <td>Waiting to Exhale</td>\n",
" <td>Comedy|Drama|Romance</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>5</td>\n",
" <td>Father of the Bride Part II</td>\n",
" <td>Comedy</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" movieId title \\\n",
"0 1 Toy Story \n",
"1 2 Jumanji \n",
"2 3 Grumpier Old Men \n",
"3 4 Waiting to Exhale \n",
"4 5 Father of the Bride Part II \n",
"\n",
" genres year \n",
"0 Adventure|Animation|Children|Comedy|Fantasy 1995 \n",
"1 Adventure|Children|Fantasy 1995 \n",
"2 Comedy|Romance 1995 \n",
"3 Comedy|Drama|Romance 1995 \n",
"4 Comedy 1995 "
]
},
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"movies_df.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
"read_only": false
}
},
"source": [
"With that, let's also drop the genres column since we won't need it for this particular recommendation system."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {
"button": false,
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},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#Dropping the genres column\n",
"movies_df = movies_df.drop('genres', 1)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
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},
"source": [
"Here's the final movies dataframe:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
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"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>title</th>\n",
" <th>year</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>0</th>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>Toy Story</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>1</th>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" <td>Jumanji</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>3</td>\n",
" <td>Grumpier Old Men</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>4</td>\n",
" <td>Waiting to Exhale</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>5</td>\n",
" <td>Father of the Bride Part II</td>\n",
" <td>1995</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" movieId title year\n",
"0 1 Toy Story 1995\n",
"1 2 Jumanji 1995\n",
"2 3 Grumpier Old Men 1995\n",
"3 4 Waiting to Exhale 1995\n",
"4 5 Father of the Bride Part II 1995"
]
},
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"movies_df.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
"read_only": false
}
},
"source": [
"<br>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
"read_only": false
}
},
"source": [
"Next, let's look at the ratings dataframe."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"collapsed": false,
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
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"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>userId</th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>rating</th>\n",
" <th>timestamp</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
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" <td>2471</td>\n",
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" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>48516</td>\n",
" <td>5.0</td>\n",
" <td>1204927435</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" <td>2571</td>\n",
" <td>3.5</td>\n",
" <td>1436165433</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" <td>109487</td>\n",
" <td>4.0</td>\n",
" <td>1436165496</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" userId movieId rating timestamp\n",
"0 1 169 2.5 1204927694\n",
"1 1 2471 3.0 1204927438\n",
"2 1 48516 5.0 1204927435\n",
"3 2 2571 3.5 1436165433\n",
"4 2 109487 4.0 1436165496"
]
},
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"ratings_df.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
"read_only": false
}
},
"source": [
"Every row in the ratings dataframe has a user id associated with at least one movie, a rating and a timestamp showing when they reviewed it. We won't be needing the timestamp column, so let's drop it to save on memory."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"collapsed": false,
"deletable": true,
"jupyter": {
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"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#Drop removes a specified row or column from a dataframe\n",
"ratings_df = ratings_df.drop('timestamp', 1)"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"Here's how the final ratings Dataframe looks like:"
]
},
{
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{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
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" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
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"\n",
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"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>userId</th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>rating</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>0</th>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>169</td>\n",
" <td>2.5</td>\n",
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" <td>3.0</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
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" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>48516</td>\n",
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" <th>3</th>\n",
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" <td>2571</td>\n",
" <td>3.5</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" userId movieId rating\n",
"0 1 169 2.5\n",
"1 1 2471 3.0\n",
"2 1 48516 5.0\n",
"3 2 2571 3.5\n",
"4 2 109487 4.0"
]
},
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"ratings_df.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
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"source": [
"<hr>\n",
"\n",
"<a id=\"ref3\"></a>\n",
"# Collaborative Filtering"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"Now, time to start our work on recommendation systems. \n",
"\n",
"The first technique we're going to take a look at is called __Collaborative Filtering__, which is also known as __User-User Filtering__. As hinted by its alternate name, this technique uses other users to recommend items to the input user. It attempts to find users that have similar preferences and opinions as the input and then recommends items that they have liked to the input. There are several methods of finding similar users (Even some making use of Machine Learning), and the one we will be using here is going to be based on the __Pearson Correlation Function__.\n",
"\n",
"<img src=\"https://ibm.box.com/shared/static/1ql8cbwhtkmbr6nge5e706ikzm5mua5w.png\" width=800px>\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"The process for creating a User Based recommendation system is as follows:\n",
"- Select a user with the movies the user has watched\n",
"- Based on his rating to movies, find the top X neighbours \n",
"- Get the watched movie record of the user for each neighbour.\n",
"- Calculate a similarity score using some formula\n",
"- Recommend the items with the highest score\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"Let's begin by creating an input user to recommend movies to:\n",
"\n",
"Notice: To add more movies, simply increase the amount of elements in the userInput. Feel free to add more in! Just be sure to write it in with capital letters and if a movie starts with a \"The\", like \"The Matrix\" then write it in like this: 'Matrix, The' ."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
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" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
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" text-align: right;\n",
" }\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>title</th>\n",
" <th>rating</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>0</th>\n",
" <td>Breakfast Club, The</td>\n",
" <td>5.0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>1</th>\n",
" <td>Toy Story</td>\n",
" <td>3.5</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>Jumanji</td>\n",
" <td>2.0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>Pulp Fiction</td>\n",
" <td>5.0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>Akira</td>\n",
" <td>4.5</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" title rating\n",
"0 Breakfast Club, The 5.0\n",
"1 Toy Story 3.5\n",
"2 Jumanji 2.0\n",
"3 Pulp Fiction 5.0\n",
"4 Akira 4.5"
]
},
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"userInput = [\n",
" {'title':'Breakfast Club, The', 'rating':5},\n",
" {'title':'Toy Story', 'rating':3.5},\n",
" {'title':'Jumanji', 'rating':2},\n",
" {'title':\"Pulp Fiction\", 'rating':5},\n",
" {'title':'Akira', 'rating':4.5}\n",
" ] \n",
"inputMovies = pd.DataFrame(userInput)\n",
"inputMovies"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
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}
},
"source": [
"#### Add movieId to input user\n",
"With the input complete, let's extract the input movies's ID's from the movies dataframe and add them into it.\n",
"\n",
"We can achieve this by first filtering out the rows that contain the input movies' title and then merging this subset with the input dataframe. We also drop unnecessary columns for the input to save memory space."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
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" <thead>\n",
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" <th></th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>title</th>\n",
" <th>rating</th>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" movieId title rating\n",
"0 1 Toy Story 3.5\n",
"1 2 Jumanji 2.0\n",
"2 296 Pulp Fiction 5.0\n",
"3 1274 Akira 4.5\n",
"4 1968 Breakfast Club, The 5.0"
]
},
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
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],
"source": [
"#Filtering out the movies by title\n",
"inputId = movies_df[movies_df['title'].isin(inputMovies['title'].tolist())]\n",
"#Then merging it so we can get the movieId. It's implicitly merging it by title.\n",
"inputMovies = pd.merge(inputId, inputMovies)\n",
"#Dropping information we won't use from the input dataframe\n",
"inputMovies = inputMovies.drop('year', 1)\n",
"#Final input dataframe\n",
"#If a movie you added in above isn't here, then it might not be in the original \n",
"#dataframe or it might spelled differently, please check capitalisation.\n",
"inputMovies"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
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"new_sheet": false,
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},
"source": [
"#### The users who has seen the same movies\n",
"Now with the movie ID's in our input, we can now get the subset of users that have watched and reviewed the movies in our input.\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 14,
"metadata": {
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
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"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>userId</th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>rating</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>19</th>\n",
" <td>4</td>\n",
" <td>296</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>441</th>\n",
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" <td>1968</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>479</th>\n",
" <td>13</td>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" <td>2.0</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>531</th>\n",
" <td>13</td>\n",
" <td>1274</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>681</th>\n",
" <td>14</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" userId movieId rating\n",
"19 4 296 4.0\n",
"441 12 1968 3.0\n",
"479 13 2 2.0\n",
"531 13 1274 5.0\n",
"681 14 296 2.0"
]
},
"execution_count": 14,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"#Filtering out users that have watched movies that the input has watched and storing it\n",
"userSubset = ratings_df[ratings_df['movieId'].isin(inputMovies['movieId'].tolist())]\n",
"userSubset.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
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"source": [
"We now group up the rows by user ID."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 15,
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},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#Groupby creates several sub dataframes where they all have the same value in the column specified as the parameter\n",
"userSubsetGroup = userSubset.groupby(['userId'])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
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},
"source": [
"lets look at one of the users, e.g. the one with userID=1130"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
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" }\n",
"\n",
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" text-align: right;\n",
" }\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>userId</th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" <th>rating</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
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" <td>1130</td>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>0.5</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>104168</th>\n",
" <td>1130</td>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" <td>4.0</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>104214</th>\n",
" <td>1130</td>\n",
" <td>296</td>\n",
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" <th>104363</th>\n",
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" <td>1274</td>\n",
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" <th>104443</th>\n",
" <td>1130</td>\n",
" <td>1968</td>\n",
" <td>4.5</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" userId movieId rating\n",
"104167 1130 1 0.5\n",
"104168 1130 2 4.0\n",
"104214 1130 296 4.0\n",
"104363 1130 1274 4.5\n",
"104443 1130 1968 4.5"
]
},
"execution_count": 16,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"userSubsetGroup.get_group(1130)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
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}
},
"source": [
"Let's also sort these groups so the users that share the most movies in common with the input have higher priority. This provides a richer recommendation since we won't go through every single user."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"collapsed": false,
"deletable": true,
"jupyter": {
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"run_control": {
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},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#Sorting it so users with movie most in common with the input will have priority\n",
"userSubsetGroup = sorted(userSubsetGroup, key=lambda x: len(x[1]), reverse=True)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
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},
"source": [
"Now lets look at the first user"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[(75,\n",
" userId movieId rating\n",
" 7507 75 1 5.0\n",
" 7508 75 2 3.5\n",
" 7540 75 296 5.0\n",
" 7633 75 1274 4.5\n",
" 7673 75 1968 5.0),\n",
" (106,\n",
" userId movieId rating\n",
" 9083 106 1 2.5\n",
" 9084 106 2 3.0\n",
" 9115 106 296 3.5\n",
" 9198 106 1274 3.0\n",
" 9238 106 1968 3.5),\n",
" (686,\n",
" userId movieId rating\n",
" 61336 686 1 4.0\n",
" 61337 686 2 3.0\n",
" 61377 686 296 4.0\n",
" 61478 686 1274 4.0\n",
" 61569 686 1968 5.0)]"
]
},
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"userSubsetGroup[0:3]"
]
},
{
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},
"source": [
"#### Similarity of users to input user\n",
"Next, we are going to compare all users (not really all !!!) to our specified user and find the one that is most similar. \n",
"we're going to find out how similar each user is to the input through the __Pearson Correlation Coefficient__. It is used to measure the strength of a linear association between two variables. The formula for finding this coefficient between sets X and Y with N values can be seen in the image below. \n",
"\n",
"Why Pearson Correlation?\n",
"\n",
"Pearson correlation is invariant to scaling, i.e. multiplying all elements by a nonzero constant or adding any constant to all elements. For example, if you have two vectors X and Y,then, pearson(X, Y) == pearson(X, 2 * Y + 3). This is a pretty important property in recommendation systems because for example two users might rate two series of items totally different in terms of absolute rates, but they would be similar users (i.e. with similar ideas) with similar rates in various scales .\n",
"\n",
"![alt text](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd1ccc2979b0fd1c1aec96e386f686ae874f9ec0 \"Pearson Correlation\")\n",
"\n",
"The values given by the formula vary from r = -1 to r = 1, where 1 forms a direct correlation between the two entities (it means a perfect positive correlation) and -1 forms a perfect negative correlation. \n",
"\n",
"In our case, a 1 means that the two users have similar tastes while a -1 means the opposite."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
"read_only": false
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},
"source": [
"We will select a subset of users to iterate through. This limit is imposed because we don't want to waste too much time going through every single user."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"collapsed": false,
"deletable": true,
"jupyter": {
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},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"userSubsetGroup = userSubsetGroup[0:100]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
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}
},
"source": [
"Now, we calculate the Pearson Correlation between input user and subset group, and store it in a dictionary, where the key is the user Id and the value is the coefficient\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"metadata": {
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"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#Store the Pearson Correlation in a dictionary, where the key is the user Id and the value is the coefficient\n",
"pearsonCorrelationDict = {}\n",
"\n",
"#For every user group in our subset\n",
"for name, group in userSubsetGroup:\n",
" #Let's start by sorting the input and current user group so the values aren't mixed up later on\n",
" group = group.sort_values(by='movieId')\n",
" inputMovies = inputMovies.sort_values(by='movieId')\n",
" #Get the N for the formula\n",
" nRatings = len(group)\n",
" #Get the review scores for the movies that they both have in common\n",
" temp_df = inputMovies[inputMovies['movieId'].isin(group['movieId'].tolist())]\n",
" #And then store them in a temporary buffer variable in a list format to facilitate future calculations\n",
" tempRatingList = temp_df['rating'].tolist()\n",
" #Let's also put the current user group reviews in a list format\n",
" tempGroupList = group['rating'].tolist()\n",
" #Now let's calculate the pearson correlation between two users, so called, x and y\n",
" Sxx = sum([i**2 for i in tempRatingList]) - pow(sum(tempRatingList),2)/float(nRatings)\n",
" Syy = sum([i**2 for i in tempGroupList]) - pow(sum(tempGroupList),2)/float(nRatings)\n",
" Sxy = sum( i*j for i, j in zip(tempRatingList, tempGroupList)) - sum(tempRatingList)*sum(tempGroupList)/float(nRatings)\n",
" \n",
" #If the denominator is different than zero, then divide, else, 0 correlation.\n",
" if Sxx != 0 and Syy != 0:\n",
" pearsonCorrelationDict[name] = Sxy/sqrt(Sxx*Syy)\n",
" else:\n",
" pearsonCorrelationDict[name] = 0\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"dict_items([(75, 0.8272781516947562), (106, 0.5860090386731182), (686, 0.8320502943378437), (815, 0.5765566601970551), (1040, 0.9434563530497265), (1130, 0.2891574659831201), (1502, 0.8770580193070299), (1599, 0.4385290096535153), (1625, 0.716114874039432), (1950, 0.179028718509858), (2065, 0.4385290096535153), (2128, 0.5860090386731196), (2432, 0.1386750490563073), (2791, 0.8770580193070299), (2839, 0.8204126541423674), (2948, -0.11720180773462392), (3025, 0.45124262819713973), (3040, 0.89514359254929), (3186, 0.6784622064861935), (3271, 0.26989594817970664), (3429, 0.0), (3734, -0.15041420939904673), (4099, 0.05860090386731196), (4208, 0.29417420270727607), (4282, -0.4385290096535115), (4292, 0.6564386345361464), (4415, -0.11183835382312353), (4586, -0.9024852563942795), (4725, -0.08006407690254357), (4818, 0.4885967564883424), (5104, 0.7674257668936507), (5165, -0.4385290096535153), (5547, 0.17200522903844556), (6082, -0.04728779924109591), (6207, 0.9615384615384616), (6366, 0.6577935144802716), (6482, 0.0), (6530, -0.3516054232038709), (7235, 0.6981407669689391), (7403, 0.11720180773462363), (7641, 0.7161148740394331), (7996, 0.626600514784504), (8008, -0.22562131409856986), (8086, 0.6933752452815365), (8245, 0.0), (8572, 0.8600261451922278), (8675, 0.5370861555295773), (9101, -0.08600261451922278), (9358, 0.692178738358485), (9663, 0.193972725041952), (9994, 0.5030272728659587), (10248, -0.24806946917841693), (10315, 0.537086155529574), (10368, 0.4688072309384945), (10607, 0.41602514716892186), (10707, 0.9615384615384616), (10863, 0.6020183016345595), (11314, 0.8204126541423654), (11399, 0.517260600111872), (11769, 0.9376144618769914), (11827, 0.4902903378454601), (12069, 0.0), (12120, 0.9292940047327363), (12211, 0.8600261451922278), (12325, 0.9616783115081544), (12916, 0.5860090386731196), (12921, 0.6611073566849309), (13053, 0.9607689228305227), (13142, 0.6016568375961863), (13260, 0.7844645405527362), (13366, 0.8951435925492911), (13768, 0.8770580193070289), (13888, 0.2508726030021272), (13923, 0.3516054232038718), (13934, 0.17200522903844556), (14529, 0.7417901772340937), (14551, 0.537086155529574), (14588, 0.21926450482675766), (14984, 0.716114874039432), (15137, 0.5860090386731196), (15157, 0.9035841064985974), (15466, 0.7205766921228921), (15670, 0.516015687115336), (15834, 0.22562131409856986), (16292, 0.6577935144802716), (16456, 0.7161148740394331), (16506, 0.5481612620668942), (17246, 0.48038446141526137), (17438, 0.7093169886164387), (17501, 0.8168748513121271), (17502, 0.8272781516947562), (17666, 0.7689238340176859), (17735, 0.7042381820123422), (17742, 0.3922322702763681), (17757, 0.64657575013984), (17854, 0.537086155529574), (17897, 0.8770580193070289), (17944, 0.2713848825944774), (18301, 0.29838119751643016), (18509, 0.1322214713369862)])"
]
},
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"pearsonCorrelationDict.items()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {},
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{
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"text/plain": [
" similarityIndex userId\n",
"0 0.827278 75\n",
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"3 0.576557 815\n",
"4 0.943456 1040"
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"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
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"source": [
"pearsonDF = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(pearsonCorrelationDict, orient='index')\n",
"pearsonDF.columns = ['similarityIndex']\n",
"pearsonDF['userId'] = pearsonDF.index\n",
"pearsonDF.index = range(len(pearsonDF))\n",
"pearsonDF.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
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"source": [
"#### The top x similar users to input user\n",
"Now let's get the top 50 users that are most similar to the input."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 23,
"metadata": {
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"text/plain": [
" similarityIndex userId\n",
"64 0.961678 12325\n",
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"execution_count": 23,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
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],
"source": [
"topUsers=pearsonDF.sort_values(by='similarityIndex', ascending=False)[0:50]\n",
"topUsers.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
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"source": [
"Now, let's start recommending movies to the input user.\n",
"\n",
"#### Rating of selected users to all movies\n",
"We're going to do this by taking the weighted average of the ratings of the movies using the Pearson Correlation as the weight. But to do this, we first need to get the movies watched by the users in our __pearsonDF__ from the ratings dataframe and then store their correlation in a new column called _similarityIndex\". This is achieved below by merging of these two tables."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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{
"data": {
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"text/plain": [
" similarityIndex userId movieId rating\n",
"0 0.961678 12325 1 3.5\n",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
"topUsersRating=topUsers.merge(ratings_df, left_on='userId', right_on='userId', how='inner')\n",
"topUsersRating.head()"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"Now all we need to do is simply multiply the movie rating by its weight (The similarity index), then sum up the new ratings and divide it by the sum of the weights.\n",
"\n",
"We can easily do this by simply multiplying two columns, then grouping up the dataframe by movieId and then dividing two columns:\n",
"\n",
"It shows the idea of all similar users to candidate movies for the input user:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 25,
"metadata": {
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"outputs": [
{
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"text/plain": [
" similarityIndex userId movieId rating weightedRating\n",
"0 0.961678 12325 1 3.5 3.365874\n",
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"2 0.961678 12325 3 3.0 2.885035\n",
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]
},
"execution_count": 25,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"#Multiplies the similarity by the user's ratings\n",
"topUsersRating['weightedRating'] = topUsersRating['similarityIndex']*topUsersRating['rating']\n",
"topUsersRating.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 26,
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"collapsed": false,
"deletable": true,
"jupyter": {
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"outputs": [
{
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],
"text/plain": [
" sum_similarityIndex sum_weightedRating\n",
"movieId \n",
"1 38.376281 140.800834\n",
"2 38.376281 96.656745\n",
"3 10.253981 27.254477\n",
"4 0.929294 2.787882\n",
"5 11.723262 27.151751"
]
},
"execution_count": 26,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"#Applies a sum to the topUsers after grouping it up by userId\n",
"tempTopUsersRating = topUsersRating.groupby('movieId').sum()[['similarityIndex','weightedRating']]\n",
"tempTopUsersRating.columns = ['sum_similarityIndex','sum_weightedRating']\n",
"tempTopUsersRating.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 27,
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"collapsed": false,
"deletable": true,
"jupyter": {
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},
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},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
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"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>weighted average recommendation score</th>\n",
" <th>movieId</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
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" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>2.518658</td>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
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" <td>2.657941</td>\n",
" <td>3</td>\n",
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" <th>4</th>\n",
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" <td>4</td>\n",
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" <td>2.316058</td>\n",
" <td>5</td>\n",
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],
"text/plain": [
" weighted average recommendation score movieId\n",
"movieId \n",
"1 3.668955 1\n",
"2 2.518658 2\n",
"3 2.657941 3\n",
"4 3.000000 4\n",
"5 2.316058 5"
]
},
"execution_count": 27,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"#Creates an empty dataframe\n",
"recommendation_df = pd.DataFrame()\n",
"#Now we take the weighted average\n",
"recommendation_df['weighted average recommendation score'] = tempTopUsersRating['sum_weightedRating']/tempTopUsersRating['sum_similarityIndex']\n",
"recommendation_df['movieId'] = tempTopUsersRating.index\n",
"recommendation_df.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"button": false,
"deletable": true,
"new_sheet": false,
"run_control": {
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}
},
"source": [
"Now let's sort it and see the top 20 movies that the algorithm recommended!"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 28,
"metadata": {
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" <th></th>\n",
" <th>weighted average recommendation score</th>\n",
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" weighted average recommendation score movieId\n",
"movieId \n",
"5073 5.0 5073\n",
"3329 5.0 3329\n",
"2284 5.0 2284\n",
"26801 5.0 26801\n",
"6776 5.0 6776\n",
"6672 5.0 6672\n",
"3759 5.0 3759\n",
"3769 5.0 3769\n",
"3775 5.0 3775\n",
"90531 5.0 90531"
]
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"source": [
"recommendation_df = recommendation_df.sort_values(by='weighted average recommendation score', ascending=False)\n",
"recommendation_df.head(10)"
]
},
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" <th>2200</th>\n",
" <td>2284</td>\n",
" <td>Bandit Queen</td>\n",
" <td>1994</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3243</th>\n",
" <td>3329</td>\n",
" <td>Year My Voice Broke, The</td>\n",
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" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3669</th>\n",
" <td>3759</td>\n",
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" <td>1947</td>\n",
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" <th>3679</th>\n",
" <td>3769</td>\n",
" <td>Thunderbolt and Lightfoot</td>\n",
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" <th>6563</th>\n",
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" <td>2001</td>\n",
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" <th>6667</th>\n",
" <td>6776</td>\n",
" <td>Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India</td>\n",
" <td>2001</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>9064</th>\n",
" <td>26801</td>\n",
" <td>Dragon Inn (Sun lung moon hak chan)</td>\n",
" <td>1992</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>18106</th>\n",
" <td>90531</td>\n",
" <td>Shame</td>\n",
" <td>2011</td>\n",
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" movieId title year\n",
"2200 2284 Bandit Queen 1994\n",
"3243 3329 Year My Voice Broke, The 1987\n",
"3669 3759 Fun and Fancy Free 1947\n",
"3679 3769 Thunderbolt and Lightfoot 1974\n",
"3685 3775 Make Mine Music 1946\n",
"4978 5073 Son's Room, The (Stanza del figlio, La) 2001\n",
"6563 6672 War Photographer 2001\n",
"6667 6776 Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India 2001\n",
"9064 26801 Dragon Inn (Sun lung moon hak chan) 1992\n",
"18106 90531 Shame 2011"
]
},
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],
"source": [
"movies_df.loc[movies_df['movieId'].isin(recommendation_df.head(10)['movieId'].tolist())]"
]
},
{
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"source": [
"### Advantages and Disadvantages of Collaborative Filtering\n",
"\n",
"##### Advantages\n",
"* Takes other user's ratings into consideration\n",
"* Doesn't need to study or extract information from the recommended item\n",
"* Adapts to the user's interests which might change over time\n",
"\n",
"##### Disadvantages\n",
"* Approximation function can be slow\n",
"* There might be a low of amount of users to approximate\n",
"* Privacy issues when trying to learn the user's preferences"
]
},
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"<h2>Want to learn more?</h2>\n",
"\n",
"IBM SPSS Modeler is a comprehensive analytics platform that has many machine learning algorithms. It has been designed to bring predictive intelligence to decisions made by individuals, by groups, by systems – by your enterprise as a whole. A free trial is available through this course, available here: <a href=\"http://cocl.us/ML0101EN-SPSSModeler\">SPSS Modeler</a>\n",
"\n",
"Also, you can use Watson Studio to run these notebooks faster with bigger datasets. Watson Studio is IBM's leading cloud solution for data scientists, built by data scientists. With Jupyter notebooks, RStudio, Apache Spark and popular libraries pre-packaged in the cloud, Watson Studio enables data scientists to collaborate on their projects without having to install anything. Join the fast-growing community of Watson Studio users today with a free account at <a href=\"https://cocl.us/ML0101EN_DSX\">Watson Studio</a>\n",
"\n",
"<h3>Thanks for completing this lesson!</h3>\n",
"\n",
"<h4>Author: <a href=\"https://ca.linkedin.com/in/saeedaghabozorgi\">Saeed Aghabozorgi</a></h4>\n",
"<p><a href=\"https://ca.linkedin.com/in/saeedaghabozorgi\">Saeed Aghabozorgi</a>, PhD is a Data Scientist in IBM with a track record of developing enterprise level applications that substantially increases clients’ ability to turn data into actionable knowledge. He is a researcher in data mining field and expert in developing advanced analytic methods like machine learning and statistical modelling on large datasets.</p>\n",
"\n",
"<hr>\n",
"\n",
"<p>Copyright &copy; 2018 <a href=\"https://cocl.us/DX0108EN_CC\">Cognitive Class</a>. This notebook and its source code are released under the terms of the <a href=\"https://bigdatauniversity.com/mit-license/\">MIT License</a>.</p>"
]
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