| Approach | Key Tools / Examples | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stateful Workflow Engine | Temporal, Airflow, Azure Durable, Netflix Conductor | Deterministic execution, built-in retries, full observability, easy debugging. | Requires learning the engine model; adds a central orchestration layer to manage. |
| Stateless Microservices | REST endpoints, pub/sub events | Simple to deploy, loosely coupled services. | Hard to recover from failures; manual retries and idempotency handling required. |
| Choreography (Decentralized) | Event-driven systems, peer agents | No central bottleneck; flexible agent interactions. | Complex global consistency; hard to monitor distributed state. |
| Batch Tools | Airflow, Luigi | Well-suited for ETL and scheduled data pipelines. | Not designed for real-time or interactive AI workflows. |