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March 3, 2017 21:40
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Python utilities.ipynb
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| { | |
| "cells": [ | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "toc": "true" | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "# Table of Contents\n <p><div class=\"lev1 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Jupyter-magics\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Jupyter-magics-1\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">1 </span>Jupyter magics</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Available-magics\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Available-magics-11\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">1.1 </span>Available magics</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Using-%timeit\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Using-%timeit-12\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">1.2 </span>Using <code>%timeit</code></a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Getting-help\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Getting-help-13\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">1.3 </span>Getting help</a></div><div class=\"lev1 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Shortcuts-and-conveniences\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Shortcuts-and-conveniences-2\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">2 </span>Shortcuts and conveniences</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Using-shell-commands\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Using-shell-commands-21\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">2.1 </span>Using shell commands</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Running-bash-in-a-sub-process\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Running-bash-in-a-sub-process-22\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">2.2 </span>Running bash in a sub-process</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Running-R-as-a-sub-process\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Running-R-as-a-sub-process-23\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">2.3 </span>Running R as a sub-process</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Interactive-dashboards\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Interactive-dashboards-24\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">2.4 </span>Interactive dashboards</a></div><div class=\"lev1 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Pythonic-programming\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Pythonic-programming-3\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">3 </span>Pythonic programming</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Generators\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Generators-31\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">3.1 </span>Generators</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#map,-reduce,-filter,-zip\" data-toc-modified-id=\"map,-reduce,-filter,-zip-32\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">3.2 </span><code>map</code>, <code>reduce</code>, <code>filter</code>, <code>zip</code></a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Classes\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Classes-33\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">3.3 </span>Classes</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#The-imperative-approach\" data-toc-modified-id=\"The-imperative-approach-34\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">3.4 </span>The imperative approach</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#The-functional-approach\" data-toc-modified-id=\"The-functional-approach-35\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">3.5 </span>The functional approach</a></div><div class=\"lev1 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Fast-computations\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Fast-computations-4\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4 </span>Fast computations</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Memoization\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Memoization-41\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.1 </span>Memoization</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#First-Example:-factorial-computations\" data-toc-modified-id=\"First-Example:-factorial-computations-411\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.1.1 </span>First Example: factorial computations</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Second-example:-Fibonacci-numbers\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Second-example:-Fibonacci-numbers-412\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.1.2 </span>Second example: Fibonacci numbers</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Writing-good-code\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Writing-good-code-42\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.2 </span>Writing good code</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Memory-allocation,-implicit-array-copying\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Memory-allocation,-implicit-array-copying-421\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.2.1 </span>Memory allocation, implicit array copying</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Numba\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Numba-43\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.3 </span>Numba</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Pure-python-version\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Pure-python-version-431\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.3.1 </span>Pure python version</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Numba-version\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Numba-version-432\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.3.2 </span>Numba version</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Numexpr\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Numexpr-44\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.4 </span>Numexpr</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Cython\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Cython-45\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.5 </span>Cython</a></div><div class=\"lev2 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Ray-tracing-example\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Ray-tracing-example-46\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.6 </span>Ray tracing example</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Pure-Python\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Pure-Python-461\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.6.1 </span>Pure Python</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Naive-Cython\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Naive-Cython-462\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.6.2 </span>Naive Cython</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Cython-array-buffers\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Cython-array-buffers-463\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.6.3 </span>Cython array buffers</a></div><div class=\"lev4 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Take-1\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Take-1-4631\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.6.3.1 </span>Take 1</a></div><div class=\"lev4 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Take-2\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Take-2-4632\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.6.3.2 </span>Take 2</a></div><div class=\"lev3 toc-item\"><a href=\"#Cython-with-structs\" data-toc-modified-id=\"Cython-with-structs-464\"><span class=\"toc-item-num\">4.6.4 </span>Cython with structs</a></div>" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "# Jupyter magics\n\nJupyter has a collection of built-in magics that make certain python tasks much easier (and much cleaner looking). Use them like decorators." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Available magics" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%lsmagic", | |
| "execution_count": 1, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "execution_count": 1, | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "Available line magics:\n%alias %alias_magic %autocall %automagic %autosave %bookmark %cat %cd %clear %colors %config %connect_info %cp %debug %dhist %dirs %doctest_mode %ed %edit %env %gui %hist %history %install_default_config %install_ext %install_profiles %killbgscripts %ldir %less %lf %lk %ll %load %load_ext %loadpy %logoff %logon %logstart %logstate %logstop %ls %lsmagic %lx %macro %magic %man %matplotlib %mkdir %more %mv %notebook %page %pastebin %pdb %pdef %pdoc %pfile %pinfo %pinfo2 %popd %pprint %precision %profile %prun %psearch %psource %pushd %pwd %pycat %pylab %qtconsole %quickref %recall %rehashx %reload_ext %rep %rerun %reset %reset_selective %rm %rmdir %run %save %sc %set_env %store %sx %system %tb %time %timeit %unalias %unload_ext %who %who_ls %whos %xdel %xmode\n\nAvailable cell magics:\n%%! %%HTML %%SVG %%bash %%capture %%debug %%file %%html %%javascript %%latex %%perl %%prun %%pypy %%python %%python2 %%python3 %%ruby %%script %%sh %%svg %%sx %%system %%time %%timeit %%writefile\n\nAutomagic is ON, % prefix IS NOT needed for line magics.", | |
| "application/json": { | |
| "cell": { | |
| "capture": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "time": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "sh": "Other", | |
| "script": "ScriptMagics", | |
| "svg": "DisplayMagics", | |
| "python": "Other", | |
| "!": "OSMagics", | |
| "system": "OSMagics", | |
| "pypy": "Other", | |
| "debug": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "latex": "DisplayMagics", | |
| "ruby": "Other", | |
| "javascript": "DisplayMagics", | |
| "prun": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "writefile": "OSMagics", | |
| "bash": "Other", | |
| "timeit": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "file": "Other", | |
| "perl": "Other", | |
| "HTML": "Other", | |
| "python2": "Other", | |
| "python3": "Other", | |
| "html": "DisplayMagics", | |
| "SVG": "Other", | |
| "sx": "OSMagics" | |
| }, | |
| "line": { | |
| "store": "StoreMagics", | |
| "doctest_mode": "BasicMagics", | |
| "recall": "HistoryMagics", | |
| "gui": "BasicMagics", | |
| "lk": "Other", | |
| "unalias": "OSMagics", | |
| "page": "BasicMagics", | |
| "rerun": "HistoryMagics", | |
| "lx": "Other", | |
| "prun": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "matplotlib": "PylabMagics", | |
| "notebook": "BasicMagics", | |
| "pastebin": "CodeMagics", | |
| "xmode": "BasicMagics", | |
| "ls": "Other", | |
| "set_env": "OSMagics", | |
| "alias": "OSMagics", | |
| "dirs": "OSMagics", | |
| "pprint": "BasicMagics", | |
| "time": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "man": "KernelMagics", | |
| "install_ext": "ExtensionMagics", | |
| "save": "CodeMagics", | |
| "connect_info": "KernelMagics", | |
| "mkdir": "Other", | |
| "killbgscripts": "ScriptMagics", | |
| "reset_selective": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "ldir": "Other", | |
| "macro": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "who": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "rm": "Other", | |
| "logstop": "LoggingMagics", | |
| "pycat": "OSMagics", | |
| "qtconsole": "KernelMagics", | |
| "timeit": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "unload_ext": "ExtensionMagics", | |
| "load": "CodeMagics", | |
| "cd": "OSMagics", | |
| "pwd": "OSMagics", | |
| "rmdir": "Other", | |
| "install_default_config": "DeprecatedMagics", | |
| "pdoc": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "mv": "Other", | |
| "rehashx": "OSMagics", | |
| "pinfo": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "pylab": "PylabMagics", | |
| "lf": "Other", | |
| "profile": "BasicMagics", | |
| "logstate": "LoggingMagics", | |
| "rep": "Other", | |
| "logstart": "LoggingMagics", | |
| "ll": "Other", | |
| "alias_magic": "BasicMagics", | |
| "magic": "BasicMagics", | |
| "more": "KernelMagics", | |
| "reload_ext": "ExtensionMagics", | |
| "pfile": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "precision": "BasicMagics", | |
| "loadpy": "CodeMagics", | |
| "run": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "install_profiles": "DeprecatedMagics", | |
| "autocall": "AutoMagics", | |
| "lsmagic": "BasicMagics", | |
| "clear": "KernelMagics", | |
| "history": "HistoryMagics", | |
| "whos": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "sx": "OSMagics", | |
| "psource": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "logon": "LoggingMagics", | |
| "who_ls": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "pdef": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "quickref": "BasicMagics", | |
| "colors": "BasicMagics", | |
| "reset": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "automagic": "AutoMagics", | |
| "system": "OSMagics", | |
| "bookmark": "OSMagics", | |
| "debug": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "ed": "Other", | |
| "autosave": "KernelMagics", | |
| "xdel": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "psearch": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "edit": "KernelMagics", | |
| "less": "KernelMagics", | |
| "dhist": "OSMagics", | |
| "config": "ConfigMagics", | |
| "env": "OSMagics", | |
| "cat": "Other", | |
| "pdb": "ExecutionMagics", | |
| "cp": "Other", | |
| "pinfo2": "NamespaceMagics", | |
| "sc": "OSMagics", | |
| "pushd": "OSMagics", | |
| "logoff": "LoggingMagics", | |
| "popd": "OSMagics", | |
| "hist": "Other", | |
| "load_ext": "ExtensionMagics", | |
| "tb": "ExecutionMagics" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "execute_result", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "In this tutorial we'll be making use of the %timeit magic to measure algorithm run time. " | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Using `%timeit`" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit pass", | |
| "execution_count": 2, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "100000000 loops, best of 3: 8.94 ns per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "timeitResult = %timeit -n100 -r5 -p5 -o x = 3", | |
| "execution_count": 3, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "100 loops, best of 5: 15.15 ns per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "from functools import reduce\n%timeit reduce(lambda x,y: x+y, range(1000))", | |
| "execution_count": 4, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "10000 loops, best of 3: 148 µs per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "", | |
| "execution_count": 8, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "10000 loops, best of 3: 19.4 µs per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np\nN = int(1e5)\nw = np.random.randn(N, 1)", | |
| "execution_count": 5, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "scrolled": true, | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "t_wdot = %timeit -r100 -n1000 -o np.dot(w.T, w)\nt_sumsq = %timeit -r100 -n1000 -o (w**2).sum()", | |
| "execution_count": 6, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The slowest run took 9.96 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.\n1000 loops, best of 100: 8.78 µs per loop\n1000 loops, best of 100: 91 µs per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n%matplotlib inline\nplt.figure(figsize=(10,5))\nplt.hold(True)\nplt.plot(t_wdot.all_runs, 'b.', MarkerSize=10)\nplt.plot(t_sumsq.all_runs, 'r.', MarkerSize=10);", | |
| "execution_count": 7, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x10ba5e048>", | |
| "image/png": 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rc0oeckQAG1dVjwFbkKYCHzRvGbKcrOMO1GEG96ZZRr+WlTK7aLIoo9W2KGnHvWX57JO6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\n/x+lN0VOdoayewAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Getting help" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit?", | |
| "execution_count": null, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Also, Shift + Tab while cursor is over text for which docs are desired. " | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "# Shortcuts and conveniences\n\n## Using shell commands" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "!ls", | |
| "execution_count": 9, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Gradient Descent (master).ipynb UBCS3.4 (28 October 2016).ipynb\r\nGradient Descent (skeleton).ipynb UBCS3_2.1_20170120.ipynb\r\nPython utilities.ipynb UBCS3_2.2_20170127.ipynb\r\nREADME UBCS3_2.3_20170203.ipynb\r\nUBCS3.1 (7 October 2016).ipynb \u001b[1m\u001b[34mdata\u001b[m\u001b[m\r\nUBCS3.2 (14 October 2016).ipynb flaskapp.py\r\nUBCS3.3 (21 October 2016).ipynb test_file.py\r\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "dirlist = !ls\nprint(dirlist)", | |
| "execution_count": 10, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "['Gradient Descent (master).ipynb', 'Gradient Descent (skeleton).ipynb', 'Python utilities.ipynb', 'README', 'UBCS3.1 (7 October 2016).ipynb', 'UBCS3.2 (14 October 2016).ipynb', 'UBCS3.3 (21 October 2016).ipynb', 'UBCS3.4 (28 October 2016).ipynb', 'UBCS3_2.1_20170120.ipynb', 'UBCS3_2.2_20170127.ipynb', 'UBCS3_2.3_20170203.ipynb', 'data', 'flaskapp.py', 'test_file.py']\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Loading files using Jupyter magics (note `test_file.py` in `!ls` output above)." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%load test_file.py", | |
| "execution_count": null, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Running bash in a sub-process" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%bash\nfor i in a b c;\ndo\necho $i\ndone", | |
| "execution_count": 13, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "a\nb\nc\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Running R as a sub-process" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Sadly, no code completion, though..." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%load_ext rpy2.ipython", | |
| "execution_count": 14, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%R\nx <- 1:10\ny <- x^2\nplot(x, y, pch=20, col=4)", | |
| "execution_count": 15, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "image/png": 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7KWXCeMAA6S9/OXI+numZgBUBbHY1r169OuIIVqxYoYKCgojTeBIBBBBAIHkCxx0n9Tos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\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "X = timeitResult.all_runs\n%Rpush X\n%R str(X)", | |
| "execution_count": 16, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": " num [1:5] 1.92e-06 1.58e-06 1.53e-06 1.52e-06 1.52e-06\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%Rpull y\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n%matplotlib inline\nplt.plot(range(10), y, 'b.', MarkerSize=15);", | |
| "execution_count": 17, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x10ef0af98>", | |
| "image/png": 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HxH/WX697m64HICLOjIjPRsTD9ffW6xuu59X112ei/vxsn3yvvy8ivhMRD0TEpyLihU3X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\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Interactive dashboards\n\nThis blog has a few articles that talk about some intriguing ways of using Jupyter. Including an article about [building interactive dashboards in Jupyter](https://blog.dominodatalab.com/interactive-dashboards-in-jupyter/)" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "# Pythonic programming" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "From Wikipedia\n\n> A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which can have a wide range of meanings related to program style. To say that code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python idioms well, that it is natural or shows fluency in the language. Likewise, to say of an interface or language feature that it is pythonic is to say that it works well with Python idioms, that its use meshes well with the rest of the language.\n>\n> In contrast, a mark of unpythonic code is that it attempts to write C++ (or Lisp, Perl, or Java) code in Python—that is, provides a rough transcription rather than an idiomatic translation of forms from another language. The concept of pythonicity is tightly bound to Python's minimalist philosophy of readability and avoiding the \"there's more than one way to do it\" approach. Unreadable code or incomprehensible idioms are unpythonic." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "As an example of idiomatic python, check out this 900 line [implementation of Minecraft](https://github.com/fogleman/Minecraft/blob/master/main.py) in python." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Generators" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "list_with_repeats = [1,2,4,7,4,6,5,4,3,2,2,2,1]\nfirst_4 = next(j for j, x in enumerate(list_with_repeats) if x == 4)\nprint(first_4)", | |
| "execution_count": 18, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "2\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "`enumerate`, itself, returns a generator object. Note that this approach is *in line* with **functional programming** but is distinct from **lazy evaluation**/**lazy lists** in that generators are use-once objects. " | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "enumerate?", | |
| "execution_count": null, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "range(10)", | |
| "execution_count": 19, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "execution_count": 19, | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "range(0, 10)" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "execute_result", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "(x**2 for x in range(10))", | |
| "execution_count": 20, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "execution_count": 20, | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<generator object <genexpr> at 0x117f3d6d0>" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "execute_result", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## `map`, `reduce`, `filter`, `zip`" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "sqmap = list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))\nprint(sqmap)", | |
| "execution_count": 21, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "sumsq = reduce(lambda x,y: x + y, sqmap)\nprint(sumsq)", | |
| "execution_count": 22, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "285\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "def filterfun(x, th):\n sqrt_x = x**.5\n return (x < th) and (x > 0) and ((x % sqrt_x) == 0)\n\nsqltsumsq = list(filter(lambda x: filterfun(x, sumsq), range(1000)))\nprint(sqltsumsq)", | |
| "execution_count": 23, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256]\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "def unzip(tuples):\n return zip(*tuples)\n\nlist(unzip([(j,j,j) for j in range(10)]))", | |
| "execution_count": 24, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "execution_count": 24, | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "[(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),\n (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),\n (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)]" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "execute_result", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Classes" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Python, like C, Java, *etc.* can make use of classes for the kind of modularity expected of object-oriented programming languages. Defining a class in Python is very easy. " | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "class myNewClass:\n def __init__(self):\n print('Hello')\n def clsmth(self):\n \"\"\"\n call a class method and instance method\n \"\"\"\n myNewClass.helper1()\n self.helper2()\n def helper1():\n print('World!')\n def helper2(self):\n print('World!')", | |
| "execution_count": 25, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "And instantiating an instance of that class is just as easy. " | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "myNewInstance = myNewClass()", | |
| "execution_count": 26, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Hello\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "myNewInstance.clsmth()", | |
| "execution_count": 27, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "World!\nWorld!\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "myNewClass.helper1()", | |
| "execution_count": 28, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "World!\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "myNewClass.helper2(myNewInstance)", | |
| "execution_count": 29, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "World!\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "myNewInstance.helper2()", | |
| "execution_count": 30, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "World!\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## The imperative approach" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## The functional approach\n\n* [Functional Programming HOWTO from Python](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/functional.html)\n* [FP in Python from IBM](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-prog/)\n* [FP in Python from Mary Rose Cook](https://maryrosecook.com/blog/post/a-practical-introduction-to-functional-programming)" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "# Fast computations" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%reset", | |
| "execution_count": 31, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? y\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Memoization" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### First Example: factorial computations" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "def factorial(k):\n if k == 1:\n return 1\n return k * factorial(k-1)", | |
| "execution_count": 32, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "try:\n factorial(3000)\nexcept RecursionError as RE:\n print(RE)\n print('Whoops! We\\'re asking too much from Python right now!')", | |
| "execution_count": 33, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison\nWhoops! We're asking too much from Python right now!\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "factorial_memo = {}\ndef factorial2(k):\n if k == 1:\n return 1\n if k not in factorial_memo:\n factorial_memo[k] = k*factorial2(k-1)\n return factorial_memo[k]", | |
| "execution_count": 34, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "factorial2(750)\nfactorial2(1500)\nfactorial2(2250)\nprint('We can now get the answer we want:\\n{}'.format(factorial2(3000)))", | |
| "execution_count": 35, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "We can now get the answer we want:\n41493596034378540855568670930866121709511191949318099176894676576975585651235319500860007652178003420075184635383617118495750871114045907794553402161068339611621037904199177522062663390179682805164719697495968842457728766097103003726111095340241127118833157738815328438929737613021106312930374401485378725446079610290429491049793888120762511625132917004641668962117590203575175488980653577868915285093782469994674699190832093511068363824287063522268544339213775150488588104036818809099292912497141900508938994404715351473154531587441509960174267875087460367974117072368747277143988920683691618503608198459718093784453523958505377611086511162363145920886108557450874513945305436213711898150847192094426374203275029996333784944014775671414680824207499914714878359669720638954670589960178569480263388767112871068004950827400717124819476386401369193544354120312786601434792549959143530120653103406625503231020738351502195103148673612338739395096551462159349015789949944072311004426924838140141455487872738045856023561583204317945953055830693351246890721246151468485308724031267967089113548982733475375756899365176396424781733462510879015743437398920492267098317033932107176343983352444576040476565400414414699479984354554597799386702839428513413188913165695310848513525094006147774047007331406541794428004436691903685469270857271701648011512057452448607968773784803660653009109815639091294110633715621540903800135058671624262333902434166628716521228590274568833504897926869369792878376894841436573866436955075473964882256222183380014600761196859217603234808467455216330411738004331144225926243690558782914907973885758784585739828695390302383837265882427654306437517757897215045071361801730051628424476294227485755627828763498767195281368913583918824499284741591683130334032199946752082914885764345863832313545205075955912062067273296951386122994658607527317884452449865348164169238844889061495850934373442889814884427321817131272533891534506581143823381205875379808605080889761753882896252933633750454549168600267229591225528854584482686655324313011353754812409561237686078007700707939541848907149467377854407528307872988103912945121929864793703451257436445581459757140822705986325165352906584571123585270211933452981105568398809884094980346185078025273038736784042169427237980464304250045030806637032760016341921442805708802430850567892108646977455139539119838636167190300278146380136932482332771595180596193069504237836082620570887209297929797429404576877338319877444685544294800321741056689423710545028870419611915072739000031642014474213323293871618029555614004602867400422885389854650328028428515122296028795741801621823236098320971441047012533067314896153236788734984553949604397050352347766211395914519270422122231426998692087463520980686224354813376194395131942868113486531562228173214976481705381846155326596187530296478601160872263640443922257601926494610916885151013143945574398303192557154162151442469122370519149097861849436150963109933639594561796593396851958605338631176324147066842257192394742531726479559749993283247279807896470753054014194090200609712674753186365525403212757757853930697530056595208207457499471898144453772248207888443335118545601568853708182892895218300139654376947286418776665762815389737340159410543681435437346134244692067070082782423645557450882556670157242752810317141640631410681384330924027281318960884813040665226169552825637183862464944295688859393846726723694199475571320546018263425731029115353532728808182773021596787088437293412117084511580629967697266601663635276959969021502122104954259567278593185516268447100374434620422003535391203738393095420695021486207390653190910821344334251497896284236198571674773848126097443055036250866354720730971298084697196537722779893160200560725058007512407494448163392214398118492748281978655178478547749198714138485042290383954090570842038137277135667703565041081780520695032136233521692740531015340921761834078817735674646749071616600653230438902639786065509005309872435445689315601329942407112295015453771521051942445512795364971214872222193729289159833001742397977592530501318837883494884232222507318816399438935627817102875432588794558857742780390717166381257903798149148445526885871629931014510733215554773264576035916184298708323237568837917135073006026738292294687081030751946020376438138677107333779312582257356435534577162804030480925785909747233413932904072239860005448269296110393640127539539899397420021925268928622564959279136369546983247314494094297494213208716963662812963846191378114609210701033012119934264941666449130310898493535366401831282683112506578386425906537197010907276429330534751297336716929415047870949241778121534979499449732358445130210029720359993576507730563696950539990891252004810120090569633144368179194247963563389102486250773367249399801723451627048850149438343735826440053481474957421328873648479589553843836378275601433377798816126854462406494134416119108952653326761627660221130879211665924379496534838030236064294981985541014311566601739518539426008673198564586684635442730180022292607589767192198367529528365158715521887698317999005853121518691037776676883654291247419826099434535671529412823837612115555686210454583810355154404953718470726363218532775486501811002621331228429860926112159573066023932077476742800909462674322138805290643067711276964013735906251051050623568241317651533030775358975134565147424167401517470720839101869989993279364910892687924739705814152855543965954222603919059265825637344676406359525838966981511983959886603683753042017990328185945569412550519066302854869533377682984600031808093822130038102214387057461181304251961916405970456035183121708151658647356556540532928411748628957082856792300053525846377061280591452035546389932127875906349627837975871352588618213252263577038396202737385324908353680497990085701522483303439525197344653342994652565236096742834550523739733902374261808871799283722285366293439240895762913154442106573609205481842139365893867715542842477275100166734357743093638948444564764377184073874379471007867151070449554657626281566137550730763768080600031844296233977808233311359787577136983012817571625671683287281511937336685789437109097748581222868126824122317272681184975207863453107495331708260153159440253645365524453587952034745213429248916644504804355352281977721981971869054884176896398782704782066126921472548618247859626434279190274503452994769367997217285165465591799471789067885687278574470084289723778234763080740919512966238346427839653865017324665850192144091694630371265581197700774682562035198318782913591013997817303635173764706714383992810291224460848320518983248348855131025539721583184931653670732273172995431750775475634748127320956655431851879586978172491721700865768098908327830838240437737974455342525688712898855513180967012497859454290609627370590659970784172738420721605576789060565167694565490120388165775861939230924362983389549857279874523398090499858467484850399509109398834210424693113617875978611803096108774362764990414655167545507613665725914993376114340243762910290384135888531312591132544849225896007184851169390193985434649415483782338302531368775990005443722332901462568184095998830522521585328599833990336595418932696680163265899358234663247080324020429791357425755498549372896192091650794671997121439832581553945835125648010889886887056882711222628734035772418424803231173027338442220604015609242079569493204943809402465562530303328824165302038006041288444384884189129393985971765670211501611340121169355535864984802941563238279447576315042685734269863116562800932164578165410411899078396210758605145091526528422433647230880469088426412525126584729134059195171754291152622002229756986927959124620964363057052133099216422258437651889193630329851223282950806126200573565554213183555838289318138795940962303792777230344423432341561603558590502324475274502630869831414125396371754413611897269158650716722308083435295578401087236027347001118786146233185439431057058483770474806035004556885020602730222256397630738939985024978155182679916994164145540329909813190506654358156657691529068908186204138444091456355291242064901717436430473455191375922914953282988151808740076733486997695322871450791584448703980405737673555777873593937891577147956023340708456392314170118392555234618119775915673385955919265270624063734277760215846511035368057963320714896942663358570375305829676608224208465464558556667889222627619990263961792637457851652540918756608543859661221944248720424960000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Second example: Fibonacci numbers" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "def fibo(n):\n if n == 1 or n == 2:\n return 1\n return fibo(n-1) + fibo(n-2)", | |
| "execution_count": 36, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%timeit\nfor k in range(1,5):\n fibo(7*k)", | |
| "execution_count": 37, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "10 loops, best of 3: 121 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "class Memoize:\n def __init__(self, f):\n self.f = f\n self.memo = {}\n def __call__(self, *args):\n if not args in self.memo:\n self.memo[args] = self.f(*args)\n return self.memo[args]", | |
| "execution_count": 38, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "fibo = Memoize(fibo)", | |
| "execution_count": 39, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%timeit\nfor k in range(1,5):\n fibo(7*k)", | |
| "execution_count": 40, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The slowest run took 18.04 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.\n100000 loops, best of 3: 2.75 µs per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Writing good code" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Memory allocation, implicit array copying" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np", | |
| "execution_count": 43, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "def nmz1(x):\n return x / np.linalg.norm(x)\n\ndef nmz2(x):\n x /= np.linalg.norm(x)\n return x", | |
| "execution_count": 44, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%timeit x = np.random.rand(3000,3000)\nnmz1(x)", | |
| "execution_count": 45, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "10 loops, best of 3: 38.3 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%timeit x = np.random.rand(3000,3000)\nnmz2(x)", | |
| "execution_count": 46, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "100 loops, best of 3: 14.7 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Numba" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "In this section we provide an example of how to use Numba's `@jit` decorator to make fast computations happen *via* so-called \"just in time\" compiling. This tutorial can be found in its original format on the [IPython Cookbook](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/ipython-books/cookbook-code/blob/master/notebooks/chapter05_hpc/01_numba.ipynb) website." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np", | |
| "execution_count": 47, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "size = 200\niterations = 100", | |
| "execution_count": 48, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Pure python version" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "def mandelbrot_python(m, size, iterations):\n for i in range(size):\n for j in range(size):\n c = -2 + 3./size*j + 1j*(1.5-3./size*i)\n z = 0\n for n in range(iterations):\n if np.abs(z) <= 10:\n z = z*z + c\n m[i, j] = n\n else:\n break", | |
| "execution_count": 49, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "m = np.zeros((size, size))\nmandelbrot_python(m, size, iterations)", | |
| "execution_count": 50, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n%matplotlib inline\nplt.imshow(np.log(m), cmap=plt.cm.hot,);\nplt.xticks([]); plt.yticks([]);", | |
| "execution_count": 51, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x10e26ad68>", | |
| "image/png": 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DtOtKGch2oZfMxNUxt9pnJ4q9h50KGrbZTXHqsiYtzKa0rUTXZNGoBdYhNsxKI6xaSJdQ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\nWKO1WHKGNVqLJWdYo7VYcsb/Ad4aWuMclhapAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%timeit m = np.zeros((size, size))\nmandelbrot_python(m, size, iterations)", | |
| "execution_count": 52, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 loop, best of 3: 2.47 s per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Numba version" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Import Numba" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numba\nfrom numba import jit, complex128", | |
| "execution_count": 53, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Add the @jit (just-in-time) decorator to the very same function" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "@jit(locals=dict(c=complex128, z=complex128))\ndef mandelbrot_numba(m, size, iterations):\n for i in range(size):\n for j in range(size):\n c = -2 + 3./size*j + 1j*(1.5-3./size*i)\n z = 0\n for n in range(iterations):\n if np.abs(z) <= 10:\n z = z*z + c\n m[i, j] = n\n else:\n break", | |
| "execution_count": 54, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "m = np.zeros((size, size))\nmandelbrot_numba(m, size, iterations)", | |
| "execution_count": 55, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%timeit m = np.zeros((size, size))\nmandelbrot_numba(m, size, iterations)", | |
| "execution_count": 56, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "100 loops, best of 3: 5.84 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Numexpr" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Let's import NumPy and Numexpr." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np\nimport numexpr as ne", | |
| "execution_count": 57, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "We generate three large vectors." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "x, y, z = np.random.rand(3, 1000000)", | |
| "execution_count": 58, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Now, we evaluate the time taken by NumPy to calculate a complex algebraic expression involving our vectors." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit x + (y**2 + (z*x + 1)*3)", | |
| "execution_count": 59, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "10 loops, best of 3: 20.3 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "And now, the same calculation performed by Numexpr. We need to give the formula as a string as Numexpr will parse it and compile it." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit ne.evaluate('x + (y**2 + (z*x + 1)*3)')", | |
| "execution_count": 60, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "100 loops, best of 3: 3.69 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "Numexpr also makes use of multicore processors. Here, we have 4 physical cores and 8 virtual threads with hyperthreading. We can specify how many cores we want numexpr to use." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "ne.ncores", | |
| "execution_count": 61, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "execution_count": 61, | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "8" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "execute_result", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "for i in range(1, 5):\n ne.set_num_threads(i)\n %timeit ne.evaluate('x + (y**2 + (z*x + 1)*3)')", | |
| "execution_count": 62, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "100 loops, best of 3: 6.4 ms per loop\n100 loops, best of 3: 4.15 ms per loop\n100 loops, best of 3: 3.53 ms per loop\n100 loops, best of 3: 3.4 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Cython" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%load_ext Cython", | |
| "execution_count": 63, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%cython -a\nimport numpy as np\n\ndef mandelbrot_cython(int[:,::1] m, \n int size, \n int iterations):\n cdef int i, j, n\n cdef complex z, c\n for i in range(size):\n for j in range(size):\n c = -2 + 3./size*j + 1j*(1.5-3./size*i)\n z = 0\n for n in range(iterations):\n if z.real**2 + z.imag**2 <= 100:\n z = z*z + c\n m[i, j] = n\n else:\n break", | |
| "execution_count": 64, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "execution_count": 64, | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>", | |
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class='pyx_macro_api'>__Pyx_DECREF</span>(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;\n/* … */\n __pyx_t_1 = <span class='py_c_api'>PyDict_New</span>();<span class='error_goto'> if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_GOTREF</span>(__pyx_t_1);\n if (<span class='py_c_api'>PyDict_SetItem</span>(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_test, __pyx_t_1) < 0) <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n <span class='pyx_macro_api'>__Pyx_DECREF</span>(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-0\"> <span class=\"\">02</span>: </pre>\n<pre class=\"cython line score-61\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">03</span>: <span class=\"k\">def</span> <span class=\"nf\">mandelbrot_cython</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"nb\">int</span><span class=\"p\">[:,::</span><span class=\"mf\">1</span><span class=\"p\">]</span> <span class=\"n\">m</span><span class=\"p\">,</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-61 '>/* Python wrapper */\nstatic PyObject *__pyx_pw_46_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6_1mandelbrot_cython(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_args, PyObject *__pyx_kwds); /*proto*/\nstatic PyMethodDef __pyx_mdef_46_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6_1mandelbrot_cython = {\"mandelbrot_cython\", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_46_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6_1mandelbrot_cython, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, 0};\nstatic PyObject *__pyx_pw_46_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6_1mandelbrot_cython(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_args, PyObject *__pyx_kwds) {\n __Pyx_memviewslice __pyx_v_m = { 0, 0, { 0 }, { 0 }, { 0 } };\n int __pyx_v_size;\n int __pyx_v_iterations;\n PyObject *__pyx_r = 0;\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations</span>\n <span 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(likely((values[1] = <span class='py_c_api'>PyDict_GetItem</span>(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_n_s_size)) != 0)) kw_args--;\n else {\n <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid</span>(\"mandelbrot_cython\", 1, 3, 3, 1); <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}</span>\n }\n case 2:\n if (likely((values[2] = <span class='py_c_api'>PyDict_GetItem</span>(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_n_s_iterations)) != 0)) kw_args--;\n else {\n <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid</span>(\"mandelbrot_cython\", 1, 3, 3, 2); <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}</span>\n }\n }\n if (unlikely(kw_args > 0)) {\n if (unlikely(<span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords</span>(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_pyargnames, 0, values, pos_args, \"mandelbrot_cython\") < 0)) <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}</span>\n }\n } else if (<span class='py_macro_api'>PyTuple_GET_SIZE</span>(__pyx_args) != 3) {\n goto __pyx_L5_argtuple_error;\n } else {\n values[0] = <span class='py_macro_api'>PyTuple_GET_ITEM</span>(__pyx_args, 0);\n values[1] = <span class='py_macro_api'>PyTuple_GET_ITEM</span>(__pyx_args, 1);\n values[2] = <span class='py_macro_api'>PyTuple_GET_ITEM</span>(__pyx_args, 2);\n }\n __pyx_v_m = <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_PyObject_to_MemoryviewSlice_d_dc_int</span>(values[0]);<span class='error_goto'> if (unlikely(!__pyx_v_m.memview)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}</span>\n __pyx_v_size = <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_PyInt_As_int</span>(values[1]);<span class='error_goto'> if (unlikely((__pyx_v_size == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 4; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}</span>\n __pyx_v_iterations = <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_PyInt_As_int</span>(values[2]);<span class='error_goto'> if (unlikely((__pyx_v_iterations == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 5; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}</span>\n }\n goto __pyx_L4_argument_unpacking_done;\n __pyx_L5_argtuple_error:;\n <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid</span>(\"mandelbrot_cython\", 1, 3, 3, <span class='py_macro_api'>PyTuple_GET_SIZE</span>(__pyx_args)); <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}</span>\n __pyx_L3_error:;\n <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_AddTraceback</span>(\"_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6.mandelbrot_cython\", __pyx_clineno, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename);\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext</span>();\n return NULL;\n __pyx_L4_argument_unpacking_done:;\n __pyx_r = __pyx_pf_46_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6_mandelbrot_cython(__pyx_self, __pyx_v_m, __pyx_v_size, __pyx_v_iterations);\n int __pyx_lineno = 0;\n const char *__pyx_filename = NULL;\n int __pyx_clineno = 0;\n\n /* function exit code */\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext</span>();\n return __pyx_r;\n}\n\nstatic PyObject *__pyx_pf_46_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6_mandelbrot_cython(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, __Pyx_memviewslice __pyx_v_m, int __pyx_v_size, int __pyx_v_iterations) {\n int __pyx_v_i;\n int __pyx_v_j;\n int __pyx_v_n;\n __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_v_z;\n __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_v_c;\n PyObject *__pyx_r = NULL;\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations</span>\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_RefNannySetupContext</span>(\"mandelbrot_cython\", 0);\n/* … */\n /* function exit code */\n __pyx_r = Py_None; <span class='pyx_macro_api'>__Pyx_INCREF</span>(Py_None);\n goto __pyx_L0;\n __pyx_L1_error:;\n <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_AddTraceback</span>(\"_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6.mandelbrot_cython\", __pyx_clineno, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename);\n __pyx_r = NULL;\n __pyx_L0:;\n __PYX_XDEC_MEMVIEW(&__pyx_v_m, 1);\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_XGIVEREF</span>(__pyx_r);\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext</span>();\n return __pyx_r;\n}\n/* … */\n __pyx_tuple__14 = <span class='py_c_api'>PyTuple_Pack</span>(8, __pyx_n_s_m, __pyx_n_s_size, __pyx_n_s_iterations, __pyx_n_s_i, __pyx_n_s_j, __pyx_n_s_n, __pyx_n_s_z, __pyx_n_s_c);<span class='error_goto'> if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_GOTREF</span>(__pyx_tuple__14);\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_GIVEREF</span>(__pyx_tuple__14);\n/* … */\n __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_46_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074c1bcec46022dd6_1mandelbrot_cython, NULL, __pyx_n_s_cython_magic_cc0c3c710e01dec074);<span class='error_goto'> if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n <span class='refnanny'>__Pyx_GOTREF</span>(__pyx_t_1);\n if (<span class='py_c_api'>PyDict_SetItem</span>(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_mandelbrot_cython, __pyx_t_1) < 0) <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n <span class='pyx_macro_api'>__Pyx_DECREF</span>(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;\n __pyx_codeobj__15 = (PyObject*)<span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_PyCode_New</span>(3, 0, 8, 0, 0, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_tuple__14, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_Users_berkas_ipython_cython__cy, __pyx_n_s_mandelbrot_cython, 3, __pyx_empty_bytes);<span class='error_goto'> if (unlikely(!__pyx_codeobj__15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 3; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-0\"> <span class=\"\">04</span>: <span class=\"nb\">int</span> <span class=\"n\">size</span><span class=\"p\">,</span></pre>\n<pre class=\"cython line score-0\"> <span class=\"\">05</span>: <span class=\"nb\">int</span> <span class=\"n\">iterations</span><span class=\"p\">):</span></pre>\n<pre class=\"cython line score-0\"> <span class=\"\">06</span>: <span class=\"k\">cdef</span> <span class=\"kt\">int</span> <span class=\"nf\">i</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"nf\">j</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"nf\">n</span></pre>\n<pre class=\"cython line score-0\"> <span class=\"\">07</span>: <span class=\"k\">cdef</span> <span class=\"kt\">complex</span> <span class=\"nf\">z</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"nf\">c</span></pre>\n<pre class=\"cython line score-0\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">08</span>: <span class=\"k\">for</span> <span class=\"n\">i</span> <span class=\"ow\">in</span> <span class=\"nb\">range</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">size</span><span class=\"p\">):</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-0 '> __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_size;\n for (__pyx_t_2 = 0; __pyx_t_2 < __pyx_t_1; __pyx_t_2+=1) {\n __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_2;\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-0\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">09</span>: <span class=\"k\">for</span> <span class=\"n\">j</span> <span class=\"ow\">in</span> <span class=\"nb\">range</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">size</span><span class=\"p\">):</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-0 '> __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_size;\n for (__pyx_t_4 = 0; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) {\n __pyx_v_j = __pyx_t_4;\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-10\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">10</span>: <span class=\"n\">c</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"o\">-</span><span class=\"mf\">2</span> <span class=\"o\">+</span> <span class=\"mf\">3.</span><span class=\"o\">/</span><span class=\"n\">size</span><span class=\"o\">*</span><span class=\"n\">j</span> <span class=\"o\">+</span> <span class=\"mf\">1</span><span class=\"n\">j</span><span class=\"o\">*</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"mf\">1.5</span><span class=\"o\">-</span><span class=\"mf\">3.</span><span class=\"o\">/</span><span class=\"n\">size</span><span class=\"o\">*</span><span class=\"n\">i</span><span class=\"p\">)</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-10 '> if (unlikely(__pyx_v_size == 0)) {\n <span class='py_c_api'>PyErr_SetString</span>(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, \"float division\");\n <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 10; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n }\n if (unlikely(__pyx_v_size == 0)) {\n <span class='py_c_api'>PyErr_SetString</span>(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, \"float division\");\n <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 10; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n }\n __pyx_v_c = __Pyx_c_sum(__pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts((-2.0 + ((3. / __pyx_v_size) * __pyx_v_j)), 0), __Pyx_c_prod(__pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(0, 1.0), __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts((1.5 - ((3. / __pyx_v_size) * __pyx_v_i)), 0)));\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-0\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">11</span>: <span class=\"n\">z</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"mf\">0</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-0 '> __pyx_v_z = __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(0, 0);\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-0\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">12</span>: <span class=\"k\">for</span> <span class=\"n\">n</span> <span class=\"ow\">in</span> <span class=\"nb\">range</span><span class=\"p\">(</span><span class=\"n\">iterations</span><span class=\"p\">):</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-0 '> __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_v_iterations;\n for (__pyx_t_6 = 0; __pyx_t_6 < __pyx_t_5; __pyx_t_6+=1) {\n __pyx_v_n = __pyx_t_6;\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-2\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">13</span>: <span class=\"k\">if</span> <span class=\"n\">z</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">real</span><span class=\"o\">**</span><span class=\"mf\">2</span> <span class=\"o\">+</span> <span class=\"n\">z</span><span class=\"o\">.</span><span class=\"n\">imag</span><span class=\"o\">**</span><span class=\"mf\">2</span> <span class=\"o\"><=</span> <span class=\"mf\">100</span><span class=\"p\">:</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-2 '> __pyx_t_7 = (((pow(<span class='pyx_macro_api'>__Pyx_CREAL</span>(__pyx_v_z), 2.0) + pow(<span class='pyx_macro_api'>__Pyx_CIMAG</span>(__pyx_v_z), 2.0)) <= 100.0) != 0);\n if (__pyx_t_7) {\n/* … */\n goto __pyx_L9;\n }\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-0\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">14</span>: <span class=\"n\">z</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">z</span><span class=\"o\">*</span><span class=\"n\">z</span> <span class=\"o\">+</span> <span class=\"n\">c</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-0 '> __pyx_v_z = __Pyx_c_sum(__Pyx_c_prod(__pyx_v_z, __pyx_v_z), __pyx_v_c);\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-2\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">15</span>: <span class=\"n\">m</span><span class=\"p\">[</span><span class=\"n\">i</span><span class=\"p\">,</span> <span class=\"n\">j</span><span class=\"p\">]</span> <span class=\"o\">=</span> <span class=\"n\">n</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-2 '> __pyx_t_8 = __pyx_v_i;\n __pyx_t_9 = __pyx_v_j;\n __pyx_t_10 = -1;\n if (__pyx_t_8 < 0) {\n __pyx_t_8 += __pyx_v_m.shape[0];\n if (unlikely(__pyx_t_8 < 0)) __pyx_t_10 = 0;\n } else if (unlikely(__pyx_t_8 >= __pyx_v_m.shape[0])) __pyx_t_10 = 0;\n if (__pyx_t_9 < 0) {\n __pyx_t_9 += __pyx_v_m.shape[1];\n if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) __pyx_t_10 = 1;\n } else if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 >= __pyx_v_m.shape[1])) __pyx_t_10 = 1;\n if (unlikely(__pyx_t_10 != -1)) {\n <span class='pyx_c_api'>__Pyx_RaiseBufferIndexError</span>(__pyx_t_10);\n <span class='error_goto'>{__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}</span>\n }\n *((int *) ( /* dim=1 */ ((char *) (((int *) ( /* dim=0 */ (__pyx_v_m.data + __pyx_t_8 * __pyx_v_m.strides[0]) )) + __pyx_t_9)) )) = __pyx_v_n;\n</pre><pre class=\"cython line score-0\"> <span class=\"\">16</span>: <span class=\"k\">else</span><span class=\"p\">:</span></pre>\n<pre class=\"cython line score-0\" onclick='toggleDiv(this)'>+<span class=\"\">17</span>: <span class=\"k\">break</span></pre>\n<pre class='cython code score-0 '> /*else*/ {\n goto __pyx_L8_break;\n }\n __pyx_L9:;\n }\n __pyx_L8_break:;\n }\n }\n</pre></div></body></html>" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "execute_result", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%timeit -n1 -r1 m = np.zeros((size, size), dtype=np.int32)\nmandelbrot_cython(m, size, iterations)", | |
| "execution_count": 65, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 loop, best of 1: 8.56 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "## Ray tracing example" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Pure Python" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "In this example, we will render a sphere with a diffuse and specular material. The principle is to model a scene with a light source and a camera, and use the physical properties of light propagation to calculate the light intensity and color of every pixel of the screen." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt", | |
| "execution_count": 66, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%matplotlib inline", | |
| "execution_count": 67, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "w, h = 200, 200 # Size of the screen in pixels.\n\ndef normalize(x):\n # This function normalizes a vector.\n x /= np.linalg.norm(x)\n return x\n\ndef intersect_sphere(O, D, S, R):\n # Return the distance from O to the intersection \n # of the ray (O, D) with the sphere (S, R), or \n # +inf if there is no intersection.\n # O and S are 3D points, D (direction) is a \n # normalized vector, R is a scalar.\n a = np.dot(D, D)\n OS = O - S\n b = 2 * np.dot(D, OS)\n c = np.dot(OS, OS) - R*R\n disc = b*b - 4*a*c\n if disc > 0:\n distSqrt = np.sqrt(disc)\n q = (-b - distSqrt) / 2.0 if b < 0 \\\n else (-b + distSqrt) / 2.0\n t0 = q / a\n t1 = c / q\n t0, t1 = min(t0, t1), max(t0, t1)\n if t1 >= 0:\n return t1 if t0 < 0 else t0\n return np.inf\n\ndef trace_ray(O, D):\n # Find first point of intersection with the scene.\n t = intersect_sphere(O, D, position, radius)\n # No intersection?\n if t == np.inf:\n return\n # Find the point of intersection on the object.\n M = O + D * t\n N = normalize(M - position)\n toL = normalize(L - M)\n toO = normalize(O - M)\n # Ambient light.\n col = ambient\n # Lambert shading (diffuse).\n col += diffuse * max(np.dot(N, toL), 0) * color\n # Blinn-Phong shading (specular).\n col += specular_c * color_light * \\\n max(np.dot(N, normalize(toL + toO)), 0) \\\n ** specular_k\n return col\n\ndef run():\n img = np.zeros((h, w, 3))\n # Loop through all pixels.\n for i, x in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., w)):\n for j, y in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., h)):\n # Position of the pixel.\n Q[0], Q[1] = x, y\n # Direction of the ray going through the optical center.\n D = normalize(Q - O)\n # Launch the ray and get the color of the pixel.\n col = trace_ray(O, D)\n if col is None:\n continue\n img[h - j - 1, i, :] = np.clip(col, 0, 1)\n return img\n\n# Sphere properties.\nposition = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\nradius = 1.\ncolor = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\ndiffuse = 1.\nspecular_c = 1.\nspecular_k = 50\n\n# Light position and color.\nL = np.array([5., 5., -10.])\ncolor_light = np.ones(3)\nambient = .05\n\n# Camera.\nO = np.array([0., 0., -1.]) # Position.\nQ = np.array([0., 0., 0.]) # Pointing to.\n\nimg = run()\nplt.imshow(img);\nplt.xticks([]); plt.yticks([]);", | |
| "execution_count": 68, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x117f2f2b0>", | |
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KnWAtmZQKV1PTKdC17bRyB+hw2/4+cwBrobMGGG93lXBxKOUjfVPrrlpofJ5S1ZAIbFH8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\nAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit run()", | |
| "execution_count": 69, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 loop, best of 3: 1.5 s per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Naive Cython" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "In this example, we will render a sphere with a diffuse and specular material. The principle is to model a scene with a light source and a camera, and use the physical properties of light propagation to calculate the light intensity and color of every pixel of the screen." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt", | |
| "execution_count": 70, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%matplotlib inline", | |
| "execution_count": 71, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "#%load_ext cythonmagic\n%load_ext Cython", | |
| "execution_count": 72, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Cython extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:\n %reload_ext Cython\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%cython\nimport numpy as np\ncimport numpy as np\n\nw, h = 200, 200 # Size of the screen in pixels.\n\ndef normalize(x):\n # This function normalizes a vector.\n x /= np.linalg.norm(x)\n return x\n\ndef intersect_sphere(O, D, S, R):\n # Return the distance from O to the intersection \n # of the ray (O, D) with the sphere (S, R), or \n # +inf if there is no intersection.\n # O and S are 3D points, D (direction) is a \n # normalized vector, R is a scalar.\n a = np.dot(D, D)\n OS = O - S\n b = 2 * np.dot(D, OS)\n c = np.dot(OS, OS) - R*R\n disc = b*b - 4*a*c\n if disc > 0:\n distSqrt = np.sqrt(disc)\n q = (-b - distSqrt) / 2.0 if b < 0 \\\n else (-b + distSqrt) / 2.0\n t0 = q / a\n t1 = c / q\n t0, t1 = min(t0, t1), max(t0, t1)\n if t1 >= 0:\n return t1 if t0 < 0 else t0\n return np.inf\n\ndef trace_ray(O, D):\n # Find first point of intersection with the scene.\n t = intersect_sphere(O, D, position, radius)\n # No intersection?\n if t == np.inf:\n return\n # Find the point of intersection on the object.\n M = O + D * t\n N = normalize(M - position)\n toL = normalize(L - M)\n toO = normalize(O - M)\n # Ambient light.\n col = ambient\n # Lambert shading (diffuse).\n col += diffuse * max(np.dot(N, toL), 0) * color\n # Blinn-Phong shading (specular).\n col += specular_c * color_light * \\\n max(np.dot(N, normalize(toL + toO)), 0) \\\n ** specular_k\n return col\n\ndef run():\n img = np.zeros((h, w, 3))\n # Loop through all pixels.\n for i, x in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., w)):\n for j, y in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., h)):\n # Position of the pixel.\n Q[0], Q[1] = x, y\n # Direction of the ray going through the optical center.\n D = normalize(Q - O)\n depth = 0\n # Launch the ray and get the color of the pixel.\n col = trace_ray(O, D)\n if col is None:\n continue\n img[h - j - 1, i, :] = np.clip(col, 0, 1)\n return img\n\n# Sphere properties.\nposition = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\nradius = 1.\ncolor = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\ndiffuse = 1.\nspecular_c = 1.\nspecular_k = 50\n\n# Light position and color.\nL = np.array([5., 5., -10.])\ncolor_light = np.ones(3)\nambient = .05\n\n# Camera.\nO = np.array([0., 0., -1.]) # Position.\nQ = np.array([0., 0., 0.]) # Pointing to.", | |
| "execution_count": 73, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "img = run()\nplt.imshow(img);\nplt.xticks([]); plt.yticks([]);", | |
| "execution_count": 74, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x120470898>", | |
| "image/png": 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ytTpoAZze/PAMXRZZAzYVNsq22ruKgxvY8XMZZP55eBfIc0JibR1A/+5UTjXz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\nAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit -n1 -r1 run()", | |
| "execution_count": 75, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 loop, best of 1: 1.41 s per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Cython array buffers" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "In this example, we will render a sphere with a diffuse and specular material. The principle is to model a scene with a light source and a camera, and use the physical properties of light propagation to calculate the light intensity and color of every pixel of the screen." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt", | |
| "execution_count": 76, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%matplotlib inline", | |
| "execution_count": 77, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "#%load_ext cythonmagic\n%load_ext Cython", | |
| "execution_count": 78, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Cython extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:\n %reload_ext Cython\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "#### Take 1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%cython\nimport numpy as np\ncimport numpy as np\nfrom numpy import dot\nfrom libc.math cimport sqrt\n\nDBL = np.double\nctypedef np.double_t DBL_C\nINT = np.int\nctypedef np.int_t INT_C\ncdef INT_C w, h\n\nw, h = 200, 200 # Size of the screen in pixels.\n\ndef normalize(np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] x):\n # This function normalizes a vector.\n x /= np.linalg.norm(x)\n return x\n\ndef intersect_sphere(np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] O, np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] D, \n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] S, DBL_C R):\n # Return the distance from O to the intersection \n # of the ray (O, D) with the sphere (S, R), or \n # +inf if there is no intersection.\n # O and S are 3D points, D (direction) is a \n # normalized vector, R is a scalar.\n \n cdef DBL_C a, b, c, disc, distSqrt, q, t0, t1\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] OS\n \n a = dot(D, D)\n OS = O - S\n b = 2 * dot(D, OS)\n c = dot(OS, OS) - R*R\n disc = b*b - 4*a*c\n if disc > 0:\n distSqrt = np.sqrt(disc)\n q = (-b - distSqrt) / 2.0 if b < 0 \\\n else (-b + distSqrt) / 2.0\n t0 = q / a\n t1 = c / q\n t0, t1 = min(t0, t1), max(t0, t1)\n if t1 >= 0:\n return t1 if t0 < 0 else t0\n return np.inf\n\ndef trace_ray(np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] O, np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] D,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] position,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] color,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] L,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] color_light):\n \n cdef DBL_C t\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] M, N, toL, toO, col\n \n # Find first point of intersection with the scene.\n t = intersect_sphere(O, D, position, radius)\n # No intersection?\n if t == np.inf:\n return\n # Find the point of intersection on the object.\n M = O + D * t\n N = normalize(M - position)\n toL = normalize(L - M)\n toO = normalize(O - M)\n # Ambient light.\n col = ambient * np.ones(3)\n # Lambert shading (diffuse).\n col += diffuse * max(dot(N, toL), 0) * color\n # Blinn-Phong shading (specular).\n col += specular_c * color_light * \\\n max(dot(N, normalize(toL + toO)), 0) \\\n ** specular_k\n return col\n\ndef run():\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=3] img\n img = np.zeros((h, w, 3))\n cdef INT_C i, j\n cdef DBL_C x, y\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] O, Q, D, col, position, color, L, color_light\n\n # Sphere properties.\n position = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\n color = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\n L = np.array([5., 5., -10.])\n color_light = np.ones(3)\n \n # Camera.\n O = np.array([0., 0., -1.]) # Position.\n Q = np.array([0., 0., 0.]) # Pointing to.\n \n # Loop through all pixels.\n for i, x in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., w)):\n for j, y in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., h)):\n # Position of the pixel.\n Q[0], Q[1] = x, y\n # Direction of the ray going through the optical center.\n D = normalize(Q - O)\n # Launch the ray and get the color of the pixel.\n col = trace_ray(O, D, position, color, L, color_light)\n if col is None:\n continue\n img[h - j - 1, i, :] = np.clip(col, 0, 1)\n return img\n\ncdef DBL_C radius, ambient, diffuse, specular_k, specular_c\n\n# Sphere and light properties.\nradius = 1.\ndiffuse = 1.\nspecular_c = 1.\nspecular_k = 50.\nambient = .05", | |
| "execution_count": 79, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "img = run()\nplt.imshow(img);\nplt.xticks([]); plt.yticks([]);", | |
| "execution_count": 80, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x12054da90>", | |
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KnWAtmZQKV1PTKdC17bRyB+hw2/4+cwBrobMGGG93lXBxKOUjfVPrrlpofJ5S1ZAIbFH8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\nAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit run()", | |
| "execution_count": 81, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 loop, best of 3: 1.97 s per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "#### Take 2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "In this version, we rewrite normalize in pure C." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%cython\nimport numpy as np\ncimport numpy as np\nfrom numpy import dot\nfrom libc.math cimport sqrt\n\nDBL = np.double\nctypedef np.double_t DBL_C\nINT = np.int\nctypedef np.int_t INT_C\ncdef INT_C w, h\n\nw, h = 200, 200 # Size of the screen in pixels.\n\n# normalize is now a pure C function that does not make\n# use NumPy for the computations\ncdef normalize(np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] x):\n cdef DBL_C n\n n = sqrt(x[0] * x[0] + x[1] * x[1] + x[2] * x[2])\n x[0] /= n\n x[1] /= n\n x[2] /= n\n return x\n\ndef intersect_sphere(np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] O, np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] D, \n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] S, DBL_C R):\n # Return the distance from O to the intersection \n # of the ray (O, D) with the sphere (S, R), or \n # +inf if there is no intersection.\n # O and S are 3D points, D (direction) is a \n # normalized vector, R is a scalar.\n \n cdef DBL_C a, b, c, disc, distSqrt, q, t0, t1\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] OS\n \n a = dot(D, D)\n OS = O - S\n b = 2 * dot(D, OS)\n c = dot(OS, OS) - R*R\n disc = b*b - 4*a*c\n if disc > 0:\n distSqrt = np.sqrt(disc)\n q = (-b - distSqrt) / 2.0 if b < 0 \\\n else (-b + distSqrt) / 2.0\n t0 = q / a\n t1 = c / q\n t0, t1 = min(t0, t1), max(t0, t1)\n if t1 >= 0:\n return t1 if t0 < 0 else t0\n return np.inf\n\ndef trace_ray(np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] O, np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] D,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] position,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] color,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] L,\n np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] color_light):\n \n cdef DBL_C t\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] M, N, toL, toO, col\n \n # Find first point of intersection with the scene.\n t = intersect_sphere(O, D, position, radius)\n # No intersection?\n if t == np.inf:\n return\n # Find the point of intersection on the object.\n M = O + D * t\n N = normalize(M - position)\n toL = normalize(L - M)\n toO = normalize(O - M)\n # Ambient light.\n col = ambient * np.ones(3)\n # Lambert shading (diffuse).\n col += diffuse * max(dot(N, toL), 0) * color\n # Blinn-Phong shading (specular).\n col += specular_c * color_light * \\\n max(dot(N, normalize(toL + toO)), 0) \\\n ** specular_k\n return col\n\ndef run():\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=3] img\n img = np.zeros((h, w, 3))\n cdef INT_C i, j\n cdef DBL_C x, y\n cdef np.ndarray[DBL_C, ndim=1] O, Q, D, col, position, color, L, color_light\n\n # Sphere properties.\n position = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\n color = np.array([0., 0., 1.])\n L = np.array([5., 5., -10.])\n color_light = np.ones(3)\n \n # Camera.\n O = np.array([0., 0., -1.]) # Position.\n Q = np.array([0., 0., 0.]) # Pointing to.\n \n # Loop through all pixels.\n for i, x in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., w)):\n for j, y in enumerate(np.linspace(-1., 1., h)):\n # Position of the pixel.\n Q[0], Q[1] = x, y\n # Direction of the ray going through the optical center.\n D = normalize(Q - O)\n # Launch the ray and get the color of the pixel.\n col = trace_ray(O, D, position, color, L, color_light)\n if col is None:\n continue\n img[h - j - 1, i, :] = np.clip(col, 0, 1)\n return img\n\ncdef DBL_C radius, ambient, diffuse, specular_k, specular_c\n\n# Sphere and light properties.\nradius = 1.\ndiffuse = 1.\nspecular_c = 1.\nspecular_k = 50.\nambient = .05", | |
| "execution_count": 82, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "img = run()\nplt.imshow(img);\nplt.xticks([]); plt.yticks([]);", | |
| "execution_count": 83, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x1206e8748>", | |
| "image/png": 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ytTpoAZze/PAMXRZZAzYVNsq22ruKgxvY8XMZZP55eBfIc0JibR1A/+5UTjXz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\nAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n" | |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit run()", | |
| "execution_count": 84, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 loop, best of 3: 1.07 s per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "### Cython with structs" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt", | |
| "execution_count": 85, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%matplotlib inline", | |
| "execution_count": 86, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "import cython", | |
| "execution_count": 87, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "#%load_ext cythonmagic\n%load_ext Cython", | |
| "execution_count": 88, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Cython extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:\n %reload_ext Cython\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": {}, | |
| "cell_type": "markdown", | |
| "source": "We now use a pure C structure to represent a 3D vector. We also implement all operations we need by hand in pure C." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%%cython\ncimport cython\nimport numpy as np\ncimport numpy as np\nDBL = np.double\nctypedef np.double_t DBL_C\nfrom libc.math cimport sqrt\n\ncdef int w, h\n\ncdef struct Vec3:\n double x, y, z\n \ncdef Vec3 vec3(double x, double y, double z):\n cdef Vec3 v\n v.x = x\n v.y = y\n v.z = z\n return v\n\ncdef double dot(Vec3 x, Vec3 y):\n return x.x * y.x + x.y * y.y + x.z * y.z\n\ncdef Vec3 normalize(Vec3 x):\n cdef double n\n n = sqrt(x.x * x.x + x.y * x.y + x.z * x.z)\n return vec3(x.x / n, x.y / n, x.z / n)\n\ncdef double max(double x, double y):\n return x if x > y else y\n\ncdef double min(double x, double y):\n return x if x < y else y\n\ncdef double clip_(double x, double m, double M):\n return min(max(x, m), M)\n\ncdef Vec3 clip(Vec3 x, double m, double M):\n return vec3(clip_(x.x, m, M), clip_(x.y, m, M), clip_(x.z, m, M),)\n\ncdef Vec3 add(Vec3 x, Vec3 y):\n return vec3(x.x + y.x, x.y + y.y, x.z + y.z)\n\ncdef Vec3 subtract(Vec3 x, Vec3 y):\n return vec3(x.x - y.x, x.y - y.y, x.z - y.z)\n\ncdef Vec3 minus(Vec3 x):\n return vec3(-x.x, -x.y, -x.z)\n\ncdef Vec3 multiply(Vec3 x, Vec3 y):\n return vec3(x.x * y.x, x.y * y.y, x.z * y.z)\n \ncdef Vec3 multiply_s(Vec3 x, double c):\n return vec3(x.x * c, x.y * c, x.z * c)\n \ncdef double intersect_sphere(Vec3 O, \n Vec3 D, \n Vec3 S, \n double R):\n # Return the distance from O to the intersection of the ray (O, D) with the \n # sphere (S, R), or +inf if there is no intersection.\n # O and S are 3D points, D (direction) is a normalized vector, R is a scalar.\n cdef double a, b, c, disc, distSqrt, q, t0, t1\n cdef Vec3 OS\n \n a = dot(D, D)\n OS = subtract(O, S)\n b = 2 * dot(D, OS)\n c = dot(OS, OS) - R * R\n disc = b * b - 4 * a * c\n if disc > 0:\n distSqrt = sqrt(disc)\n q = (-b - distSqrt) / 2.0 if b < 0 else (-b + distSqrt) / 2.0\n t0 = q / a\n t1 = c / q\n t0, t1 = min(t0, t1), max(t0, t1)\n if t1 >= 0:\n return t1 if t0 < 0 else t0\n return 1000000\n\ncdef Vec3 trace_ray(Vec3 O, Vec3 D,):\n \n cdef double t, radius, diffuse, specular_k, specular_c, DF, SP\n cdef Vec3 M, N, L, toL, toO, col_ray, \\\n position, color, color_light, ambient\n\n # Sphere properties.\n position = vec3(0., 0., 1.)\n radius = 1.\n color = vec3(0., 0., 1.)\n diffuse = 1.\n specular_c = 1.\n specular_k = 50.\n \n # Light position and color.\n L = vec3(5., 5., -10.)\n color_light = vec3(1., 1., 1.)\n ambient = vec3(.05, .05, .05)\n \n # Find first point of intersection with the scene.\n t = intersect_sphere(O, D, position, radius)\n # Return None if the ray does not intersect any object.\n if t == 1000000:\n col_ray.x = 1000000\n return col_ray\n # Find the point of intersection on the object.\n M = vec3(O.x + D.x * t, O.y + D.y * t, O.z + D.z * t)\n N = normalize(subtract(M, position))\n toL = normalize(subtract(L, M))\n toO = normalize(subtract(O, M))\n DF = diffuse * max(dot(N, toL), 0)\n SP = specular_c * max(dot(N, normalize(add(toL, toO))), 0) ** specular_k\n \n return add(ambient, add(multiply_s(color, DF), multiply_s(color_light, SP)))\n\ndef run(int w, int h):\n cdef DBL_C[:,:,:] img = np.zeros((h, w, 3))\n cdef Vec3 img_\n cdef int i, j\n cdef double x, y\n cdef Vec3 O, Q, D, col_ray\n cdef double w_ = float(w)\n cdef double h_ = float(h)\n \n col_ray = vec3(0., 0., 0.)\n \n # Camera.\n O = vec3(0., 0., -1.) # Position.\n \n # Loop through all pixels.\n for i in range(w):\n Q = vec3(0., 0., 0.)\n for j in range(h):\n x = -1. + 2*(i)/w_\n y = -1. + 2*(j)/h_\n Q.x = x\n Q.y = y\n col_ray = trace_ray(O, normalize(subtract(Q, O)))\n if col_ray.x == 1000000:\n continue\n img_ = clip(col_ray, 0., 1.)\n img[h - j - 1, i, 0] = img_.x\n img[h - j - 1, i, 1] = img_.y\n img[h - j - 1, i, 2] = img_.z\n return img", | |
| "execution_count": 89, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": true | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "w, h = 200, 200", | |
| "execution_count": 90, | |
| "outputs": [] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "img = run(w, h)\nplt.imshow(img);\nplt.xticks([]); plt.yticks([]);", | |
| "execution_count": 91, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "data": { | |
| "text/plain": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x12094a550>", | |
| "image/png": 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| |
| }, | |
| "output_type": "display_data", | |
| "metadata": {} | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "trusted": true, | |
| "collapsed": false | |
| }, | |
| "cell_type": "code", | |
| "source": "%timeit run(w, h)", | |
| "execution_count": 92, | |
| "outputs": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "100 loops, best of 3: 2.26 ms per loop\n", | |
| "output_type": "stream", | |
| "name": "stdout" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "kernelspec": { | |
| "name": "python3", | |
| "display_name": "Python 3", | |
| "language": "python" | |
| }, | |
| "toc": { | |
| "threshold": 4, | |
| "number_sections": true, | |
| "toc_cell": true, | |
| "toc_window_display": false, | |
| "toc_section_display": "block", | |
| "sideBar": true, | |
| "navigate_menu": true, | |
| "nav_menu": { | |
| "width": "252px", | |
| "height": "264px" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "language_info": { | |
| "nbconvert_exporter": "python", | |
| "version": "3.5.2", | |
| "codemirror_mode": { | |
| "name": "ipython", | |
| "version": 3 | |
| }, | |
| "mimetype": "text/x-python", | |
| "name": "python", | |
| "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", | |
| "file_extension": ".py" | |
| }, | |
| "gist": { | |
| "id": "9a3744df66983045a9899d2298fd979b", | |
| "data": { | |
| "description": "Python utilities.ipynb", | |
| "public": true | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "_draft": { | |
| "nbviewer_url": "https://gist.github.com/9a3744df66983045a9899d2298fd979b" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "nbformat": 4, | |
| "nbformat_minor": 1 | |
| } |
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