https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCWhWBtu0LA
The NES is connected to the graphics memory on the cartridge via groups of signals called buses. There's the Address Bus and the Data Bus. When the NES wants to access graphics memory on the cartridge, it puts the memory address it wants in the Address Bus. The memory chip then grabs the data at this address and transfers it to the NES via the Data Bus.