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# http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3101/
 
# "My name is Fred"
"My name is {0}".format('Fred')
 
"My name is {0.name}".format(open('out.txt', 'w'))
 
"My name is {0[name]}".format(dict(name='Fred'))

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# append dict extra to dict orig
orig.update(extra)
# make new dict with blend of both
dest = dict(orig)     # or dict(**orig) or dict.copy()
dest.update(extra)

# Reference:
# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8930915/python-append-dictionary-to-dictionary

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# Importing MATLAB .mat files into Python
import scipy.io
mat = scipy.io.loadmat('file.mat')

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# This example passes one formal (positional) argument, and two more variable length arguments.
def test_var_args(farg, *args):
    print "formal arg:", farg
    for arg in args:
        print "another arg:", arg

test_var_args(1, "two", 3)

# Here is an example of how to use the keyworded form. Again, one formal argument and two keyworded variable arguments are passed.
def test_var_kwargs(farg, **kwargs):

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s = " \t foo \n bar "
"".join(s.split())

#http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3739909/how-to-strip-all-whitespace-from-string

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gitk --all

git log --graph --all --oneline

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# will attempt to merge into the current/active branch

git merge [branch_name]

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git commit --ammend

# what this does is add the content of the staging area to the latest commit
# you'll then be asked for a commit message.  This commit and its message will override the previous commit - but CREATES A NEW HEASH

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git reset --hard HEAD
# the --hard flag puts the content of whatever is in the targeted commit (in this case, HEAD) into both the working directory and staging area

# roll back individual files
git checkout
git checkout HEAD file.ext

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import numpy as np

x = array([3,4,None,55])

y = np.array(x,dtype=float)

# OR

y = np.array(x)
z = y.astype(float)