The best guide for getting up to speed with Android Development that I've come across has to be the Getting Started Training Guide from the Android Developers website. There has to be better and low and behold I found this and this, i.e. How to Program for Android and Android Bootcamp Series 2012 Video Tutorial.
For beginners, the ADT (Android Developer Tools) Bundle is recommended for quickly starting Android development.
If you don't already have the JDK installed on your system you'd need to install it. For Ubuntu users, you can follow the in