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diogorusso/jupyter-notebook-basics.ipynb

Created February 2, 2020 02:49
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Jupyter Notebook Basics.ipynb
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jupyter-notebook-basics.ipynb
{
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"name": "Jupyter Notebook Basics.ipynb",
"provenance": [],
"authorship_tag": "ABX9TyM/olUYfvJED1HI1jj4+Rms",
"include_colab_link": true
},
"kernelspec": {
"name": "python3",
"display_name": "Python 3"
}
},
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "view-in-github",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/gist/diogorusso/78913f74fbbaf42cdadb48c97267f969/jupyter-notebook-basics.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "d-xJpnK-y_tn",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"from: https://github.com/iitmcvg/Python-Exercises/blob/master/Exercise%201%20-%20Python.ipynb"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "3xSHmd6bi-oz",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "4180d684-cd84-4298-f496-39d8349be152"
},
"source": [
"# As well as code, and see their output in real time\n",
"print('Hello World')"
],
"execution_count": 1,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Hello World\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "c6wsmnsUjIxP",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "ab214e78-9c8d-486f-c106-ea006249706a"
},
"source": [
"# This line configures matplotlib(plotting library) to show figures embedded in the notebook, \n",
"# instead of opening a new window for each figure. It also imports numpy \n",
"# and matplotlib.pyplot in their common namespaces, np and plt\n",
"%pylab inline"
],
"execution_count": 2,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "TExlXlhkjQ8s",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"x = np.linspace(0, 5, 10)\n",
"y = x ** 2"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "KPPdZ6MUjZ9z",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 295
},
"outputId": "1a80fac8-6349-48f8-8f32-2144e06f0101"
},
"source": [
"plt.figure()\n",
"plt.plot(x, y, 'r')\n",
"plt.xlabel('x')\n",
"plt.ylabel('y')\n",
"plt.title('This be the quadratic function')\n",
"plt.show()"
],
"execution_count": 4,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "display_data",
"data": {
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KSAwU/GlTVgYTJoSwHzYMVq4MAX/ttaEr55BDkq5QRGKm4C927jB3bui+eeON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\nQmCC\n",
"text/plain": [
"<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
}
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "_QBg1QEnm08B",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "adf4c5cc-a9c1-41b7-bd45-a301cb45d6ab"
},
"source": [
"ls"
],
"execution_count": 5,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"\u001b[0m\u001b[01;34msample_data\u001b[0m/\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "TBsSPm9_nJY-",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "12cd4589-de3e-4726-a776-41631de6c56d"
},
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"x = math.cos(2 * math.pi)\n",
"\n",
"print(x)"
],
"execution_count": 6,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1.0\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Y8QRXrlqnuY1",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# variable assignments\n",
"x = 1.0\n",
"my_variable = 12.2"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Ypmg22blnyc2",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "86d09c3d-8a6f-4d44-f97f-f8f5c58ea333"
},
"source": [
"type(x)"
],
"execution_count": 9,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"float"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 9
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "VjGkQTyVoqI_",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"x = 1"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "HdPII5Obor6w",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "c1eebd7a-452f-4d64-8e8b-1e58133f3e2b"
},
"source": [
"type(x)"
],
"execution_count": 11,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"int"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 11
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "_w5LTiMGo7HJ",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "7ee5203b-45ba-4d09-d94a-ce000cf12c0a"
},
"source": [
"# boolean\n",
"b1 = True\n",
"b2 = False\n",
"\n",
"type(b1)"
],
"execution_count": 12,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"bool"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 12
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Fklk703hpwB7",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "610d61b2-bc0f-43ff-fae2-e691259cea63"
},
"source": [
"# complex numbers: note the use of `j` to specify the imaginary part\n",
"x = 1.0 - 1.0j\n",
"type(x)"
],
"execution_count": 13,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"complex"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 13
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "AbP-TuPkqHnN",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "8338615e-270f-409c-9cee-835953f02817"
},
"source": [
"\n",
"print(x)"
],
"execution_count": 14,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"(1-1j)\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "tvSk_BvlqJcf",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "76d6a07c-bccf-4e17-c5d8-4db59c63de7d"
},
"source": [
"print(x.real, x.imag)"
],
"execution_count": 15,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1.0 -1.0\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "okyMV04JpzB5",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "7afd754f-f1d2-41f5-d669-37c34dddcd1b"
},
"source": [
"x = 1.0\n",
"\n",
"# check if the variable x is a float\n",
"type(x) is float"
],
"execution_count": 16,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 16
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Nb4mT6dQqeP-",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "757955b3-84fc-4ca7-e8e6-525733c80c3a"
},
"source": [
"# check if the variable x is an int\n",
"type(x) is int"
],
"execution_count": 17,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"False"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 17
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "8UaRM2EKqiDr",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "6212972d-c38a-4752-eed0-1a3445b969df"
},
"source": [
"isinstance(x, float)"
],
"execution_count": 18,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 18
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "miGkni-0qmgH",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "74ba89e2-f873-436e-abc2-f94dee80ac4f"
},
"source": [
"x = 1.5\n",
"\n",
"print(x, type(x))"
],
"execution_count": 19,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1.5 <class 'float'>\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "up_3cHborHrA",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "1a899289-d78b-4967-89c7-6de1aac8b23b"
},
"source": [
"x = int(x)\n",
"\n",
"print(x, type(x))"
],
"execution_count": 20,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1 <class 'int'>\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "JfR9cRbQrO-b",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "b9866638-d095-42c8-ca50-6eb94ca16cc4"
},
"source": [
"z = complex(x)\n",
"\n",
"print(z, type(z))"
],
"execution_count": 21,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"(1+0j) <class 'complex'>\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "iXH2PAEyrTyb",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 172
},
"outputId": "f00bc2dc-6e85-4809-b85c-6c21693b1cc3"
},
"source": [
"x = float(z)"
],
"execution_count": 22,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "error",
"ename": "TypeError",
"evalue": "ignored",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-22-19c840f40bd8>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't convert complex to float"
]
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "jOUk_5UjrYxn",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "d190bde3-0318-41d6-aef2-4c4df1511f4a"
},
"source": [
"y = bool(z.real)\n",
"\n",
"print(z.real, \" -> \", y, type(y))\n",
"\n",
"y = bool(z.imag)\n",
"\n",
"print(z.imag, \" -> \", y, type(y))"
],
"execution_count": 23,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1.0 -> True <class 'bool'>\n",
"0.0 -> False <class 'bool'>\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ojoRRLKQreg1",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "16a19308-420f-409d-96e0-876eed81ad8b"
},
"source": [
"1 + 2, 1 - 2, 1 * 2, 1 / 2"
],
"execution_count": 24,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(3, -1, 2, 0.5)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 24
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "UwXj2H1nrjx1",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "00d58017-8b68-4047-83f4-eba97b8ec36b"
},
"source": [
"1.0 + 2.0, 1.0 - 2.0, 1.0 * 2.0, 1.0 / 2.0"
],
"execution_count": 25,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(3.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.5)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 25
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "EyqpeDWarnNt",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "8e0c3367-9558-482c-d310-33b6a020617c"
},
"source": [
"# Integer division of float numbers\n",
"3.0 // 2.0"
],
"execution_count": 26,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"1.0"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 26
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "CSeZI5L1rrEo",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "8a540fb7-3a5e-4052-e32d-d8218881e206"
},
"source": [
"True and False"
],
"execution_count": 27,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"False"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 27
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "AXlDeYvqrvQR",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "ed3268f6-1fae-4e31-ab3c-76ee90d8f0ec"
},
"source": [
"not False"
],
"execution_count": 28,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 28
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "JRrHP4IBryMf",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "bb2caf99-9f34-465f-97f2-a088986b12a6"
},
"source": [
"True or False"
],
"execution_count": 29,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 29
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ziGu6Thrr0RC",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "9102f2e5-8ce7-4e19-92a4-0bcb3c53a29c"
},
"source": [
"2 > 1, 2 < 1"
],
"execution_count": 30,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(True, False)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 30
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "5f1dSczqr25Q",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "288bd848-bacc-46f5-ff5b-44f316adbd38"
},
"source": [
"2 > 2, 2 < 2"
],
"execution_count": 31,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(False, False)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 31
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "CKLJYBMnr5US",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "c6d9afce-fa3a-4240-dbb6-22e839160ecb"
},
"source": [
"2 >= 2, 2 <= 2"
],
"execution_count": 32,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(True, True)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 32
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "2NPJm0nDr9lg",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "6506b780-c74e-47ef-88cd-60e1bbe129c7"
},
"source": [
"# equality\n",
"[1,2] == [1,2]"
],
"execution_count": 33,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 33
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "lPvWh5dksAeD",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "936df747-8301-4c94-e8f9-8525b399badd"
},
"source": [
"# objects identical?\n",
"l1 = l2 = [1,2]\n",
"\n",
"l1 is l2"
],
"execution_count": 34,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 34
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Ijct5eKksD2H",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "48c96d4f-4f5e-4da3-afa6-52f30def9933"
},
"source": [
"s = \"Hello world\"\n",
"type(s)"
],
"execution_count": 35,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"str"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 35
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "NyFUwXwesHU1",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "a759d0e9-df1f-46fc-8288-aa6bd0c393e0"
},
"source": [
"# length of the string: the number of characters\n",
"len(s)"
],
"execution_count": 36,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"11"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 36
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "qAcorIDZsNNt",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "1860e473-f483-44ed-de34-2d6d66ff0e57"
},
"source": [
"# replace a substring in a string with something else\n",
"s2 = s.replace(\"world\", \"test\")\n",
"print(s2)"
],
"execution_count": 37,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Hello test\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "GLb6DagcsRbA",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "65e6b520-312c-4cdd-8337-631c614dfbac"
},
"source": [
"s[0]"
],
"execution_count": 38,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'H'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 38
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "kXYkslOIsVFe",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "51a84168-2942-46e7-e231-7bcc6d858f42"
},
"source": [
"s[0:5]"
],
"execution_count": 39,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'Hello'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 39
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "4Sv4C8OxsZlb",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "fd7acead-d7ed-4cff-a722-cb8e4f2ea8ab"
},
"source": [
"s[4:5]"
],
"execution_count": 40,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'o'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 40
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ospZX2-Hsdc8",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "cb764ae2-f5c2-4896-aef7-abea2878772e"
},
"source": [
"s[:5]"
],
"execution_count": 41,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'Hello'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 41
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "8-3SS9oWsg08",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "e4e2de06-0821-4cb2-a9b9-a08bdb7f4381"
},
"source": [
"s[6:]"
],
"execution_count": 42,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'world'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 42
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "b369lJrdsjiQ",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "8b05d154-07d4-413c-d402-06ff233c1247"
},
"source": [
"s[:]"
],
"execution_count": 43,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'Hello world'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 43
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Qd2CnFmAsm2J",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "a9935dfe-d066-4a40-fa5d-3ca7e53b93a4"
},
"source": [
"s[::1]"
],
"execution_count": 44,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'Hello world'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 44
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "6_i3HsL9srd7",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "85c4b499-cb97-4845-c807-6ac37eb74501"
},
"source": [
"s[::2]"
],
"execution_count": 45,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'Hlowrd'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 45
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "u9z27AFtsuWL",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "dfe7d63f-f989-42f6-cc72-230ba72cb87d"
},
"source": [
"print(\"str1\", \"str2\", \"str3\") # The print statement concatenates strings with a space"
],
"execution_count": 46,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"str1 str2 str3\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "oosSZhSRs97a",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "978d9156-cd20-429c-c1c6-ea7336f02852"
},
"source": [
"print(\"str1\", 1.0, False, -1j) # The print statements converts all arguments to strings"
],
"execution_count": 47,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"str1 1.0 False (-0-1j)\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "MyQHJ-V5tBGx",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "68cfb276-34b9-44c1-d691-2fee91b7f7de"
},
"source": [
"print(\"str1\" + \"str2\" + \"str3\") # strings added with + are concatenated without space"
],
"execution_count": 48,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"str1str2str3\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "g08K8dGOtEQE",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "d0e828ab-3ea1-4e6b-d0e6-b84d8d0753e8"
},
"source": [
"print(\"value = %f\" % 1.0) # we can use C-style string formatting"
],
"execution_count": 49,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"value = 1.000000\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "cj0TU5-ttHv-",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "b93fa203-d817-412a-dc05-f13122bdeefe"
},
"source": [
"# this formatting creates a string\n",
"s2 = \"value1 = %.2f. value2 = %d\" % (3.1415, 1.5)\n",
"\n",
"print(s2)"
],
"execution_count": 50,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"value1 = 3.14. value2 = 1\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "rzAXW1J_tNGl",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "453b2a71-00c9-4a5c-c5f6-83c7cb6dd6bc"
},
"source": [
"# alternative, more intuitive way of formatting a string \n",
"s3 = 'value1 = {0}, value2 = {1}'.format(3.1415, 1.5)\n",
"\n",
"print(s3)"
],
"execution_count": 51,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"value1 = 3.1415, value2 = 1.5\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "_3mKgrIytQoH",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "f48baf58-c453-4f84-e0e4-8fa525a3a049"
},
"source": [
"l = [1,2,3,4]\n",
"\n",
"print(type(l))\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 53,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"<class 'list'>\n",
"[1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "fNT7N1oztU_S",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 71
},
"outputId": "78e91da9-243f-451c-8a1b-b21c2cbe9454"
},
"source": [
"print(l)\n",
"\n",
"print(l[1:3])\n",
"\n",
"print(l[::2])"
],
"execution_count": 54,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
"[2, 3]\n",
"[1, 3]\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Q51RIIaDtel2",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "cee5bfec-6deb-4d6f-a4a6-9088a8a8ec16"
},
"source": [
"l[0]"
],
"execution_count": 55,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"1"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 55
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "S1PxIpTRti-L",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "a187dde9-51fe-4e91-9e42-ca6fb2a41b37"
},
"source": [
"l = [1, 'a', 1.0, 1-1j]\n",
"\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 56,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[1, 'a', 1.0, (1-1j)]\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "VWO-NuENtnmb",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "9606e82a-4c86-4e26-d355-a846977481f7"
},
"source": [
"nested_list = [1, [2, [3, [4, [5]]]]]\n",
"\n",
"nested_list"
],
"execution_count": 57,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[1, [2, [3, [4, [5]]]]]"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 57
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "FP_mL4a_tuxY",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "291b2b6b-0687-4fab-d4d0-b8c0b32636b1"
},
"source": [
"start = 10\n",
"stop = 30\n",
"step = 2\n",
"\n",
"range(start, stop, step)"
],
"execution_count": 58,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"range(10, 30, 2)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 58
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "_lBWbiTKtymS",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "db677780-c7e4-4aba-811f-a9c1f47d8072"
},
"source": [
"# in python 3 range generates an interator, which can be converted to a list using 'list(...)'.\n",
"# It has no effect in python 2\n",
"list(range(start, stop, step))"
],
"execution_count": 59,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28]"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 59
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "zTmOvOhBt4cv",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "6a46b257-37e9-4eee-ae7b-e77f10eb5a18"
},
"source": [
"list(range(-10, 10))"
],
"execution_count": 60,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[-10, -9, -8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 60
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Yy2Z36z_t75q",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "26640550-bde9-43a0-86ca-560eeea04303"
},
"source": [
"s"
],
"execution_count": 61,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'Hello world'"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 61
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "sfwTHKwht_ps",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "3776d55a-2a3c-43bf-fabb-c9b5dd77acdb"
},
"source": [
"# convert a string to a list by type casting:\n",
"s2 = list(s)\n",
"\n",
"s2"
],
"execution_count": 62,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd']"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 62
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "rPXHEpUnuDOy",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "29cfd96a-96ad-4d18-c6d5-0fd52ee36729"
},
"source": [
"# sorting lists\n",
"s2.sort()\n",
"\n",
"print(s2)"
],
"execution_count": 63,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[' ', 'H', 'd', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'o', 'r', 'w']\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "PQykTj98uGhh",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "029fe686-9280-489a-df85-efe10f3fa3a2"
},
"source": [
"# create a new empty list\n",
"l = []\n",
"\n",
"# add an elements using `append`\n",
"l.append(\"A\")\n",
"l.append(\"d\")\n",
"l.append(\"d\")\n",
"\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 64,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['A', 'd', 'd']\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "gPEFGeJDuJXV",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "f8270e12-2d51-465c-e226-2812a57f7bac"
},
"source": [
"l[1] = \"p\"\n",
"l[2] = \"p\"\n",
"\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 65,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['A', 'p', 'p']\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "TTHLbO0suMYI",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "6804d912-49ce-4dbb-87ea-a6a293c51f5a"
},
"source": [
"l[1:3] = [\"d\", \"d\"]\n",
"\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 66,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['A', 'd', 'd']\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "eBUEvuD8uRlD",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "3203e0ac-75e2-4614-e07e-8a62c90e623d"
},
"source": [
"l.insert(0, \"i\")\n",
"l.insert(1, \"n\")\n",
"l.insert(2, \"s\")\n",
"l.insert(3, \"e\")\n",
"l.insert(4, \"r\")\n",
"l.insert(5, \"t\")\n",
"\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 67,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['i', 'n', 's', 'e', 'r', 't', 'A', 'd', 'd']\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "gkCx5KiKuW7I",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "9a285e2a-0978-4bdc-b4a9-9c7d5de9621c"
},
"source": [
"l.remove(\"A\")\n",
"\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 68,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['i', 'n', 's', 'e', 'r', 't', 'd', 'd']\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "dELFv4_7uc1D",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "c6ee163b-2e4e-42b8-facb-47146e56c4cd"
},
"source": [
"del l[7]\n",
"del l[6]\n",
"\n",
"print(l)"
],
"execution_count": 69,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['i', 'n', 's', 'e', 'r', 't']\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "cR9e9wDrufx4",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "cb32f3c9-4bc1-4292-9b57-e9dc2dc37b49"
},
"source": [
"point = (10, 20)\n",
"\n",
"print(point, type(point))"
],
"execution_count": 70,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"(10, 20) <class 'tuple'>\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "otD-F7lUujam",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "0175f3aa-3812-4b43-d8ed-a603402e31be"
},
"source": [
"x, y = point\n",
"\n",
"print(\"x =\", x)\n",
"print(\"y =\", y)"
],
"execution_count": 71,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"x = 10\n",
"y = 20\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Ai0_HrqSupAf",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
""
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "A6QI_cvGutsL",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"Dictionaries\n",
"Dictionaries are also like lists, except that each element is a key-value pair. The syntax for dictionaries is {key1 : value1, ...}:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "cY4dychYuvdm",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "fdb2b9fb-4447-4823-a166-3b34bb1eef8e"
},
"source": [
"params = {\"parameter1\" : 1.0,\n",
" \"parameter2\" : 2.0,\n",
" \"parameter3\" : 3.0,}\n",
"\n",
"print(type(params))\n",
"print(params)"
],
"execution_count": 72,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"<class 'dict'>\n",
"{'parameter1': 1.0, 'parameter2': 2.0, 'parameter3': 3.0}\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ZxF5jxGYvCKC",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 71
},
"outputId": "24275940-93c6-4bad-f576-47b3dfad7503"
},
"source": [
"print(\"parameter1 = \" + str(params[\"parameter1\"]))\n",
"print(\"parameter2 = \" + str(params[\"parameter2\"]))\n",
"print(\"parameter3 = \" + str(params[\"parameter3\"]))"
],
"execution_count": 73,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"parameter1 = 1.0\n",
"parameter2 = 2.0\n",
"parameter3 = 3.0\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "IoA8lvaVvGBm",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 89
},
"outputId": "9e9961fb-8c86-43d4-d6d0-89b5d4fa968b"
},
"source": [
"params[\"parameter1\"] = \"A\"\n",
"params[\"parameter2\"] = \"B\"\n",
"\n",
"# add a new entry\n",
"params[\"parameter4\"] = \"D\"\n",
"\n",
"print(\"parameter1 = \" + str(params[\"parameter1\"]))\n",
"print(\"parameter2 = \" + str(params[\"parameter2\"]))\n",
"print(\"parameter3 = \" + str(params[\"parameter3\"]))\n",
"print(\"parameter4 = \" + str(params[\"parameter4\"]))"
],
"execution_count": 74,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"parameter1 = A\n",
"parameter2 = B\n",
"parameter3 = 3.0\n",
"parameter4 = D\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "U5Ywvn6bvJW4",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "784ea262-64db-4ba8-cb76-44321e533cfd"
},
"source": [
"statement1 = False\n",
"statement2 = False\n",
"\n",
"if statement1:\n",
" print(\"statement1 is True\")\n",
" \n",
"elif statement2:\n",
" print(\"statement2 is True\")\n",
" \n",
"else:\n",
" print(\"statement1 and statement2 are False\")"
],
"execution_count": 75,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"statement1 and statement2 are False\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "aaCQcRGhvNYv",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "3a04f501-510c-4375-ad2f-eec514725aa2"
},
"source": [
"statement1 = statement2 = True\n",
"\n",
"if statement1:\n",
" if statement2:\n",
" print(\"both statement1 and statement2 are True\")"
],
"execution_count": 76,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"both statement1 and statement2 are True\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "TSSNwTXAvRZY",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 71
},
"outputId": "46d63fc4-81b6-4d77-bd98-ee4cf0464b95"
},
"source": [
"for x in [1,2,3]:\n",
" print(x)"
],
"execution_count": 77,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1\n",
"2\n",
"3\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "phTG42myvVLD",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 89
},
"outputId": "13a8faac-8968-47b8-db6b-f196653c48ee"
},
"source": [
"for x in range(4): # by default range start at 0\n",
" print(x)"
],
"execution_count": 78,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"0\n",
"1\n",
"2\n",
"3\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "R0CCxfClvX1x",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 125
},
"outputId": "53a6f973-5f80-4ec1-bd8c-0ee4eef0b8a7"
},
"source": [
"for x in range(-3,3):\n",
" print(x)"
],
"execution_count": 79,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"-3\n",
"-2\n",
"-1\n",
"0\n",
"1\n",
"2\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "mZipOH5evbKe",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 89
},
"outputId": "1553b44a-95bf-468b-c83c-fc0928d281b4"
},
"source": [
"for word in [\"scientific\", \"computing\", \"with\", \"python\"]:\n",
" print(word)"
],
"execution_count": 80,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"scientific\n",
"computing\n",
"with\n",
"python\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "VHrld9L8vegj",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 89
},
"outputId": "fa5c283e-fe99-44ca-fd35-6466de64d2f8"
},
"source": [
"for key, value in params.items():\n",
" print(key + \" = \" + str(value))"
],
"execution_count": 81,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"parameter1 = A\n",
"parameter2 = B\n",
"parameter3 = 3.0\n",
"parameter4 = D\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "5UWRV6y_viB4",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "76a2bf92-25eb-4e61-a9ab-f50ef3ab30a6"
},
"source": [
"l1 = [x**2 for x in range(0,5)]\n",
"\n",
"print(l1)"
],
"execution_count": 82,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "fAoFyMvtvkm9",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 125
},
"outputId": "72afa2c4-3216-4846-c171-826fe1183a84"
},
"source": [
"i = 0\n",
"\n",
"while i < 5:\n",
" print(i)\n",
" \n",
" i = i + 1\n",
" \n",
"print(\"done\")"
],
"execution_count": 83,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"0\n",
"1\n",
"2\n",
"3\n",
"4\n",
"done\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Mcv-pJmSvoVL",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"def func0(): \n",
" print(\"test\")"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "fhyewgDTvrnm",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "17c53401-0d9e-4af3-c9ea-1db5832f902f"
},
"source": [
"func0()"
],
"execution_count": 85,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"test\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "TKuBG1Zwvw3t",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"def func1(s):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Print a string 's' and tell how many characters it has \n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" \n",
" print(s + \" has \" + str(len(s)) + \" characters\")"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "pgQyQrJlvzmm",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 107
},
"outputId": "5246a6c2-a7cb-4af5-b353-d4abc738f630"
},
"source": [
"help(func1)"
],
"execution_count": 87,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Help on function func1 in module __main__:\n",
"\n",
"func1(s)\n",
" Print a string 's' and tell how many characters it has\n",
"\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "uzEfgRPkv4qN",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "1a3635c7-9c67-47b4-ce70-9e938945ab97"
},
"source": [
"func1(\"test\")"
],
"execution_count": 88,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"test has 4 characters\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "RVjmUB8ev8Yl",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"def square(x):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Return the square of x.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" return x ** 2"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "u9u0K4xGwCLw",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "bf426eda-6ca3-4883-b5f8-278a82a3ea34"
},
"source": [
"square(4)"
],
"execution_count": 90,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"16"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 90
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "TCU61P2cwFyH",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"def powers(x):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Return a few powers of x.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" return x ** 2, x ** 3, x ** 4"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "3XN9rMSDwI0D",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "e05606bb-0334-4663-ed1e-d1b38a7bdd1a"
},
"source": [
"powers(3)"
],
"execution_count": 92,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(9, 27, 81)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 92
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "truu-K72wMdn",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "1d7c1e6d-6804-42df-af56-ca33cd7d0c1e"
},
"source": [
"x2, x3, x4 = powers(3)\n",
"\n",
"print(x3)"
],
"execution_count": 93,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"27\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "P8BNA0GewP_A",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"def myfunc(x, p=2, debug=False):\n",
" if debug:\n",
" print(\"evaluating myfunc for x = \" + str(x) + \" using exponent p = \" + str(p))\n",
" return x**p"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "16S6SGwqwT1a",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "0be91b12-fae8-480c-9765-b35677e0eb6c"
},
"source": [
"\n",
"myfunc(5)"
],
"execution_count": 95,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"25"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 95
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "9PhWe7INwXGc",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "fe9342a0-7eb9-4609-9cc5-c926ecaa21cd"
},
"source": [
"myfunc(5, debug=True)"
],
"execution_count": 96,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"evaluating myfunc for x = 5 using exponent p = 2\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
},
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"25"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 96
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "A_IDfn5nwbMB",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "520f8179-e6d8-4775-d868-564d719d95ed"
},
"source": [
"myfunc(p=3, debug=True, x=7)"
],
"execution_count": 97,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"evaluating myfunc for x = 7 using exponent p = 3\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
},
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"343"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 97
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "k_kmFdwqwfDI",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"f1 = lambda x: x**2\n",
" \n",
"# is equivalent to \n",
"\n",
"def f2(x):\n",
" return x**2"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "bF8vcztUwiIL",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "eeedac16-4fe9-4cc9-a821-60752585b5cd"
},
"source": [
"f1(2), f2(2)"
],
"execution_count": 99,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(4, 4)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 99
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "VYwuRp1bwomh",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "f5c251ea-dccc-40e8-cb09-328eb06609b1"
},
"source": [
"# map is a built-in python function\n",
"map(lambda x: x**2, range(-3,4))"
],
"execution_count": 101,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"<map at 0x7f400254c048>"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 101
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "f1AbFOVKw2w2",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "91bc3d7f-252f-4209-9681-cb71dd7d7ca4"
},
"source": [
"# in python 3 we can use `list(...)` to convert the iterator to an explicit list\n",
"list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(-3,4)))"
],
"execution_count": 102,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9]"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 102
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "p_NX238zw3ZG",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
""
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "rtfM4uBuw_UE",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"Classes are the key features of object-oriented programming. A class is a structure for representing an object and the operations that can be performed on the object.\n",
"\n",
"In Python a class can contain attributes (variables) and methods (functions).\n",
"\n",
"A class is defined almost like a function, but using the class keyword, and the class definition usually contains a number of class method definitions (a function in a class).\n",
"\n",
"Each class method should have an argument self as its first argument. This object is a self-reference.\n",
"\n",
"Some class method names have special meaning, for example:\n",
"\n",
"__init__: The name of the method that is invoked when the object is first created.\n",
"__str__ : A method that is invoked when a simple string representation of the class is needed, as for example when printed.\n",
"There are many more, see http://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "5GkihJyxxX07",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"class Point:\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Simple class for representing a point in a Cartesian coordinate system.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" \n",
" def __init__(self, x, y):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Create a new Point at x, y.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" self.x = x\n",
" self.y = y\n",
" \n",
" def translate(self, dx, dy):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Translate the point by dx and dy in the x and y direction.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" self.x += dx\n",
" self.y += dy\n",
" \n",
" def __str__(self):\n",
" return(\"Point at [%f, %f]\" % (self.x, self.y))"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "JO6Vki-AxbYH",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "d8848b14-c830-45e5-c943-3fd76aadb511"
},
"source": [
"p1 = Point(0, 0) # this will invoke the __init__ method in the Point class\n",
"\n",
"print(p1) # this will invoke the __str__ method"
],
"execution_count": 109,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Point at [0.000000, 0.000000]\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "NVhJ8441xeks",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "cf6cf0a4-1d50-43c6-fa9d-e98d90a0a153"
},
"source": [
"p2 = Point(1, 1)\n",
"\n",
"p1.translate(0.25, 1.5)\n",
"\n",
"print(p1)\n",
"print(p2)"
],
"execution_count": 110,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Point at [0.250000, 1.500000]\n",
"Point at [1.000000, 1.000000]\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "HYiz_0pwxqxM",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
""
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "5YjR5grixvfu",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"Modules\n",
"One of the most important concepts in good programming is to reuse code and avoid repetitions.\n",
"\n",
"The idea is to write functions and classes with a well-defined purpose and scope, and reuse these instead of repeating similar code in different part of a program (modular programming). The result is usually that readability and maintainability of a program is greatly improved. What this means in practice is that our programs have fewer bugs, are easier to extend and debug/troubleshoot.\n",
"\n",
"Python supports modular programming at different levels. Functions and classes are examples of tools for low-level modular programming. Python modules are a higher-level modular programming construct, where we can collect related variables, functions and classes in a module. A python module is defined in a python file (with file-ending .py), and it can be made accessible to other Python modules and programs using the import statement."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "BdiLOBtDxwJ4",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "fa08bab0-554d-4268-a1c7-3e6c71e9de5b"
},
"source": [
"%%file mymodule.py\n",
"\"\"\"\n",
"Example of a python module. Contains a variable called my_variable,\n",
"a function called my_function, and a class called MyClass.\n",
"\"\"\"\n",
"\n",
"my_variable = 0\n",
"\n",
"def my_function():\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Example function\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" return my_variable\n",
" \n",
"class MyClass:\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Example class.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
"\n",
" def __init__(self):\n",
" self.variable = my_variable\n",
" \n",
" def set_variable(self, new_value):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Set self.variable to a new value\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" self.variable = new_value\n",
" \n",
" def get_variable(self):\n",
" return self.variable"
],
"execution_count": 111,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Writing mymodule.py\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ZFGBd6f1x3Cu",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"import mymodule"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "a8hWbP-qx6Yh",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 845
},
"outputId": "f407505a-50ec-4e49-91a3-ee70614b1311"
},
"source": [
"\n",
"help(mymodule)"
],
"execution_count": 113,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Help on module mymodule:\n",
"\n",
"NAME\n",
" mymodule\n",
"\n",
"DESCRIPTION\n",
" Example of a python module. Contains a variable called my_variable,\n",
" a function called my_function, and a class called MyClass.\n",
"\n",
"CLASSES\n",
" builtins.object\n",
" MyClass\n",
" \n",
" class MyClass(builtins.object)\n",
" | Example class.\n",
" | \n",
" | Methods defined here:\n",
" | \n",
" | __init__(self)\n",
" | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
" | \n",
" | get_variable(self)\n",
" | \n",
" | set_variable(self, new_value)\n",
" | Set self.variable to a new value\n",
" | \n",
" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
" | Data descriptors defined here:\n",
" | \n",
" | __dict__\n",
" | dictionary for instance variables (if defined)\n",
" | \n",
" | __weakref__\n",
" | list of weak references to the object (if defined)\n",
"\n",
"FUNCTIONS\n",
" my_function()\n",
" Example function\n",
"\n",
"DATA\n",
" my_variable = 0\n",
"\n",
"FILE\n",
" /content/mymodule.py\n",
"\n",
"\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "6OksIfmox9aV",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "c3d0c2f8-e80b-4bad-9962-c83f439382b3"
},
"source": [
"mymodule.my_variable"
],
"execution_count": 114,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 114
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "rpCZmjjByBsb",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "0423f9b7-e22e-4f03-f5b1-99090562cc49"
},
"source": [
"mymodule.my_function()"
],
"execution_count": 115,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 115
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "KM7uLtOtyFSS",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 35
},
"outputId": "181db29f-ef28-4dea-9a4b-11ebb941e684"
},
"source": [
"my_class = mymodule.MyClass() \n",
"my_class.set_variable(10)\n",
"my_class.get_variable()"
],
"execution_count": 116,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"10"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 116
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "fKDAUiToyIB6",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 172
},
"outputId": "2a5ae0f8-25f5-4e74-9dc1-faa00dd9d5ce"
},
"source": [
"reload(mymodule) # works only in python 2"
],
"execution_count": 117,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "error",
"ename": "NameError",
"evalue": "ignored",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-117-1a6cfac4c71b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mreload\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmymodule\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# works only in python 2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'reload' is not defined"
]
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "7w3kS1tLyMG8",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
""
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "D2jvrJKvyUv1",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"Exceptions\n",
"In Python errors are managed with a special language construct called \"Exceptions\". When errors occur exceptions can be raised, which interrupts the normal program flow and fallback to somewhere else in the code where the closest try-except statement is defined.\n",
"\n",
"To generate an exception we can use the raise statement, which takes an argument that must be an instance of the class BaseException or a class derived from it."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "GUpgND0ZyVNK",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 172
},
"outputId": "40f4805c-56ed-4555-fee4-954110818c5c"
},
"source": [
"raise Exception(\"description of the error\")"
],
"execution_count": 118,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "error",
"ename": "Exception",
"evalue": "ignored",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-118-c32f93e4dfa0>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"description of the error\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: description of the error"
]
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "-1s1ZHbFycre",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "2a97d3eb-efc5-4306-d10c-af70183908d0"
},
"source": [
"try:\n",
" print(\"test\")\n",
" # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n",
" print(test)\n",
"except:\n",
" print(\"Caught an exception\")"
],
"execution_count": 119,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"test\n",
"<numpy._pytesttester.PytestTester object at 0x7f401a7d0048>\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "dUFbz3o5yh-Y",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 53
},
"outputId": "d6d40da4-b6e0-4c44-c041-f13d2bc7d322"
},
"source": [
"try:\n",
" print(\"test\")\n",
" # generate an error: the variable test is not defined\n",
" print(test)\n",
"except Exception as e:\n",
" print(\"Caught an exception:\" + str(e))"
],
"execution_count": 120,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"test\n",
"<numpy._pytesttester.PytestTester object at 0x7f401a7d0048>\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ypRvcjTAyncD",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
""
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
}
]
}
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