Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. Google Chrome is also the main component of Chrome OS , where it serves as a platform for running web apps. Chrome used the WebKit layout engine until version As of version 28, all Chrome ports except the iOS port use Blink , a fork of the WebKit engine. Its success has led to Google expanding the "Chrome" brand name on various other products such as Chromecast , Chromebook , Chromebit , Chromebox and Chromebase. Google CEO Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years. He stated that "at the time, Google was a small company," and he did not want to go through "bruising browser wars. Rumors of Google building a web browser first appeared in September Online journals and U. It also came shortly after the final 1. The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3, , and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser. The browser was first publicly released on September 2, for Windows XP and later, with 43 supported languages, officially a beta version , [30] and as a stable public release on December 11, On the same day, a CNET news item [31] drew attention to a passage in the Terms of Service statement for the initial beta release, which seemed to grant to Google a license to all content transferred via the Chrome browser. This passage was inherited from the general Google terms of service. In early January , CNET reported that Google planned to release versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux in the first half of the year. In December , Google released beta versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux. Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in Chrome initially used the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages. In , they forked the WebCore component to create their own layout engine Blink. Google created Gears for Chrome, which added features for web developers typically relating to the building of web applications, including offline support. On January 11, , the Chrome product manager, Mike Jazayeri, announced that Chrome would remove H. On February 7, , Google launched Google Chrome Beta for Android 4. Google Chrome features a minimalistic user interface, with its user-interface principles later being implemented into other browsers. For example, the merging of the address bar and search bar into the omnibox. Chrome allows users to synchronize their bookmarks, history, and settings across all devices with the browser installed by sending and receiving data through a chosen Google Account, which in turn updates all signed-in instances of Chrome. This can be authenticated either through Google credentials, or a sync passphrase. The first release of Google Chrome passed both the Acid1 and Acid2 tests. Beginning with version 4. This test reports as the final score the number of tests a browser failed; hence lower scores are better. In , on the official CSS 2. On the HTML5 web standards test, Chrome 41 scores out of points, placing it ahead of the five most popular desktop browsers. Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists one for phishing and one for malware , and warns users when they attempt to visit a site flagged as potentially harmful. This service is also made available for use by others via a free public API called " Google Safe Browsing API". Chrome uses a process-allocation model to sandbox tabs. The Sandbox Team is said to have "taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail. Chrome developers have indicated that a master password does not provide real security against determined hackers and have refused to implement one. Bugs filed on this issue have been marked "WontFix". On September 12, , it was reported that starting with Chrome 56, users will be warned when they visit non-secure HTTP websites to encourage more sites to make the transition to HTTPS. No security vulnerabilities in Chrome were exploited in the three years of Pwn2Own from — Chrome was compromised twice at the CanSecWest Pwnium. A significant number of security vulnerabilities in Chrome occur in the Adobe Flash Player. For example, in the Pwn2Own successful attack on Chrome relied on four security vulnerabilities. Two of the vulnerabilities were in Flash, one was in Chrome, and one was in the Windows kernel. The first phase of the plan is to disable Flash for ads and "background analytics", with the ultimate goal of disabling it completely by the end of the year, except on specific sites that Google has deemed to be broken without it. Flash would then be re-enabled with the exclusion of ads and background analytics on a site-by-site basis. Google introduced download scanning protection in Chrome The private browsing feature called Incognito mode prevents the browser from permanently storing any history information or cookies from the websites visited. Incognito mode is similar to the private browsing feature in other web browsers. Chrome sends details about its users to Google through both optional and non-optional user tracking mechanisms. In March , Google devised a new method to collect installation statistics: The optional suggestion service included in Google Chrome has been criticized because it provides the information typed into the Omnibox to the search provider before the user even hits return. This allows the search engine to provide URL suggestions, but also provides them with web usage information tied to an IP address. The optional feature to use a web service to help resolve spelling errors has privacy implications. RLZ can be disabled in the Chrome Operating System. In February , Google announced that Chrome would support Do Not Track DNT by the end of ; the protocol was implemented in version The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome, the V8 JavaScript engine , has features such as dynamic code generation , hidden class transitions , and precise garbage collection. He stated that Firefox 3. Like most major web browsers, Chrome uses DNS prefetching to speed up website lookups, [] as do other browsers like Firefox, [] Safari, [] Internet Explorer called DNS Pre-resolution , [] and in Opera as a UserScript not built-in. Chrome formerly used their now deprecated SPDY protocol instead of only HTTP [] [] when communicating with servers that support it, such as Google services, Facebook, Twitter. SPDY support was removed in Chrome version A multi-process architecture is implemented in Chrome [] where, by default, a separate process is allocated to each site instance and plugin. This procedure is termed process isolation , [] and it prevents tasks from interfering with each other, raising security and stability. An attacker successfully gaining access to one application gains access to no others, [] and failure in one instance results in a Sad Tab screen of death , similar to the well-known Sad Mac , but only one tab crashes instead of the whole application. This strategy exacts a fixed per-process cost up front, but results in less memory bloat over time as fragmentation is confined to each instance and no longer needs further memory allocations. Chrome includes a process management utility called Task Manager which lets users see what sites and plugins are using the most memory , downloading the most bytes and overusing the CPU and provides the ability to terminate them. A home button is not shown by default, but can be added through the Settings page to take the user to the new tab page or a custom home page. This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs. Tabs, with their state, can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging. Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox. The Omnibox is a URL box that combines the functions of both the address bar and search box. If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from, Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox. Although Instant can be turned off, suggestions based on previously visited sites cannot be turned off. Chrome will also autocomplete the URLs of sites visited often. Starting in version 3. The thumbnails could be rearranged, pinned, and removed. Alternatively, a list of text links could be displayed instead of thumbnails. It also features a "Recently closed" bar that shows recently closed tabs and a "tips" section that displays hints and tricks for using the browser. For web developers , Chrome features an element inspector Inspect Element , similar to the browser extension in Firebug , which allows users to look into the DOM and see what makes up the webpage. Chrome has special URLs that load application-specific pages instead of websites or files on disk. Chrome also has a built-in ability to enable experimental features. Google designer Steve Rura explained the company reasoning for the change: In September , Google started making Chrome apps "For your desktop. Chrome allows users to make local desktop shortcuts that open web applications in the browser. The browser, when opened in this way, contains none of the regular interface except for the title bar, so as not to "interrupt anything the user is trying to do". This allows web applications to run alongside local software similar to Mozilla Prism and Fluid. This feature, according to Google, will be enhanced with the Chrome Web Store , a one-stop web-based web applications directory which opened in December The themes and extensions have also been tightly integrated into the new store, allowing users to search the entire catalog of Chrome extras. The Chrome Web Store was opened on February 11, , with the release of Google Chrome 9. Along with Google Chrome 4. As of February 4, , the extension gallery featured more than 11, extensions, [] including official extensions from the Independent , [] CEOP , [] Transport for London , [] Cricinfo , [] Web of Trust WOT , [] and FIFA. There are three levels of permissions that an app or extension may request. On May 27, , Google issued an update to Chrome preventing Windows users from installing extensions obtained outside the Chrome Web Store. Starting with Google Chrome 3. Starting with Google Chrome 4. Translation is currently available for 52 languages. The first production release on December 11, , marked the end of the initial Beta test period and the beginning of Production. Shortly thereafter, on January 8, , Google announced an updated release system with three channels: Stable corresponding to the traditional Production , Beta, and Developer preview also called the "Dev" channel. Where there were before only two channels: Beta and Developer, now there were three. Concurrently, all Developer channel users were moved to the Beta channel along with the promoted Developer release. Beta users could opt back to the Developer channel as desired. Each channel has its own release cycle and stability level. The Stable channel updated roughly quarterly, with features and fixes that passed "thorough" testing in the Beta channel. Beta updated roughly monthly, with "stable and complete" features migrated from the Developer channel. The Developer channel updated once or twice per week and was where ideas and features were first publicly exposed " and sometimes fail and can be very unstable at times". On July 22, , Google announced it would ramp up the speed at which it releases new stable versions; the release cycles were shortened from quarterly to six weeks for major Stable updates. Canary releases run side-by-side with any other channel; it is not linked to the other Google Chrome installation and can therefore run different synchronization profiles, themes, and browser preferences. This ensures that fallback functionality remains even when some Canary update may contain release-breaking bugs. Canary was Windows-only at first; an OS X version was released on May 3, The Chrome beta channel for Android was launched on January 10, ; like Canary, it runs side-by-side with the stable channel for Android. All Chrome channels are automatically distributed according to their respective release cycles. The mechanism differs by platform. On Windows, it uses Google Update, and auto-update can be controlled via Group Policy. This auto-updating behavior is a key difference from Chromium , the non-branded open source browser which forms the core of Google Chrome. Because Chromium also serves as the pre-release development trunk for Chrome, its revisions are provided as source code and buildable snapshots are produced continuously with each new commit , requiring users to manage their own browser updates. Releases are identified by a four-part version number, e. The components are major. Chromium and Chrome release schedules are linked through Chromium Major version Branch Point dates, published annually. The version 42 Branch Point was February 20, The first Stable release, Chrome supports color management by using the system-provided ICC v2 and v4 support on macOS , and from version 22 supports ICC v2 profiles by default on other platforms. In Chrome, when not connected to the Internet and an error message displaying "There is no Internet" is shown, on the top, an " 8-bit " Tyrannosaurus rex is shown, but when pressing the space bar on a keyboard, mouse-clicking on it or tapping it on touch devices, the T-Rex instantly jumps once and dashes across a cactus -ridden desert, revealing it to be an Easter egg in the form of a platform game. A school Chromebook administrator can disable the game. As of April [update] , stable bit and bit builds are available for Windows, with only bit stable builds available for Linux and macOS. A beta version for Android 4. Many of the latest HTML5 features: GPU-accelerated canvas, including CSS 3D Transforms, CSS animations, SVG, WebSocket including binary messages , Dedicated Workers; it has overflow scroll support, strong HTML5 video support, and new capabilities such as IndexedDB, WebWorkers, Application Cache and the File APIs, date- and time-pickers, parts of the Media Capture API. Features missing in the mobile version include sandboxed tabs, [] [] Safe Browsing, [] apps or extensions, [] Adobe Flash now and in future , [] Native Client. It is a priority to upstream most new and modified code to Chromium and WebKit to resolve the fork. The April 17, update, included the availability to access in 31 additional languages and in all countries where Google Play is available. A desktop version of a website can also be requested as opposed to a mobile version. In addition, Android users can now add bookmarks to their Android home screens if they choose and decide which apps should handle links opened in Chrome. On June 27, , Google Chrome for Android exited beta and became stable. Starting from version 25, the Chrome version for Android is aligned with the desktop version, and usually new stable releases are available at the same time between the Android and the desktop version. Google released a separate Chrome for Android beta channel on January 10, , with version Chrome OS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Web; the only applications on the devices are a browser incorporating a media player and a file manager. Google announced Chrome OS on July 7, Released in the Apple App Store on June 26, , it supports the iPad , iPhone , and iPod touch , and requires that the device has iOS 9. In a review by Chitika , Chrome was noted as having 1. On Linux distributions , support for bit Intel processors ended in March Support for Google Chrome on Windows XP and Windows Vista has ended as of April In June , the now discontinued "Windows 8 mode" was introduced to developer channel, which enables Windows 8 and 8. Google dropped support for bit versions of Chrome on macOS in October , with Chrome 38 being the last supported bit version. Google Chrome was met with acclaim upon release. In , Matthew Moore of The Daily Telegraph summarized the verdict of early reviewers: Initially, Microsoft reportedly played down the threat from Chrome and predicted that most people would embrace Internet Explorer 8. Opera Software said that "Chrome will strengthen the Web as the biggest application platform in the world". The first is Google, whose big plans for the Chrome browser have shaken Microsoft out of its competitive torpor and forced the software giant to pay fresh attention to its own browser, Internet Explorer. Microsoft all but ceased efforts to enhance IE after it triumphed in the last browser war, sending Netscape to its doom. For example, I created a desktop shortcut for Google Maps. When you create a shortcut for a Web application, Chrome strips away all of the toolbars and tabs from the window, leaving you with something that feels much more like a desktop application than like a Web application or page. Chrome overtook Firefox in November , in worldwide usage. Along with Safari and Mozilla Firefox , Chrome receives a weekend "bump", which boosts its market share by as much as three percentage points on week-ends, at the expense of Internet Explorer. It was reported by StatCounter, a web analytics company, that for the single day of Sunday, March 18, , Chrome was the most used web browser in the world for the first time. In June , according to StatCounter, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer for the first time in the US. In December , Google announced that to make it easier for businesses to use Chrome they would provide an official Chrome MSI package. For business use it is helpful to have full-fledged MSI packages that can be customized via transform files. Google also created group policy objects to fine tune the behavior of Chrome in the business environment, for example by setting automatic updates interval, disabling auto-updates, and configuring a home page. This move enabled third-party developers to study the underlying source code and to help port the browser to the macOS and Linux operating systems. The Google-authored portion of Chromium is released under the permissive BSD license. It is possible to develop applications, extensions, and themes for Chrome. They are zipped in a. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the web browser. For the operating system, see Chrome OS. Android Jelly Bean or later Chrome OS iOS 9 or later [9] Linux GTK v2. Afrikaans, Amharic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese Hong Kong , Chinese PRC , Chinese Taiwan , Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English AU , English UK , English US , Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French Canada , French France , German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese Brazil , Portuguese Portugal , Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish Latin America , Spanish Spain , Swahili, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Zulu. Google Chrome version history. Material Design motif used from September onward for mobile version and October onward for desktop version. Google Chrome for Android. Usage share of web browsers and Browser wars. Software portal Information technology portal Internet portal Google portal. No way to disable in phones, tablets and possibly laptops. Retrieved June 26, Retrieved June 29, Retrieved June 16, Retrieved July 12, Archived from the original on May 30, Retrieved March 14, Google Play Console Help. Retrieved 18 December Retrieved March 9, The Keyword Google Blog. Google replaces WebKit version ID with Blink in latest Chrome build". Retrieved April 3, Q4 to Q2 ". July to June ". Retrieved May 25, Retrieved September 1, Retrieved September 2, Retrieved July 13, Retrieved September 3, Archived from the original on Retrieved March 30, First screenshot, and live-blog alert". Retrieved November 22, Chicago IL , United States: Retrieved July 11, Retrieved April 8, Mac and Linux builds available". Retrieved June 9, Linux, Mac, and Windows". Mac, Linux and extensions in beta". Welcome, Mac and Linux! Retrieved May 13, Retrieved December 22, Google Chrome beats Firefox, IE, Safari". Safari 4, Chrome 2, and More — Browsers". Retrieved May 6, Retrieved March 19, Retrieved October 29, Retrieved September 10, Retrieved September 11, Retrieved February 17, Retrieved August 13, Retrieved May 3, Google Chrome browser sandbox first to fall". Google Chrome hacked with sandbox bypass". Retrieved March 10, Google Chrome, Adobe Flash, Apple Safari". Retrieved April 21, Archived from the original on September 4, Retrieved December 11, Retrieved May 18, Retrieved March 23, The road to safer, more stable, and flashier Flash". Retrieved August 29, Retrieved November 14, Saying Goodbye to Our Old Friend NPAPI". Chrome for Linux planning to drop NPAPI support as soon as April". Retrieved April 22, Another thing I found last night is a Debian package called PepperFlashPlayer. Apparently it works the same way as the existing FlashPlayer package which downloads Adobe Flash from Adobe and installs it -- it downloads Chrome from Google, extracts the PPAPI Flash plugin, and installs it for Chromium. That might be a good work-around for Chromium users in the interim. I am not endorsing this method, just making people aware of it. But obviously it would be better if PPAPI Flash were available in a more "official" context. Retrieved September 4, Retrieved September 24, Retrieved October 12, Retrieved June 20, Retrieved March 24, Retrieved April 25, Organic traffic or AdWords? Retrieved February 27, Retrieved December 12, Retrieved 17 December Retrieved March 3, Archived from the original on September 3, Archived from the original on January 7, Archived from the original on April 24, Internet Explorer 8, 7". Fulton, III October 11, Opera poised to reclaim browser performance lead". Archived from the original on July 14, Retrieved November 6, Archived from the original on April 27, Fastest JavaScript Engine Yet". Retrieved September 16, Retrieved July 6, Retrieved September 12, Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings Inc. Retrieved June 4, Retrieved November 9, Retrieved May 22, Sporting a new stable release". Labs Renamed to About: Flags, Adds a Warning". Retrieved October 19, Retrieved March 22, Retrieved May 24, On the Runway, Getting Ready for Take-Off". Retrieved July 10, Artist Themes for Google Chrome". Retrieved January 9, New WebKit version, new features, and a new Dev channel". Retrieved May 1, Retrieved July 25, Archived from the original on July 25, Retrieved February 4, Retrieved December 2, Retrieved 28 December Handle color profiles in tagged images". Retrieved 27 July Retrieved November 18, Retrieved March 5, Retrieved July 1, Retrieved August 11, Retrieved August 27, Chromium bit on Mac OS". Retrieved October 10, Retrieved April 6, Retrieved February 9, Retrieved June 27, Retrieved July 4, Tweney November 19, Ditch Your Hard Drives, the Future Is the Web". Retrieved July 8, Retrieved June 10, Retrieved August 10, Retrieved June 13, Retrieved October 5, Retrieved September 29, Retrieved September 7, Retrieved January 8, Retrieved May 21, Retrieved 2 December Retrieved May 5, As the name suggests, Chromium is a rawer, less polished version of Chrome. The UI is mostly identical, with only a few very minor visual differences. Changes in revision ". Timeline of web browsers. Comparison lightweight History List for Unix Usage share. Line Mode Browser libwww. Erwise MacWWW Samba MidasWWW tkWWW ViolaWWW. Agora ALynx AMSD Ariadna Cyberjack eWorld Web Browser Grail Internet Explorer 1 Internet Explorer 2 Netscape Navigator 2 NetShark OmniWeb HotJava UdiWWW WebShark. Cyberdog Arachne AWeb IBrowse Amaya Internet Explorer 3 Netscape Navigator 3 Opera 2 Oracle PowerBrowser tcpCONNECT4 Voyager. Netscape Communicator Internet Explorer 4 Opera 2. NeoPlanet Mozilla Application Suite Opera 3—3. Beonex Communicator Galeon K-Meleon MediaBrowser Netscape 6 Opera 4—4. Avant Browser 7 Camino Epiphany Netscape 7 Opera 6—6. GreenBrowser Maxthon Opera 7—7. AOL Explorer Deepnet Explorer Firefox 1. Avant Browser 11 Firefox 2 Internet Explorer 7 Opera 9—9. Maxthon 2 Opera 9. Google Chrome Firefox 3 Netscape Browser Netscape Navigator 9 NetSurf 1. Google Chrome 4—8 Firefox 3. Google Chrome 9—16 Firefox Internet Explorer 9 Lunascape 6. Google Chrome 17—23 Firefox 10—17 Internet Explorer 10 Lunascape 6. Google Chrome 24—31 Firefox 18—26 Internet Explorer 11 Opera 15—18 Safari 7 SeaMonkey 2. Google Chrome 32—39 Firefox 27—34 Lunascape 6. Brave Google Chrome 40—47 Firefox 35—43 Lunascape 6. Google Chrome 48—55 Firefox 44—50 Microsoft Edge 14 Opera 35—42 Safari Comparison lightweight History List for Unix Timeline Usage share. 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BOLT Dolphin Browser Firefox for iOS Maxthon Mercury Browser Nokia Browser for Symbian Rockmelt Safari Steel. Blazer CM Browser Deepfish ibisBrowser Internet Explorer Mobile Iris Browser Konqueror Embedded Microsoft Edge NetFront Nokia Xpress Skweezer Skyfire Teashark ThunderHawk UC Browser Vision WinWAP. Television and video game console. Software no longer in development shown in italics Category Commons Internet portal Software portal. AdMob Adscape AdSense AdWords Analytics Contributor Partners DoubleClick DoubleClick for Publishers Wallet. Android version history software development Android Auto Android Pay Android TV Android Wear Chrome OS Chromebit Chromebook Chromebox Chrome Zone Fuchsia. Blogger Bookmarks Drive Docs, Sheets, Slides, Forms Drawings My Maps Sites Fusion Tables Domains FeedBurner Map Maker YouTube YouTube Instant YouTube Red Vevo Zagat. Appliance Blog Search Books Ngram Viewer Custom Search Finance Flights Images Maps Mars Moon Sky Street View Coverage Competition Privacy concerns News Archive Patents Public Data Scholar Shopping Usenet Videos. PageRank Panda Penguin Hummingbird. Personalized Real-Time Instant Search SafeSearch Voice Search. Insights for Search Trends Knowledge Graph Knowledge Vault. Art Project Calico Current Chrome Experiments Code-in Code Jam Developer Day Google Business Groups Made with Code Data Liberation Takeout Google Developer Expert Google for Work Self-driving car Earth Outreach Fiber GV " Google " Google China Google Express Googlization Grants Google. Ara Loon Tango Sunroof. Al Gore Alan Eustace Alan Mulally Amit Singhal Ann Mather David Drummond Eric Schmidt Jeff Dean John Doerr John L. Hennessy Krishna Bharat Matt Cutts Patrick Pichette Paul Otellini Omid Kordestani Rachel Whetstone Rajen Sheth Ram Shriram Ray Kurzweil Ruth Porat Salar Kamangar Shirley M. Larry Page Sergey Brin. 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List of languages Afrikaans, Amharic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese Hong Kong , Chinese PRC , Chinese Taiwan , Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English AU , English UK , English US , Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French Canada , French France , German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese Brazil , Portuguese Portugal , Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish Latin America , Spanish Spain , Swahili, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Zulu. Web browser , mobile browser. Freeware under Google Chrome Terms of Service [11] [note 1]. Randomly generated token included in installer. Used to measure success rate of Google Chrome once at installation. Encoded string, according to Google, contains non-identifying information about where Chrome was downloaded from and its installation week, and is used to measure promotional campaigns. Phones, tablets and possibly laptops: Google has not said that RLZ can be disabled. On Google search query On first launch and first use of address bar []. Partial [note 2] []. Information about how often Chrome is used, details about the OS and Chrome version. Partial [note 3] []. Desktop web browser market share according to StatCounter for October Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Chrome. General Comparison lightweight History List for Unix Usage share. Features Ad filtering Augmented browsing Bookmarks Bookmarklet Live bookmark Smart Bookmarks Browser extension Browser security Browser synchronizer comparison Cookies Download manager Favicon Incremental search Plug-in Privacy mode Tabs Universal Edit Button. Desktop Blink -based Chromium Brave Chrome Dragon Opera Sleipnir Slimjet SRWare Iron UC Browser Vivaldi Yandex Browser Sputnik SafeZone QupZilla. Mobile Blink -based Android Browser Chromium Brave Chrome Opera Mobile Silk. 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