SVG is surprisingly complex because of the way SVG's are coded and WordPress's handling of the SVG format. It's less a Gutenberg/Block Editor issue and more of a 'WordPress doesn't like SVG' type issue. The reason WP doesn't natively support SVG is because an SVG file is just plain ole' XML - and as such, anything could be passed in the XML code leading to some pretty bad vulnerabilities.
However, Gutenberg DOES enable you to take advantage of SVG functionality and provides components necessary for you to do so in just about any variety you want. When I ran up against a similar problem in creating a list of custom SVG icons (there were 30+ options) a client could configure and display across different posts, rather than returning the SVG code itself what you want to use is a combination of:
Icon from @wordpress/components
SVG from @wordpress/primitives
and Path from @wordpress/primitives