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Table Structure with Violation of First Normal Form (1NF):

Consider a table named "EmployeeInfo" in a company's HR database:

EmployeeID	EmployeeName	Skills
1	John Doe	Java, Python, SQL
2	Jane Smith	C++, JavaScript
3	Bob Johnson	Python, HTML, CSS

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Decomposition Using Functional Dependencies - Example

Original Table:

StudentID	StudentName	CourseID	CourseName	Instructor	Credits	EnrollmentDate	Grade
1	Alice	101	Math 101	Prof. Smith	4	2023-01-15	A
1	Alice	201	Physics 201	Prof. Johnson	3	2023-02-10	B
2	Bob	101	Math 101	Prof. Smith	4	2023-01-15	C
2	Bob	202	Chemistry 202	Prof. White	3	2023-02-05	A

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Database Normalization and Its Importance

Definition: Database normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity.

Importance:

1. Data Integrity: Normalization helps maintain the accuracy and consistency of data by reducing duplication. This minimizes the chances of contradictory or conflicting information.

2. Efficient Storage: It optimizes storage space by eliminating redundant data, resulting in more efficient disk space usage.

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Table Structure with Violation of Atomic Domains:

Original Table "OrderDetails":

OrderID	Product	Quantity
1	Laptop, Mouse	2
2	Smartphone, Earbuds	3
3	Tablet, Keyboard	1

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Chapter 8: Relational Database Design

8.1 Features of Good Relational Designs

• Purpose: The primary goal of relational database design is to create database structures that efficiently store and manage data. Effective designs exhibit the following key features:
  • Minimal Data Redundancy: Reducing repetition of data to conserve storage space and maintain data consistency.
  • Data Integrity: Ensuring the accuracy and consistency of data, preventing errors or inconsistencies.
  • Efficient Data Retrieval and Updates: Structuring data in a way that allows for speedy access and modification.

8.2 Atomic Domains and First Normal Form

• Atomic Domains: In the context of relational databases, it is essential that each attribute holds only indivisible, atomic values. Attributes should not contain arrays, lists, or complex data structures.

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Chapter 7: Database Design and the E-R Model

Concepts and Applications

7.1 Overview of the Design Process

• Database Design Process: The systematic approach to constructing a well-structured database. It's like building a house; first, you need plans, then you create a blueprint (design), and finally, you construct the house (physical implementation).
• Requirements Analysis: Identifying user needs, data constraints, and business rules.
• Conceptual Design: Creating an abstract data model using the Entity-Relationship Model (ERD).
• Logical Design: Translating the conceptual model into a logical schema, often using normalization.
• Physical Design: Implementing the logical design on a specific Database Management System (DBMS).

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package Project_Buffer;
//declaring package buffer

import java.util.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
//importing all required java collection frameworks

class Society 

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package buffer;
//declaring package buffer

import java.util.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
//importing all required java collection frameworks

class Society 

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from colorama import Fore, Style


def color(text, color=Fore.GREEN):
    return color + str(text) + Style.RESET_ALL


coins = 'HHLLH'

n = len(coins)

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strList = input().replace(',', '').split(' ')

L1 = []
L2 = []

while strList:
    min = strList[0]
    for x in strList:
        if x[0] < min[0]:
            min = x