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MeguroLYAHFGG-4.ipynb
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Type variables (型変数)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>head :: forall a. [a] -> a</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"head :: forall a. [a] -> a"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t head"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- 型定義にて小文字で始まる名称の型は型変数となる\n",
" - 他の言語のgenericsに似ているがより強力\n",
"- 型変数を持つ関数を多相的関数（polymorphic function）という\n",
"- 型変数の名前は複数文字でも良いが、通例として一文字の型変数名が使われている"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>fst :: forall a b. (a, b) -> a</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"fst :: forall a b. (a, b) -> a"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t fst"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- 関数で複数の異なる型を表す場合は異なる型変数名を与える"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Typeclasses 101\n",
"### 型クラス（typeclass）\n",
"- 振る舞いを定義するインターフェースの一種"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>(==) :: forall a. Eq a => a -> a -> Bool</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"(==) :: forall a. Eq a => a -> a -> Bool"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t (==)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- 例えば == 関数はEqを型クラスとして持つ型を２個を引数にとる\n",
"- (関数定義では=>の左側に型制約を定義する)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"*Note:*\n",
"- =,+,-,/などの記号で構成された関数名の関数は中値関数となる\n",
"- 前置関数として呼び出す場合は関数名を`()`で囲んで使用する"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>elem :: forall (t :: * -> *) a. (Foldable t, Eq a) => a -> t a -> Bool</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"elem :: forall (t :: * -> *) a. (Foldable t, Eq a) => a -> t a -> Bool"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t elem"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- elem関数はlistの中に探している値と等しい値があるかチェックするので引数にEq型クラスの実装を必要とする"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 基本的な型クラス"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Eq"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"False"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"False"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"5 == 5\n",
"5 /= 5\n",
"'a' == 'a'\n",
"\"Ho Ho\" == \"Ho HO\"\n",
"3.432 == 3.432"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- Eqは２個の値が等しいかどうかテストするインタフェースを提供する型クラス\n",
"- `Eq`型クラスのメンバは`==`と`/=`を実装する"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Ord"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>(>) :: forall a. Ord a => a -> a -> Bool</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"(>) :: forall a. Ord a => a -> a -> Bool"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t (>)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- Ordは順序を持つ型のための型クラス\n",
"- `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<`などの一般的な比較関数を実装する"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"LT"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"GT"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"\"Abrakatabra\" < \"Zebra\"\n",
"\"Abrakatabra\" `compare` \"Zebra\"\n",
"5 >= 2\n",
"5 `compare` 3"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>compare :: forall a. Ord a => a -> a -> Ordering</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"compare :: forall a. Ord a => a -> a -> Ordering"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t compare"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- compare関数は２個の同じOrd型クラスのメンバ型の変数を取りOrdering型の値を返す（OrderingはGT, LT, EQの型）"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Show"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"\"3\""
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"\"5.334\""
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"\"True\""
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"show 3\n",
"show 5.334\n",
"show True"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- Showは値を文字列として表現するインターフェースを提供する型クラス\n",
"- ここまで出てきた関数を除く全ての型はShowのメンバ型である\n",
"- メンバー型は、値を文字列で返すshow関数を実装する"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"\"\\\"abc\\\"\""
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"show \"abc\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- 文字列をshowするとダブルクォーテーションで囲まれた文字列が返る"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Read"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"12.0"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"3"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[1,2,3,4,3]"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"read \"True\" || False\n",
"read \"8.2\" + 3.8 \n",
"read \"5\" - 2 \n",
"read \"[1,2,3,4]\" ++ [3]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- Readは文字列からRead型クラスのメンバ型の値を返すread関数を実装する"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='err-msg'>Prelude.read: no parse</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"Prelude.read: no parse"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"read \"4\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
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"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
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".hoogle-package {\n",
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"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
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"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
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"font-weight: bold;\n",
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".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>read :: forall a. Read a => String -> a</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"read :: forall a. Read a => String -> a"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t read"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"read関数にて、戻り値の型が推論できない場合はエラーとなる"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 14,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"5"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"5.0"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"20.0"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[1,2,3,4]"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(3,'a')"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"read \"5\" :: Int\n",
"read \"5\" :: Float\n",
"(read \"5\" :: Float) * 4\n",
"read \"[1,2,3,4]\" :: [Int]\n",
"read \"(3, 'a')\" :: (Int, Char)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- 型注釈（type annotation）で戻り値の型を明示することができる"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Enum"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 15,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"\"abcde\""
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[LT,EQ,GT]"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[3,4,5]"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'C'"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'A'"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"['a' .. 'e']\n",
"[LT .. GT]\n",
"[3 .. 5]\n",
"succ 'B'\n",
"pred 'B'"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- `Enum`型クラスのメンバ型は、連続的な順序を持つ\n",
" - `Enum`型クラスのメンバ型は`list range`や`succ`, `pred`関数を使用可能\n",
" - `()`, `Bool`, `Char`, `Ordering`, `Int`, `Integer`, `Float`, `Double`等がEnum型クラスを実装している"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Bounded"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><div class=\"suggestion-name\" style=\"clear:both;\">Redundant bracket</div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Found:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">(minBound :: Int)</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Why Not:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">minBound :: Int</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-name\" style=\"clear:both;\">Redundant bracket</div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Found:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">(maxBound :: Char)</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Why Not:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">maxBound :: Char</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-name\" style=\"clear:both;\">Redundant bracket</div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Found:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">(maxBound :: Bool)</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Why Not:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">maxBound :: Bool</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-name\" style=\"clear:both;\">Redundant bracket</div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Found:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">(minBound :: Bool)</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Why Not:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">minBound :: Bool</div></div>"
],
"text/plain": [
"Line 1: Redundant bracket\n",
"Found:\n",
"(minBound :: Int)\n",
"Why not:\n",
"minBound :: IntLine 1: Redundant bracket\n",
"Found:\n",
"(maxBound :: Char)\n",
"Why not:\n",
"maxBound :: CharLine 1: Redundant bracket\n",
"Found:\n",
"(maxBound :: Bool)\n",
"Why not:\n",
"maxBound :: BoolLine 1: Redundant bracket\n",
"Found:\n",
"(minBound :: Bool)\n",
"Why not:\n",
"minBound :: Bool"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"-9223372036854775808"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'\\1114111'"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"False"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"(minBound :: Int)\n",
"(maxBound :: Char)\n",
"(maxBound :: Bool)\n",
"(minBound :: Bool)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- `Bounded`型クラスは上限と下限の制限範囲を持つ\n",
" - `Bounded`型クラスのメンバ型は`minBound`と`maxBound`関数で制限範囲を確認できる\n",
"\n",
"*Note:*\n",
"- IHaskellのバグで()をつけて呼び出さないとエラーになる\n",
"- [The type signature for ‘minBound’ lacks an accompanying binding (The type signature must be given where ‘minBound’ is declared) · Issue #509 · gibiansky/IHaskell](https://github.com/gibiansky/IHaskell/issues/509)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><span class='get-type'>minBound :: forall a. Bounded a => a</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"minBound :: forall a. Bounded a => a"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
":t minBound"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- `minBound`や`maxBound`等の引数を取らない関数を多相定数という"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-sub {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-package {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
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".hoogle-module {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
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".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-style: italic;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg.in.collapse {\n",
"padding-top: 0.7em;\n",
"}\n",
".highlight-code {\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-warning { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: rgb(200, 130, 0);\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-error { \n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"color: red;\n",
"}\n",
".suggestion-name {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
"</style><div class=\"suggestion-name\" style=\"clear:both;\">Redundant bracket</div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Found:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">(maxBound :: (Bool, Int, Char))</div></div><div class=\"suggestion-row\" style=\"float: left;\"><div class=\"suggestion-warning\">Why Not:</div><div class=\"highlight-code\" id=\"haskell\">maxBound :: (Bool, Int, Char)</div></div>"
],
"text/plain": [
"Line 1: Redundant bracket\n",
"Found:\n",
"(maxBound :: (Bool, Int, Char))\n",
"Why not:\n",
"maxBound :: (Bool, Int, Char)"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(True,9223372036854775807,'\\1114111')"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"(maxBound :: (Bool, Int, Char))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- tupleもBouded型クラスを実装している"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Num"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style>/* Styles used for the Hoogle display in the pager */\n",
".hoogle-doc {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"padding-bottom: 1.3em;\n",
"padding-left: 0.4em;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-code {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"white-space: pre;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-text {\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-name {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"}\n",
".hoogle-head {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
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".hoogle-sub {\n",
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"margin-left: 0.4em;\n",
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".hoogle-package {\n",
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"font-style: italic;\n",
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".hoogle-class {\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
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".get-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
"}\n",
".show-type {\n",
"color: green;\n",
"font-weight: bold;\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"margin-left: 1em;\n",
"}\n",
".mono {\n",
"font-family: monospace;\n",
"display: block;\n",
"}\n",
".err-msg {\n",
"color: red;\n",
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"#unshowable {\n",
"color: red;\n",
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"</style><span class='get-type'>20 :: forall p. Num p => p</span>"
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"text/plain": [
"20 :: forall p. Num p => p"
]
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"source": [
":t 20"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- Numは数の型クラス。メンバ型は数として扱える属性を持つ"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"20"
]
},
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"data": {
"text/plain": [
"20"
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"20.0"
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"text/plain": [
"20.0"
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"source": [
"20 :: Int\n",
"20 :: Integer\n",
"20 :: Float\n",
"20 :: Double"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- 全ての数値は多相定数でもある\n",
"- `Num`型クラスに所属しているメンバ型は`Show`型クラスと`Eq`型クラスも所属していることになる"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"*[補足]*\n",
"- Haskell 2010 の仕様では、上に書いたように `Eq` と `Show` が `Num` のスーパークラスとなっている。しかし、最近の GHC ではこれらは `Num` のスーパークラスではなくなっている\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Integral\n",
"- `Integral`も数の型クラス。`Num`型クラスは全ての数字（実数と整数）`Integral`型クラスは整数のみ。\n",
" - `Int`と`Integer`がメンバ型"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Floating\n",
"- `Floating`型クラスは`Float`と`Double`などの実数のみ。"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
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"</style><span class='get-type'>fromIntegral :: forall a b. (Integral a, Num b) => a -> b</span>"
],
"text/plain": [
"fromIntegral :: forall a b. (Integral a, Num b) => a -> b"
]
},
"metadata": {},
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"source": [
":t fromIntegral"
]
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"cell_type": "code",
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"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"7.2"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"fromIntegral (length [1, 2, 3, 4]) + 3.2"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"- 数値を扱う場合`fromIntegral :: (Num b, Integral a) => a -> b` 関数が便利\n",
" - 例えばlength関数はIntを返すがこれはFloatと足すことができない。fromIntegralでFloatに変換できる。"
]
}
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