StartUpHubTokyo Pythonプログラミング講座 練習 20210320

training.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 現役高校教員が教えるPythonプログラミング講座"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 代表的なショートカットコマンド(かっこ内はMAC)\n",
    "\n",
    "|操作内容\t|コマンド\t|\n",
    "|:-----------|:------------:|\n",
    "|セルを実行し、下のセルに移動する\t|Shift　+　Enter|\n",
    "|セルを実行する\t|Ctrl(?)　+　Enter|\n",
    "|セルを実行し、下にセルを追加する\t|Alt　+　Enter|\n",
    "|コメントアウト\t|Ctrl(?) + ／|\n",
    "|上にセルを追加する\t|Ctrl(?) + m -> a|\n",
    "|下にセルを追加する\t|Ctrl(?) + m -> b|\n",
    "|選択しているセルをカット\t|Ctrl(?) + m -> d|"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "### このセルの上にセルを追加してみよう。\n",
    "### このセルの下にセルを追加してみよう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## プログラムを実行してみよう"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "123 + 456"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "123 * 456"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "10 ** 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(123 +456)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Python\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(\"1 + 1 =\", 1 + 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 変数を使おう"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "文字式$x+5$について、$x$の値を変えて変化を見てみよう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#x+5のxに2を代入する\n",
    "#イコールの左に変数を、イコールの右に代入したい数をかく\n",
    "x = 2\n",
    "\n",
    "x + 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#xにx+2を代入する。\n",
    "x = 5\n",
    "\n",
    "x = x + 2\n",
    "\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#xに2を足す。\n",
    "x = 5\n",
    "\n",
    "x += 2\n",
    "\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#xに2を引く。\n",
    "x = 5\n",
    "\n",
    "x -= 2\n",
    "\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#変数xに'py'を代入し、定数'thon'と連結する。\n",
    "x = 'py'\n",
    "\n",
    "x + 'thon'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 問題1\n",
    "次のとおりプログラムを書いてみよう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "あなたの誕生日の月をmに代入し、日をdに代入してください。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "mを2倍して、さらに5を足した結果をmmに代入してください。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "mmに50をかけて、dを足し、さらに250を引いてください。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "最後に出力された結果があなたの誕生日になっていれば、プログラムがうまく書けています。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## IF文"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "$n$が20以上であれば「成年」を表示しましょう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 「if」の後にはコロン「:」をつける。\n",
    "# 「if」の処理の中身の記述する際は、インデントをつける。\n",
    "    \n",
    "n = 30\n",
    "\n",
    "if n >= 20:\n",
    "    print(\"成年\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# n = 15にしてみる。\n",
    "    \n",
    "n = 15\n",
    "\n",
    "if n >= 20:\n",
    "    print(\"成年\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "$n$が20以上であれば「成年」を表示し、そうでなければ「未成年」を表示しましょう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 「else」の後も「if」と同じように、コロン「:」やインデントをつける。\n",
    "\n",
    "n = 30\n",
    "\n",
    "if n >= 20:\n",
    "    print(\"成年\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"未成年\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "$n$が20未満であれば「未成年」を表示し、20であれば「はたち」と表示し、そうでなければ「成年」を表示しましょう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# nの値を変えて、何度か試してみましょう。\n",
    "\n",
    "n = 10\n",
    "\n",
    "if n < 20:\n",
    "    print(\"\") # ここに追記する\n",
    "elif n == 20:\n",
    "    print(\"\") # ここに追記する\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"\") # ここに追記する\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## FOR文"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "range(<数値>)の使い方"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#range(10)で0から10までの範囲を作ることができる\n",
    "range(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#range(10)の範囲の中身は、0以上10未満の整数\n",
    "for n in range(10):\n",
    "    print(n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#range(1, 10)で1から10までの範囲を作ることができる\n",
    "range(1, 10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#range(1, 10)の範囲の中身は、1以上10未満の整数\n",
    "for n in range(1, 10):\n",
    "    print(n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#range(1,10,2)で、2ごとに増える1から10までの範囲を作ることができる\n",
    "range(1,10,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#range(1,10)の範囲の中身は、2ごとに増える1以上10未満の整数\n",
    "for n in range(1,10,2):\n",
    "    print(n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 問題2\n",
    "次のとおりプログラムを書いてみよう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "1から100までの奇数を表示しましょう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "1から100までの奇数のうち3の倍数のみを表示しましょう。<br>\n",
    "ヒント : 5 % 3 ・・・　5を3で割った余りを算出(この場合は2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## <本日のメインテーマ>1%の確率であたるくじは、100回引けば1回はあたるのか!?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 1. 理論値をかんがえてみる。\n",
    "当たる確率は$\\frac{1}{100}$、\\\n",
    "はずれる確率は$\\frac{99}{100}$\\\n",
    "\\\n",
    "\\\n",
    "100回連続で外れる確率は、\\\n",
    "$\\frac{99}{100} \\times \\frac{99}{100} \\times \\frac{99}{100} \\times \\cdots = (\\frac{99}{100})^{100}$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "p = (99 / 100) ** 100\n",
    "\n",
    "p"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "ということは、100回引いて1回以上は当たる確率は、1から上記の確率を引けばよい。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2.確率は、その事象が起こる場合と起こらない場合を足すと1になる。\n",
    "\\\n",
    "100回くじを引いて100回ともはずれる確率を上記の通り求めました。\\\n",
    "なので、1から上記確率pをひいた値が、100回くじを引いて少なくとも1回は当たる確率になります。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 理論値が本当に正しいのかシミュレーションしてみよう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "100回くじを引いて、当たりが1回以上出るかを確かめてみる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 1から100までの乱数を発生させる\n",
    "import random\n",
    "\n",
    "random.randint(1, 100)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 1から100のうち、1が当たり、2～100ははずれとします。\n",
    "\n",
    "i = random.randint(1, 100)\n",
    "\n",
    "if i == 1:\n",
    "    print(\"\") # ここに追記する\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"\") # ここに追記する"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 100回くじをひく\n",
    "\n",
    "for r in range(100):\n",
    "    i = random.randint(1, 100)\n",
    "\n",
    "    if i == 1:\n",
    "        print(\"当たり\")\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"はずれ\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 1回以上あたりが出るかをたしかめるだけなので、当たりが出たら処理を終わりにする。\n",
    "for r in range(100):\n",
    "    i = random.randint(1, 100)\n",
    "\n",
    "    if i == 1:\n",
    "        print(\"当たり\")\n",
    "        break # breakを使うと途中で処理を終える\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"はずれ\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 上記の処理を繰り返す回数を格納する変数\n",
    "lot = 1000\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "# 当たりの回数を格納する変数 => 初期値0\n",
    "hit = 0\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "# 1000回繰り返す\n",
    "for r in range(lot):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # 100回試行する\n",
    "    for i in range(100):\n",
    "        p = random.randint(1, 100)\n",
    "\n",
    "        # あたったらループをぬける\n",
    "        if p == 1:\n",
    "            hit += 1\n",
    "            break # breakを使うと途中で処理を終える\n",
    "             \n",
    "print(\"試行回数 : \", ) # ここに追記する\n",
    "print(\"当たり 　: \", ) # ここに追記する\n",
    "print(\"確率 　: \", ) # ここに追記する"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "試行回数が増えると理論値に近づいていくことを確認してみよう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 10万回繰り返す\n",
    "lot = 100000\n",
    "\n",
    "# 当たりの回数を格納する変数 => 初期値0\n",
    "hit = 0\n",
    "\n",
    "for r in range(lot):\n",
    "\n",
    "    for i in range(100):\n",
    "        i = random.randint(1, 100)\n",
    "\n",
    "        if i == 1:\n",
    "            hit += 1\n",
    "            break\n",
    "\n",
    "    if r != 0 and : # ここに追記する\n",
    "    \n",
    "        print(\"試行回数 : \", ) # ここに追記する\n",
    "        print(\"確率 　: \", ) # ここに追記する\n",
    "        print(\"#--------------------------------#\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### おまけ　グラフにしてみる"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 10万回繰り返す\n",
    "lot = 100000\n",
    "lotArray = []\n",
    "\n",
    "# 当たりの回数を格納する変数 => 初期値0\n",
    "hit = 0\n",
    "hitArray = []\n",
    "\n",
    "for r in range(lot):\n",
    "\n",
    "    for i in range(100):\n",
    "        i = random.randint(1, 100)\n",
    "\n",
    "        if i == 1:\n",
    "            hit += 1\n",
    "            break\n",
    "\n",
    "    if r != 0 and r % 100 == 0:\n",
    "    \n",
    "        lotArray.append(r)\n",
    "        hitArray.append(hit / r)\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## グラフを作成する\n",
    "# 実測値と理論値を描画\n",
    "\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "\n",
    "fig = plt.figure(figsize = (20, 10))\n",
    "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
    "ax.grid()\n",
    "\n",
    "ax.plot(lotArray, hitArray)\n",
    "ax.plot([0, lot], [1-p, 1-p])\n",
    "\n",
    "ax.legend([\"measured value\", \"theoretical value\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "以下のサイトでは、円グラフで可視化してみました。\\\n",
    "https://www.pon-x.jp/entry/2020/11/09/090651"
   ]
  }
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