paleoclimate-hockey-stick-studies.txt

This is a list of paleoclimate studies [2–62] that use a variety of temperature
proxies and methodologies in affirmation of Michael Mann's hockey stick result
[1], which shows strong recent hemispheric and global warming.

1. Mann ME, Bradley RS, & Hughes MK: Global-scale temperature patterns and
climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature 392(6678):779–787, 1998.
dx.doi.org/10.1038/33859.

2. Jones PD, Briffa KR, Barnett TP, & Tett SFB: High-resolution palaeoclimatic
records for the last millennium: Interpretation, integration and comparison with
General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. Holocene 8(4):455–471, 1998.
dx.doi.org/10.1191/095968398667194956.

3. Pollack HN, Huang S, & Shen, P-Y: Climate change record in subsurface
temperatures: A global perspective. Science 282(5387) 279–281, 1998.
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5387.279.

4. Mann ME, Bradley RS, & Hughes MK: Northern hemisphere temperatures during the
past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophys Res Lett
26(6):759–762, 1999. dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900070.

5. Briffa KR: Annual climate variability in the Holocene: Interpreting the
message of ancient trees. Quaternary Sci Rev 19(1):87–105, 2000.
dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00056-6.

6. Crowley TJ & Lowery TS: How warm was the medieval warm period? Ambio
29(1):51–54, 2000. dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.1.51.

7. Huang S, Pollack HN, & Shen P-Y: Temperature trends over the past five
centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures. Nature 403(6771):756–758,
2000. dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001556.

8. Jones PD, Osborn TJ, & Briffa KR: The evolution of climate over the last
millennium. Science 292(5517):662–667, 2001. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059126.

9. Briffa KR, Osborn TJ, Schweingruber FH, Harris IC, Jones PD, et al.:
Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree ring density network.
J Geophys Res-Atmos, 106(D3):2929–2941, 2001. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900617.

10. Esper J, Cook ER, & Schweingruber FH: Low-frequency signals in long
tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science
295(5563):2250–2253, 2002. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1066208.

11. Mann ME, Rutherford S, Bradley RS, Hughes MK, & Keimig FT: Optimal surface
temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data. J Geophys Res-Atmos
108(D7), 2003. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002532.

12. Mann ME & Jones PD: Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia.
Geophys Res Lett 30(15), 2003. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017814.

13. Briffa KR, Osborn TJ, & Schweingruber FH: Large-scale temperature inferences
from tree rings: A review. Global Planet Change 40(1):11–26, 2004.
dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00095-X.

14. Pollack HN & Smerdon JE: Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure
and hemispheric averages. J Geophys Res-Atmos 109(D11):D11106, 2004.
dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004163.

15. Huang S: Merging information from different resources for new insight into
climate change in the past and future. Geophys Res Lett 31:L13205, 2004.
dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019781.

16. Jones PD & Mann ME: Climate over past millennia. Rev Geophys 42(2):RG2002,
2004. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003RG000143.

17. Moberg A, Sonechkin DM, Holmgren K, Datsenko NM, & Karlén W: Highly variable
Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution
proxy data. Nature 433(7026):613–617, 2005. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03265.

18. Oerlemans J: Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier records. Science
308(5722):675–677, 2005. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1107046.

19. Rutherford S, Mann ME, Osborn TJ, Briffa KR, Jones PD, et al.: Proxy-based
Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: Sensitivity to method,
predictor network, target season, and target domain. J Climate 18(13):2308–2329,
2005. dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3351.1.

20. D'Arrigo R, Wilson R, & Jacoby G: On the long-term context for late
twentieth century warming. J Geophys Res-Atmos 111(D3):D03103, 2006.
dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006352.

21. Osborn TJ & Briffa KR: The spatial extent of 20th-century warmth in the
context of the past 1200 years. Science 311(5762):841–844, 2006.
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1120514.

22. Viau AE, Gajewski K, Sawada MC, & Fines P: Millennial-scale temperature
variations in North America during the Holocene. J Geophys Res-Atmos
111(D9):D09102, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006031.

23. Hegerl GC, Crowley TJ, Hyde WT, & Frame DJ: Climate sensitivity constrained
by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature
440(7087):1029–1032, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04679.

24. Smith CL, Baker A, Fairchild IJ, Frisia S, & Borsato A: Reconstructing
hemispheric-scale climates from multiple stalagmite records. Int J Climatol
26(10):1417–1424, 2006. dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1329.

25. Juckes MN, Allen MR, Briffa KR, Esper J, Hegerl GC, et al.: Millennial
temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation. Clim Past
3(4):591–609, 2007. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-591-2007.

26. Wahl ER & Ammann CM: Robustness of the Mann, Bradley, Hughes reconstruction
of Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures: Examination of criticisms based on
the nature and processing of proxy climate evidence. Climatic Change
85(1–2):33–69, 2007. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9105-7.

27. Huang SP, Pollack HN, & Shen P-Y: A late Quaternary climate reconstruction
based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the
instrumental record. Geophys Res Lett 35(13):L13703, 2008.
dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034187.

28. Lee TC, Zwiers FW, & Tsao M: Evaluation of proxy-based millennial
reconstruction methods. Clim Dynam 31(2–3):263–281, 2008.
dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0351-9.

29. Mann ME, Zhang Z, Hughes MK, Bradley RS, Miller SK, et al.: Proxy-based
reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over
the past two millennia. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105(36):13252–13257, 2008.
dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805721105.

30. Kaufman DS, Schneider DP, McKay NP, Ammann CM, Bradley RS, et al.: Recent
warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling. Science 325(5945):1236–1239, 2009.
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1173983.

31. Tingley MP & Huybers P: A Bayesian algorithm for reconstructing climate
anomalies in space and time. Part I: Development and applications to
paleoclimate reconstruction problems. J Climate 23(10):2759–2781, 2010.
dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3015.1.

32. Ljungqvist FC: A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the
extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geogr Ann A
92(3):339–351, 2010. dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x.

33. Goosse H, Crespin E, de Montety A, Mann ME, Renssen H, & Timmermann A:
Reconstructing surface temperature changes over the past 600 years using climate
model simulations with data assimilation. J Geophys Res-Atmos 115(D9), 2010.
dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012737.

34. Christiansen B & Ljungqvist FC: Reconstruction of the extratropical NH mean
temperature over the last millennium with a method that preserves low-frequency
variability. J Climate 24(23):6013–6034, 2011.
dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4145.1.

35. Ljungqvist FC, Krusic PJ, Brattström G, & Sundqvist HS: Northern Hemisphere
temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries. Clim Past 8(1):227–249, 2012.
dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-227-2012.

36. Christiansen B & Ljungqvist FC: The extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere
temperature in the last two millennia: Reconstructions of low-frequency
variability. Clim Past 8(2):765–786, 2012. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-765-2012.

37. PAGES 2k Consortium: Continental-scale temperature variability during the
past two millennia. Nat Geosci 6(5):339–346, 2013. dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1797.

38. Marcott SA, Shakun JD, Clark PU, & Mix AC: A reconstruction of regional and
global temperature for the past 11,300 years. Science 339(6124):1198–1201, 2013.
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1228026.

39. Shi F, Yang B, Mairesse A, von Gunten L, Li J, et al.: Northern hemisphere
temperature reconstruction during the last millennium using multiple annual
proxies. Climate Res 56:231–244, 2013. dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01156.

40. Neukom R, Gergis J, Karoly DJ, Wanner H, Curran M, et al.: Inter-hemispheric
temperature variability over the past millennium. Nat Clim Change 4(5):362-367,
2014. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2174.

41. Barboza L, Li B, Tingley MP, & Viens FG: Reconstructing past temperatures
from natural proxies and estimated climate forcings using short-and long-memory
models. Ann Appl Stat 8(4):1966–2001, 2014. dx.doi.org/10.1214/14-AOAS785.

42. Tierney JE, Abram NJ, Anchukaitis KJ, Evans MN, Giry C, et al.: Tropical sea
surface temperatures for the past four centuries reconstructed from coral
archives. Paleoceanography 30(3):226–252, 2015. dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002717.

43. Tingley MP & Huybers P: Heterogeneous warming of Northern Hemisphere surface
temperatures over the last 1200 years. J Geophys Res-Atmos 120(9):4040–4056,
2015. dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022506.

44. Wilson R, Anchukaitis K, Briffa KR, Büntgen U, Cook E, et al.: Last
millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part I: The
long term context. Quaternary Sci Rev 134:1–8, 2016.
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.005.

45. Xing P, Chen X, Luo Y, Nie S, Zhao Z, et al.: The extratropical Northern
Hemisphere temperature reconstruction during the last millennium based on a
novel method. PLOS ONE 11(1):e0146776, 2016.
dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146776.

46. Abram NJ, McGregor HV, Tierney JE, Evans MN, McKay NP, et al.: Early onset
of industrial-era warming across the oceans and continents. Nature
536(7617):411–418, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19082.

47. Hakim GJ, Emile-Geay J, Steig EJ, Noone D, Anderson DM, et al.: The last
millennium climate reanalysis project: Framework and first results. J Geophys
Res-Atmos. 121(12):6745–6764, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024751.

48. Snyder CW: Evolution of global temperature over the past two million years.
Nature 538(7624):226–28, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19798.

49. Pei Q, Zhang DD, Li J, & Lee HF: Proxy-based Northern Hemisphere temperature
reconstruction for the mid-to-late Holocene. Theor Appl Climatol 1–11, 2016.
dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1932-5.

50. Emile-Geay J, McKay NP, Kaufman DS, von Gunten L, Wang J, et al.: A global
multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era.
Scientific Data 4:170088, 2017. dx.doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.88.

51. Marsicek J, Shuman BN, Bartlein PJ, Shafer SL, & Brewer S: Reconciling
divergent trends and millennial variations in Holocene temperatures. Nature
554:92–96, 2018. dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25464.

52. Neukom R, Barboza LA, Erb MP, Shi F, Emile-Geay J, et al.: Consistent
multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations
over the Common Era. Nat Geosci 12:643–649, 2019.
dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0.

53. Tardif R, Hakim GJ, Perkins WA, Horlick KA, Erb MP, et al.: Last millennium
reanalysis with an expanded proxy database and seasonal proxy modeling. Clim
Past 15(4):1251–1273, 2019. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1251-2019.

54. Neukom R, Steiger N, Gómez-Navarro JJ, Wang J, & Werner JP: No evidence for
globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era.
Nature 571(7766):550–554, 2019. dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2.

55. Kaufman D, McKay N, Routson C, Erb M, Davis B, et al.: A global database of
Holocene paleotemperature records. Sci Data 7(1):1–34, 2020.
dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0445-3.

56. Kaufman D, McKay N, Routson C, Erb M, Dätwyler C, et al.: Holocene global
mean surface temperature, a multi-method reconstruction approach. Sci Data
7(201):1–13, 2020. dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0530-7.

57. Westerhold T, Marwan N, Drury AJ, Liebrand D, Agnini C, et al.: An
astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the
last 66 million years. Science 369(6509):1383–1387, 2020.
dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20141661.

58. Bova S, Rosenthal Y, Liu Z, Godad SP, & Yan M: Seasonal origin of the
thermal maxima at the Holocene and the last interglacial. Nature 589:548–553,
2021. dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03155-x.

59. Osman MB, Tierney JE, Zhu J, Tardif R, Hakim GJ, et al.: Globally resolved
surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 599:239–244, 2021.
dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03984-4.

60. Kaufman DS & McKay NP: Past and future warming—direct comparison on
multi-century timescales. Clim Past 18(4):911–917, 2022.
dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-911-2022.

61. Anchukaitis KJ & Smerdon JE: Progress and uncertainties in global and
hemispheric temperature reconstructions of the Common Era. Quaternary Sci Rev
286:107537, 2022. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107537.

62. Erb MP, McKay NP, Steiger N, Dee S, Hancock C, et al. Reconstructing
Holocene temperatures in time and space using paleoclimate data assimilation.
Clim Past 18(12):2599–2629, 2022. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2599-2022.

And for fun, some large-scale regional hockey sticks:

63. Hanhijärvi S, Tingley MP, & Korhola A: Pairwise comparisons to reconstruct
mean temperature in the Arctic Atlantic Region over the last 2,000 years. Clim
Dynam 41(7-8):2039–2060, 2013. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1701-4.

64. Davi NK, D'Arrigo R, Jacoby GC, Cook ER, Anchukaitis K, et al.: A long-term
context (931–2005 C.E.) for rapid warming over Central Asia. Quaternary Sci Rev
121:89–97, 2015. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.020.

65. Luterbacher J, Werner JP, Smerdon JE, Fernández-Donado L, González-Rouco FJ,
et al.: European summer temperatures since Roman times. Environ Res Lett
11(2):024001, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024001.

66. Gergis J, Neukom R, Gallant AJE, & Karoly DK: Australasian Temperature
Reconstructions Spanning the Last Millennium. J Climate 29(15):5365–5392, 2016.
dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00781.1.

67. Jaume-Santero F, Pickler C, Beltrami H, & Mareschal J-C: North American
regional climate reconstruction from ground surface temperature histories. Clim
Past 12(12):2181–2194, 2016. dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2181-2016.

68. Büntgen U, Arseneault D, Boucher É, Churakova OV, Gennaretti F, et al.:
Prominent role of volcanism in Common Era climate variability and human history.
Dendrochronologia 64(125757):1–11, 2020.
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125757.

69. Lapointe F, Bradley RS, Francus P, Balascio NL, Abbott MB, et al.: Annually
resolved Atlantic sea surface temperature variability over the past 2,900 y. P
Natl Acad Sci USA 117(44):27171–27178, 2020. dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014166117.

70. Büntgen U, Allen K, Anchukaitis KJ, Arseneault D, Boucher É, et al.: The
influence of decision-making in tree ring-based climate reconstructions. Nat
Commun 12(3411):1–10, 2021. dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23627-6.

71. Hörhold M, Münch T, Weißbach S, Kipfstuhl S, Freitag J, et al.: Modern
temperatures in central–north Greenland warmest in past millennium. Nature
613(7944):503–507, 2023. dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05517-z.

72. Björklund J, Seftigen K, Stoffel M, Fonti MV, Kottlow S, et al.:
Fennoscandian tree-ring anatomy shows a warmer modern than medieval climate.
Nature 620(7972):97–103, 2023. dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06176-4.

And climate deniers point at the mountain of evidence accumulated around the world, blink their eyes, draw a deep breath, and scream "IT'S NOT HAPPENING!"

Yep! Deniers hate the hockey stick—so therefore I've added a couple more recent ones to the list. Cheers.

@nbonbon That's a great paper, but unfortunately it doesn't really fit in this list of paleotemperature reconstructions. But maybe it would also be worthwhile setting up a list to contravene the ridiculous complaint, "The models don't work!!"