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sean-d/generators-free-your-mind.ipynb

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Last active August 29, 2015 14:27
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IPython Notebook for "Generators Will Free Your Mind"
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generators-free-your-mind.ipynb
{
"metadata": {
"celltoolbar": "Slideshow",
"name": "",
"signature": "sha256:107a668bacd0d19dcd4abeb61c878791d1ceee5dc2e62b2fe4358538eb74e597"
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"Generators Will Free Your Mind\n",
"==============================\n",
"\n",
"James Powell\n",
"\n",
"[http://gist.github.com/dutc](http://gist.github.com/dutc)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"source": [
"[james@dontusethiscode.com](james@dontusethiscode.com)\n",
"\n",
"[@dontusethiscode](http://twitter.com/dontusethiscode)\n",
"\n",
"[seriously.dontusethiscode.com](http://seriously.dontusethiscode.com)\n",
"\n",
"dutc on irc.freenode.net"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"source": [
"NYC Python\n",
"----------\n",
"\n",
"[nycpython.org](http://nycpython.org)\n",
"\n",
"[pygotham.org](http://pygotham.org)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"source": [
"A Conference \"for Python Quants\"\n",
"--------------------------------\n",
"\n",
"[forpythonquants.com](http://forpythonquants.com)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"source": [
"*I used to be addicted to the Hokey Pokey, but I turned myself around.*\n",
"-----------------------------------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"Themes\n",
"------\n",
"\n",
"- generators are a very useful way of modelling problems in Python\n",
"- the ways we model problems using generators is fundamentally different"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"source": [
"Not Covered\n",
"-----------\n",
"\n",
"- what is a generator; see my previous talks\n",
"- efficiencies"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import print_function\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"from __future__ import unicode_literals"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 1
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"*Functional Programming Has Already Freed Your Mind*\n",
"----------------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from random import randrange\n",
"\n",
"markets = {\n",
" 'US': randrange(-4000000, 4000000),\n",
" 'UK': randrange(-4000000, 4000000),\n",
" 'EU': randrange(-4000000, 4000000),\n",
" 'CEMEA': randrange(-4000000, 4000000), \n",
" 'Central America': randrange(-4000000, 4000000),\n",
" 'Asia': randrange(-4000000, 4000000),\n",
" 'Antarctica': 0,\n",
"}"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def output(markets):\n",
" for region, profit in markets.items():\n",
" print(region, profit)\n",
" \n",
"output(markets)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Central America -675140\n",
"Asia -3614396\n",
"Antarctica 0\n",
"US -2724620\n",
"UK -2380001\n",
"EU 771665\n",
"CEMEA 3480172\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 3
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def output(markets):\n",
" align = max(map(len,markets))\n",
" for region, profit in markets.items():\n",
" print('{region:<{align}} {profit:>10,}'.format(region=region, profit=profit, align=align))\n",
" \n",
"output(markets)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Central America -675,140\n",
"Asia -3,614,396\n",
"Antarctica 0\n",
"US -2,724,620\n",
"UK -2,380,001\n",
"EU 771,665\n",
"CEMEA 3,480,172\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 4
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def output(markets, filename=None):\n",
" align = max(map(len,markets))\n",
" for region, profit in markets.items():\n",
" line = '{region:<{align}} {profit:>10,}'.format(region=region,\n",
" profit=profit,\n",
" align=align)\n",
" if filename:\n",
" with open(filename) as f:\n",
" f.write(line)\n",
" \n",
" print(line)\n",
" \n",
"output(markets)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Central America -675,140\n",
"Asia -3,614,396\n",
"Antarctica 0\n",
"US -2,724,620\n",
"UK -2,380,001\n",
"EU 771,665\n",
"CEMEA 3,480,172\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 5
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from logging import info\n",
"\n",
"def output(markets, filename=None, to_log=False):\n",
" align = max(map(len,markets))\n",
" for region, profit in markets.items():\n",
" line = '{region:<{align}} {profit:>10,}'.format(region=region,\n",
" profit=profit,\n",
" align=align)\n",
" if filename:\n",
" with open(filename) as f:\n",
" f.write(line)\n",
" \n",
" if to_log:\n",
" info(line)\n",
" \n",
" print(line)\n",
" \n",
"output(markets, to_log=True)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Central America -675,140\n",
"Asia -3,614,396\n",
"Antarctica 0\n",
"US -2,724,620\n",
"UK -2,380,001\n",
"EU 771,665\n",
"CEMEA 3,480,172\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def output(markets, filename=None, to_log=False, to_email=False, accounting=False):\n",
" align = max(map(len,markets))\n",
" \n",
" for region, profit in markets.items():\n",
" if accounting:\n",
" if profit < 0:\n",
" profit = '({:>10,})'.format(-profit)\n",
" else:\n",
" profit = ' {:>10,}'.format(profit)\n",
" \n",
" line = '{region:<{align}} {profit}'.format(region=region,\n",
" profit=profit,\n",
" align=align)\n",
" if filename:\n",
" with open(filename) as f:\n",
" f.write(line)\n",
" \n",
" if to_log:\n",
" info(line)\n",
" \n",
" print(line)\n",
" \n",
"output(markets, accounting=True)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Central America ( 675,140)\n",
"Asia ( 3,614,396)\n",
"Antarctica 0\n",
"US ( 2,724,620)\n",
"UK ( 2,380,001)\n",
"EU 771,665\n",
"CEMEA 3,480,172\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 7
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def output(markets, filename=None, to_log=False, to_email=False, accounting=False):\n",
" align = max(map(len,markets))\n",
" \n",
" if to_email:\n",
" lines = []\n",
" \n",
" for region, profit in markets.items():\n",
" if accounting:\n",
" if profit < 0:\n",
" profit = '({:>10,})'.format(-profit)\n",
" else:\n",
" profit = ' {:>10,}'.format(profit)\n",
" \n",
" line = '{region:<{align}} {profit}'.format(region=region,\n",
" profit=profit,\n",
" align=align)\n",
" if filename:\n",
" with open(filename) as f:\n",
" f.write(line)\n",
" \n",
" if to_email:\n",
" lines.append(line)\n",
" \n",
" if to_log:\n",
" info(line)\n",
" \n",
" print(line)\n",
" \n",
" if to_email:\n",
" email('\\n'.join(lines))\n",
" \n",
"output(markets, accounting=True)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Central America ( 675,140)\n",
"Asia ( 3,614,396)\n",
"Antarctica 0\n",
"US ( 2,724,620)\n",
"UK ( 2,380,001)\n",
"EU 771,665\n",
"CEMEA 3,480,172\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from numbers import Real\n",
"class Accounting(Real, float):\n",
" def __metaclass__(name, bases, body):\n",
" for method in Real.__abstractmethods__:\n",
" if method not in body:\n",
" body[method] = (lambda meth: lambda *args, **kwargs: Accounting(getattr(float,meth)(*args, **kwargs)))(method)\n",
" for method in ('__ne__','__nonzero__',):\n",
" if method not in body:\n",
" body[method] = (lambda meth: lambda *args, **kwargs: getattr(float,meth)(*args, **kwargs))(method)\n",
" return Real.__metaclass__(name, bases, body)\n",
" __new__ = float.__new__\n",
" def __format__(self, fmt): \n",
" return { 1: ' %s'%float.__format__(self, fmt),\n",
" 0: ' %s'%float.__format__(self, fmt).replace('0', '-'),\n",
" -1: '(%s)'%float.__format__(self, fmt) }[cmp(self,0)]"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"template = '{region:<{align}} {profit:>14,.0f}'.format\n",
"def output(markets, write=print, template=template):\n",
" align = max(map(len,markets))\n",
" for region, profit in markets.items():\n",
" line = template(region=region, profit=profit, align=align)\n",
" write(line)\n",
"\n",
"output({region:Accounting(profit) for region, profit in markets.items()})"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Central America ( -675,140)\n",
"US ( -2,724,620)\n",
"Antarctica -\n",
"Asia ( -3,614,396)\n",
"UK ( -2,380,001)\n",
"EU 771,665\n",
"CEMEA 3,480,172\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"Functional Programming Frees Your Mind From Presuming Modalities\n",
"----------------------------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"source": [
"Functional Programming Simplified your Internal API\n",
"---------------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"source": [
"Functional Programming Empowered Your Users\n",
"-------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"source": [
"(Pure Functional Programming Has Further Freed Your Mind)\n",
"---------------------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"What is a Generator & What is a Coroutine?\n",
"------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def fib(a=1, b=1, n=10):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" for _ in xrange(n):\n",
" rv.append(a)\n",
" a, b = b, a + b\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"fib()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 11,
"text": [
"[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 11
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def ratio(xs):\n",
" xs = iter(xs)\n",
" x1 = next(xs) # raises StopIteration\n",
" x2 = next(xs)\n",
" rv = [x2/x1]\n",
" x1 = x2\n",
" for x2 in xs:\n",
" rv.append(x2/x1)\n",
" x1 = x2 \n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"from math import sqrt\n",
"ratio(fib(n=5))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 12,
"text": [
"[1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.6666666666666667]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"phi = (1+sqrt(5))/2\n",
"[abs(x - phi) for x in ratio(fib(n=5))]"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 13,
"text": [
"[0.6180339887498949,\n",
" 0.3819660112501051,\n",
" 0.1180339887498949,\n",
" 0.04863267791677184]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 13
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# 1.609 km per mi"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 14
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def fib(a=1, b=1):\n",
" while True:\n",
" yield a\n",
" a, b = b, a + b\n",
"\n",
"from itertools import islice\n",
"list(islice(fib(),10))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 15,
"text": [
"[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 15
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from itertools import islice, izip, tee\n",
"nwise = lambda g,n: izip(*(islice(g,i,None) for i,g in enumerate(tee(g,n))))\n",
"ratio = lambda g: (y/x for x,y in nwise(g,2))\n",
"\n",
"list(islice(ratio(fib()),5))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 16,
"text": [
"[1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.6666666666666667, 1.6]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 16
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"phi = (1+sqrt(5))/2\n",
"[abs(x - phi) for x in islice(ratio(fib()),5)]"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 17,
"text": [
"[0.6180339887498949,\n",
" 0.3819660112501051,\n",
" 0.1180339887498949,\n",
" 0.04863267791677184,\n",
" 0.018033988749894814]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 17
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"Generators Free You From Presumptions About Use\n",
"-----------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def fib(a=1, b=1, n=10):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" for _ in xrange(10):\n",
" rv.append(a)\n",
" a, b = b, a + b\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"print(fib())\n",
"\n",
"def fib(a=1, b=1, n=10):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" while True:\n",
" if a > n: break\n",
" rv.append(a)\n",
" a, b = b, a + b\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"print(fib())"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]\n",
"[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 18
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def fib(a=1, b=1):\n",
" while True:\n",
" yield a\n",
" a, b = b, a+b\n",
" \n",
"from itertools import islice\n",
"print(list(islice(fib(),10)))\n",
"\n",
"from itertools import takewhile\n",
"print(list(takewhile(lambda x: x < 10, fib())))\n",
"\n",
"from itertools import dropwhile\n",
"print(list(dropwhile(lambda x: x < 5, \n",
" takewhile(lambda x: x < 100,\n",
" islice(fib(),15)))))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]\n",
"[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]\n",
"[5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 19
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from time import sleep \n",
"\n",
"def query():\n",
" for x in xrange(10):\n",
" sleep(.1)\n",
" yield x\n",
" \n",
"% time list(islice(query(),1))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns\n",
"Wall time: 100 ms\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 20,
"text": [
"[0]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 20
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"Generators Free You From Presumptions About Return Type\n",
"-------------------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def process(xs):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" for x in xs:\n",
" rv.append(x)\n",
" return rv\n",
" \n",
"def process(xs):\n",
" rv = set()\n",
" for x in xs:\n",
" rv.add(x)\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"def process(xs):\n",
" rv = ()\n",
" for x in xs:\n",
" rv += (x,)\n",
" return rv"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 21
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def fib(a=1, b=1, n=100):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" for _ in xrange(n):\n",
" rv.append(a)\n",
" a, b = b, a+b\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"% timeit -r 5 fib()\n",
"\n",
"% timeit -r 5 tuple(fib())\n",
"% timeit -r 5 set(fib())"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"100000 loops, best of 5: 13.1 \u00b5s per loop\n",
"100000 loops, best of 5: 13.5 \u00b5s per loop"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"100000 loops, best of 5: 17.8 \u00b5s per loop"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 24
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def fib(a=1, b=1):\n",
" while True:\n",
" yield a\n",
" a, b = b, a+b \n",
" \n",
"from itertools import islice\n",
"% timeit -r 5 list(islice(fib(),100))\n",
"% timeit -r 5 tuple(islice(fib(),100))\n",
"% timeit -r 5 set(islice(fib(),100))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"100000 loops, best of 5: 13.6 \u00b5s per loop\n",
"100000 loops, best of 5: 13.7 \u00b5s per loop"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"100000 loops, best of 5: 16.5 \u00b5s per loop"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 25
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def average(xs):\n",
" if not isinstance(xs, list):\n",
" raise TypeError('xs must strictly be a list')\n",
" return sum(xs) / len(xs)\n",
"\n",
"average([1,2,4,8,16])"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 27,
"text": [
"6.2"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 27
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"average((1,2,4,8,16))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "TypeError",
"evalue": "xs must strictly be a list",
"output_type": "pyerr",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-28-4a82f84bdc7a>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m16\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-27-c010f9029beb>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36maverage\u001b[1;34m(xs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mxs\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mnot\u001b[0m \u001b[0misinstance\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mxs\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlist\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 3\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mTypeError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'xs must strictly be a list'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m 4\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0msum\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mxs\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mxs\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: xs must strictly be a list"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 28
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from collections import Sized\n",
"\n",
"def average(xs):\n",
" if not isinstance(xs, Sized):\n",
" raise TypeError('xs must be Sized')\n",
" return sum(xs) / len(xs)\n",
"\n",
"average((1,2,4,8,16))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 29,
"text": [
"6.2"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 29
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from collections import Iterable\n",
"\n",
"def average(xs):\n",
" if not isinstance(xs, Iterable):\n",
" raise TypeError('xs must be Iterable')\n",
" total, count = reduce(lambda x,acc: map(sum,zip(x,acc)), ((x,1) for x in xs))\n",
" return total / count\n",
"\n",
"average(2**x for x in xrange(5))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 31,
"text": [
"6.2"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 31
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"Generators Simplify Your APIs & Remove Presumptions About Modes\n",
"---------------------------------------------------------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from time import sleep\n",
"from random import randrange\n",
"\n",
"def source():\n",
" for _ in xrange(randrange(10,20)):\n",
" yield randrange(-100, 100)\n",
" sleep(randrange(5,10)/50)\n",
"\n",
"def load_data(source):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" for datum in source:\n",
" average = sum(x for x,_ in rv)/len(rv) if rv else datum\n",
" rv.append((datum, average))\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"load_data(source())"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 32,
"text": [
"[(-35, -35),\n",
" (-45, -35.0),\n",
" (88, -40.0),\n",
" (-32, 2.6666666666666665),\n",
" (-67, -6.0),\n",
" (-57, -18.2),\n",
" (83, -24.666666666666668),\n",
" (98, -9.285714285714286),\n",
" (-74, 4.125),\n",
" (-71, -4.555555555555555),\n",
" (-95, -11.2),\n",
" (93, -18.818181818181817)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 32
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def source(n):\n",
" for _ in xrange(n):\n",
" yield randrange(-100, 100)\n",
" sleep(randrange(5,10)/50)\n",
"\n",
"def load_data(source, size):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" for i, datum in enumerate(source):\n",
" average = sum(x for x,_ in rv)/len(rv) if rv else datum\n",
" rv.append((datum, average))\n",
" print('loading {:.2%}'.format(i/size))\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"load_data(source(5), 5)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"loading 0.00%\n",
"loading 20.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"loading 40.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"loading 60.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"loading 80.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 33,
"text": [
"[(-18, -18), (-24, -18.0), (23, -21.0), (22, -6.333333333333333), (35, 0.75)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 33
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def load_data(source, size):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" print('loading', end=' ')\n",
" for i, datum in enumerate(source):\n",
" average = sum(x for x,_ in rv)/len(rv) if rv else datum\n",
" rv.append((datum, average))\n",
" print('{:.2%}'.format(i/size), end=' ')\n",
" print('done loading!')\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"load_data(source(5), 5)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"loading 0.00% 20.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 40.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 60.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 80.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" done loading!"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 34,
"text": [
"[(22, 22), (-26, 22.0), (19, -2.0), (-19, 5.0), (68, -1.0)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 34
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def load_data(source, size, before, during, after):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" before()\n",
" for i, datum in enumerate(source):\n",
" average = sum(x for x,_ in rv)/len(rv) if rv else datum\n",
" rv.append((datum, average))\n",
" during(i, size)\n",
" after()\n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"def before():\n",
" print('loading', end=' ')\n",
"def during(i, size):\n",
" print('{:.2%}'.format(i/size), end=' ')\n",
"def after():\n",
" print('done loading!')\n",
"\n",
"load_data(source(5), 5, before=after, during=during, after=before)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"done loading!\n",
"0.00% 20.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 40.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 60.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 80.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" loading"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" "
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 35,
"text": [
"[(-26, -26), (-78, -26.0), (86, -52.0), (15, -6.0), (-12, -0.75)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 35
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def load_data(source, update):\n",
" rv = []\n",
" next(update)\n",
" for i, datum in enumerate(source):\n",
" average = sum(x for x,_ in rv)/len(rv) if rv else datum\n",
" rv.append((datum, average))\n",
" update.send(datum)\n",
" next(update)\n",
" update.close() \n",
" return rv\n",
"\n",
"def update(n):\n",
" print('loading', end=' ')\n",
" count, datum = 0, (yield)\n",
" while datum is not None: \n",
" print('{:.2%}'.format(count/n), end=' ') \n",
" count, datum = count+1, (yield)\n",
" print('done loading!')\n",
" while True: yield \n",
"\n",
"load_data(source(5), update(5))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"loading 0.00% 20.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 40.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 60.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" 80.00%"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
" done loading!"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 36,
"text": [
"[(35, 35), (15, 35.0), (91, 25.0), (91, 47.0), (81, 58.0)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 36
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# http://www.sifma.org/services/holiday-schedule/\n",
"# \"All SIFMA holiday recommendations apply to the trading of U.S. dollar-denominated \n",
"# government securities, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, over-the-counter \n",
"# investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds, municipal bonds and secondary \n",
"# money market trading in bankers' acceptances, commercial paper and Yankee and \n",
"# Euro certificates of deposit.\"\n",
" \n",
"from datetime import date \n",
"\n",
"holidays = { # early # full\n",
" 'Bank Holiday #1': (None, date(2014, 1, 2)),\n",
" 'Bank Holiday #2': (None, date(2014, 1, 3)),\n",
" 'Coming of Age Day': (None, date(2014, 1, 13)),\n",
" 'U.S. Martin Luther King Day': (None, date(2014, 1, 20)),\n",
" 'National Foundation Day': (None, date(2014, 2, 11)),\n",
" \"U.S. Presidents' Day\": (None, date(2014, 2, 17)),\n",
" 'Spring Equinox': (None, date(2014, 3, 21)),\n",
" 'Good Friday': (None, date(2014, 4, 18)),\n",
" 'U.K Easter Monday': (date(2014, 4, 21), None),\n",
" 'Showa Day': (None, date(2014, 4, 29)),\n",
" 'Constitutional Day': (None, None),\n",
" \"Children's Day\": (None, date(2014, 5, 5)),\n",
" 'U.K. May Day': (None, date(2014, 5, 5)),\n",
" 'Greenery Day': (None, date(2014, 5, 6)),\n",
" 'U.S. Memorial Day': (None, date(2014, 5, 26)),\n",
" 'U.K. Spring Bank Holiday': (None, date(2014, 5, 26)),\n",
" \"U.K. Queen's Diamond Jubilee\": (None, None),\n",
" 'U.S. Independence Day': (None, date(2014, 7, 4)),\n",
" 'Marine Day': (None, date(2014, 7, 21)),\n",
" 'U.K. Summer Bank Holiday': (date(2014, 8, 25), None),\n",
" 'U.S. Labor Day': (None, date(2014, 9, 1)),\n",
" 'Respect for the Aged Day': (None, date(2014, 9, 15)),\n",
" 'Autumn Equinox': (None, date(2014, 9, 23)),\n",
" 'Sports Day/U.S. Columbus Day': (None, date(2014, 10, 13)),\n",
" 'Culture Day': (None, date(2014, 11, 3)),\n",
" 'U.S. Veterans Day': (None, date(2014, 11, 11)),\n",
" 'Labor Thanksgiving Day': (None, date(2014, 11, 24)),\n",
" 'U.S. Thanksgiving Day': (None, date(2014, 11, 27)),\n",
" \"Emperor's Birthday\": (None, date(2014, 12, 23)),\n",
" 'Christmas Day': (None, date(2014, 12, 25)),\n",
" 'U.K. Boxing Day': (date(2014, 12, 26), None),\n",
" 'Bank Holiday #3': (None, date(2014, 12, 31)), }"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 37
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from datetime import timedelta\n",
"def nthbusinessdate(refdate, n, holidays={full for early,full in holidays.values()}): \n",
" while n > 0:\n",
" refdate += timedelta(days=1)\n",
" while refdate.weekday() in {5,6} or refdate in holidays:\n",
" refdate += timedelta(days=1)\n",
" n -= 1\n",
" return refdate\n",
" \n",
"# July 2014 \n",
"# Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa\n",
"# 1 2 3 4* 5 \n",
"# 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 \n",
"# 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 \n",
"# 20 21* 22 23 24 25 26 \n",
"# 27 28 29 30 31 \n",
"\n",
"nthbusinessdate(date(2014,7,2), 2)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 38,
"text": [
"datetime.date(2014, 7, 7)"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 38
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"nthbusinessdate(date(2014,7,2), 1), nthbusinessdate(date(2014,7,2), 2), nthbusinessdate(date(2014,7,2), 3)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 39,
"text": [
"(datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 7),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 8))"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 39
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def businessdays(refdate, holidays={full for early,full in holidays.values()}): \n",
" while True:\n",
" refdate += timedelta(days=1)\n",
" while refdate.weekday() in {5,6} or refdate in holidays:\n",
" refdate += timedelta(days=1)\n",
" yield refdate\n",
"\n",
"g = businessdays(date(2014,7,2))\n",
"next(g), next(g), next(g)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 40,
"text": [
"(datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 7),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 8))"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 40
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from operator import add, sub\n",
"NBD, PBD = add, sub\n",
"def businessdays(refdate, direction=NBD, holidays={full for early,full in holidays.values()}): \n",
" while True:\n",
" refdate = direction(refdate, timedelta(days=1))\n",
" while refdate.weekday() in {5,6} or refdate in holidays:\n",
" refdate = direction(refdate, timedelta(days=1))\n",
" yield refdate\n",
"\n",
"g = businessdays(date(2014,7,2), direction=PBD)\n",
"next(g), next(g), next(g)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 41,
"text": [
"(datetime.date(2014, 7, 1),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 6, 30),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 6, 27))"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 41
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"NBD, PBD = lambda d: d+timedelta(days=1), lambda d: d-timedelta(days=1)\n",
"\n",
"def datecount(refdate, direction=NBD):\n",
" while True:\n",
" yield refdate\n",
" refdate = direction(refdate)\n",
" \n",
"def businessdays(refdate, direction=NBD, holidays={full for early,full in holidays.values()}): \n",
" return (d for d in datecount(refdate, direction) if d.weekday() not in {5,6} and d not in holidays)\n",
"\n",
"g = businessdays(date(2014,7,2), direction=PBD)\n",
"next(g), next(g), next(g)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 42,
"text": [
"(datetime.date(2014, 7, 2),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 1),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 6, 30))"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 42
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"g = businessdays(date(2014,7,2), direction=NBD)\n",
"next(g), next(g), next(g)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 43,
"text": [
"(datetime.date(2014, 7, 2),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 7))"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 43
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from functools import wraps\n",
"\n",
"def pumped(gen):\n",
" @wraps(gen)\n",
" def inner(*args, **kwargs):\n",
" g = gen(*args, **kwargs)\n",
" next(g)\n",
" return g.send\n",
" return inner"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "notes"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 44
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"@pumped\n",
"def jp_holidays(): # Jurassic Park \n",
" \n",
" @apply\n",
" def calendar(): # simulate lookup\n",
" for d in sorted(full for early,full in holidays.values() if full is not None):\n",
" sleep(.2)\n",
" yield d\n",
" \n",
" refdate, next_holiday = None, next(calendar)\n",
" while True:\n",
" refdate = yield (refdate == next_holiday)\n",
" while refdate > next_holiday:\n",
" next_holiday = next(calendar)\n",
" \n",
"def businessdays(refdate, direction=NBD, holidays=lambda _: False):\n",
" return (d for d in datecount(refdate, direction) if d.weekday() not in {5,6} and not holidays(d))\n",
"\n",
"g = businessdays(date(2014,7,2), direction=NBD, holidays=jp_holidays())\n",
"% time list(islice(g,3))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"CPU times: user 4 ms, sys: 0 ns, total: 4 ms\n",
"Wall time: 3 s\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 46,
"text": [
"[datetime.date(2014, 7, 2),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),\n",
" datetime.date(2014, 7, 7)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 46
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"% time list(islice(g,11,12))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns\n",
"Wall time: 200 ms\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 47,
"text": [
"[datetime.date(2014, 7, 24)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 47
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from decimal import Decimal\n",
"\n",
"def change(amount, denominations = map(Decimal,('1.00', '0.50', '0.25', '0.10', '0.05', '0.01'))):\n",
" coins = [] \n",
" while any(amount >= d for d in denominations): \n",
" coins.append(next((d for d in denominations if amount >= d)))\n",
" amount -= coins[-1]\n",
" return coins\n",
" \n",
"change(Decimal('1.72'))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 48,
"text": [
"[Decimal('1.00'),\n",
" Decimal('0.50'),\n",
" Decimal('0.10'),\n",
" Decimal('0.10'),\n",
" Decimal('0.01'),\n",
" Decimal('0.01')]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 48
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from decimal import Decimal\n",
"\n",
"def change(amount, denominations = {Decimal(d):5 for d in ('1.00', '0.50', '0.25', '0.10', '0.05', '0.01')}):\n",
" coins = [] \n",
" while any(amount >= d for d in sorted(denominations,reverse=True) if denominations[d] > 0): \n",
" coins.append(next(d for d in sorted(denominations,reverse=True) if amount >= d and denominations[d] > 0))\n",
" denominations[coins[-1]] -= 1\n",
" amount -= coins[-1]\n",
" return coins\n",
" \n",
"print(change(Decimal('1.72')))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"[Decimal('1.00'), Decimal('0.50'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.01'), Decimal('0.01')]\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 49
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print(change(Decimal('1.72'), denominations={Decimal('0.50'): 3, Decimal('0.10'): 10, Decimal('0.01'): 20}))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"[Decimal('0.50'), Decimal('0.50'), Decimal('0.50'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.01'), Decimal('0.01')]\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 50
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print(change(Decimal('1.72'), denominations={Decimal('0.50'): 2, Decimal('0.10'): 10, Decimal('0.01'): 20}))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"[Decimal('0.50'), Decimal('0.50'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.10'), Decimal('0.01'), Decimal('0.01')]\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 51
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from itertools import repeat, chain, takewhile\n",
"greedy = lambda items, predicate: chain.from_iterable(takewhile(predicate,repeat(x)) for x in items)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 52
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"@pumped\n",
"def predicate(x, state=0):\n",
" value = yield\n",
" while True:\n",
" if state+value <= x: # take values until you exceed the maximum\n",
" state += value\n",
" value = yield True \n",
" else:\n",
" value = yield False"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 53
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"amounts = [randrange(0,1000) for _ in xrange(5)] # randomly pick dollar amounts"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 58
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from itertools import groupby\n",
"\n",
"denominations = [1,5,10,25,100,500,1000,2000]\n",
"\n",
"for amount in amounts:\n",
" pred = predicate(amount) # create the predicate\n",
"\n",
" coins = greedy(reversed(denominations), pred) # greedy algorithm\n",
"\n",
" # pretty print\n",
" print('your change for {:>5.2f}$ = {}'.format(amount/100, \n",
" ' + '.join('{:>2d}\u00d7{:<3}'.format(sum(1 for _ in cs),\n",
" (('{:d}\u00a2' if c < 100 else '{:.0f}$').format(c if c < 100 else c/100))) for c,cs in groupby(coins))))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"your change for 7.44$ = 1\u00d75$ + 2\u00d71$ + 1\u00d725\u00a2 + 1\u00d710\u00a2 + 1\u00d75\u00a2 + 4\u00d71\u00a2 \n",
"your change for 9.09$ = 1\u00d75$ + 4\u00d71$ + 1\u00d75\u00a2 + 4\u00d71\u00a2 \n",
"your change for 8.60$ = 1\u00d75$ + 3\u00d71$ + 2\u00d725\u00a2 + 1\u00d710\u00a2\n",
"your change for 0.96$ = 3\u00d725\u00a2 + 2\u00d710\u00a2 + 1\u00d71\u00a2 \n",
"your change for 7.41$ = 1\u00d75$ + 2\u00d71$ + 1\u00d725\u00a2 + 1\u00d710\u00a2 + 1\u00d75\u00a2 + 1\u00d71\u00a2 \n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 59
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"@pumped\n",
"def predicate(x, state=0, constraint=lambda _, __: True):\n",
" values = []\n",
" value = yield\n",
" while True:\n",
" if state+value <= x and constraint(values, value): # take values until you exceed the maximum\n",
" state += value\n",
" value = yield True\n",
" values.append(value)\n",
" else:\n",
" value = yield False"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 60
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from collections import Counter\n",
"three_coins = lambda coins, coin: Counter(coins)[coin] < 2\n",
"\n",
"for amount in amounts:\n",
" pred = predicate(amount, constraint=three_coins) # create the predicate\n",
"\n",
" coins = list(greedy(reversed(denominations), pred)) # greedy algorithm\n",
"\n",
" # pretty print\n",
" print('your change for {:>5.2f}$ -{:>5.2f}$ = {}'.format(amount/100, (amount - sum(coins))/100,\n",
" ' + '.join('{:>2d}\u00d7{:<3}'.format(sum(1 for _ in cs),\n",
" (('{:d}\u00a2' if c < 100 else '{:.0f}$').format(c if c < 100 else c/100))) for c,cs in groupby(coins))))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"your change for 7.44$ - 0.02$ = 1\u00d75$ + 2\u00d71$ + 1\u00d725\u00a2 + 1\u00d710\u00a2 + 1\u00d75\u00a2 + 2\u00d71\u00a2 \n",
"your change for 9.09$ - 1.27$ = 1\u00d75$ + 2\u00d71$ + 2\u00d725\u00a2 + 2\u00d710\u00a2 + 2\u00d75\u00a2 + 2\u00d71\u00a2 \n",
"your change for 8.60$ - 0.78$ = 1\u00d75$ + 2\u00d71$ + 2\u00d725\u00a2 + 2\u00d710\u00a2 + 2\u00d75\u00a2 + 2\u00d71\u00a2 \n",
"your change for 0.96$ - 0.14$ = 2\u00d725\u00a2 + 2\u00d710\u00a2 + 2\u00d75\u00a2 + 2\u00d71\u00a2 \n",
"your change for 7.41$ - 0.00$ = 1\u00d75$ + 2\u00d71$ + 1\u00d725\u00a2 + 1\u00d710\u00a2 + 1\u00d75\u00a2 + 1\u00d71\u00a2 \n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 70
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"roman = { 1: 'i', 4: 'iv', 5: 'v', 9: 'ix', 10: 'x',\n",
" 40: 'ix', 50: 'x', 90: 'xc', 100: 'c', 400: 'cd',\n",
" 500: 'd', 900: 'cm', 1000: 'm',}"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "subslide"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 62
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"years = [randint(1900,2200) for _ in xrange(5)] # randomly pick a year"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 63
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"@pumped\n",
"def predicate(x, state=0, constraint=lambda _, __: True):\n",
" values = []\n",
" value = yield\n",
" while True:\n",
" if state+value <= x and constraint(values, value): # take values until you exceed the maximum\n",
" state += value\n",
" value = yield True\n",
" values.append(value)\n",
" else:\n",
" value = yield False"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "skip"
}
},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 64
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"for year in years: \n",
" pred = predicate(year) # create the predicate\n",
" \n",
" numerals = greedy(reversed(sorted(roman)), pred) # greedy algorithm\n",
" \n",
" print('the year {} is written {}'.format( year,''.join(roman[x].upper() for x in list(numerals))))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"the year 1903 is written MCMIII\n",
"the year 2052 is written MMXII\n",
"the year 2029 is written MMXXIX\n",
"the year 1975 is written MCMXXXV\n",
"the year 1945 is written MCMIXV\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 65
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "slide"
}
},
"source": [
"Generators Have Freed Your Mind\n",
"==============================="
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"source": [
"Go In Peace\n",
"-----------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"slideshow": {
"slide_type": "fragment"
}
},
"source": [
"James Powell\n",
"\n",
"[james@dontusethiscode.com](james@dontusethiscode.com)\n",
"\n",
"[@dontusethiscode](http://twitter.com/dontusethiscode)\n",
"\n",
"[seriously.dontusethiscode.com](http://seriously.dontusethiscode.com)\n",
"\n",
"dutc on irc.freenode.net"
]
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}
Raw
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textarea{height:auto}
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.input-append .add-on,.input-append .btn,.input-append .btn-group{margin-left:-1px}
.input-append .add-on:last-child,.input-append .btn:last-child,.input-append .btn-group:last-child>.dropdown-toggle{border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;-webkit-border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}
.input-prepend.input-append input,.input-prepend.input-append select,.input-prepend.input-append .uneditable-input{border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}.input-prepend.input-append input+.btn-group .btn,.input-prepend.input-append select+.btn-group .btn,.input-prepend.input-append .uneditable-input+.btn-group .btn{border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;-webkit-border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}
.input-prepend.input-append .add-on:first-child,.input-prepend.input-append .btn:first-child{margin-right:-1px;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;-moz-border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px}
.input-prepend.input-append .add-on:last-child,.input-prepend.input-append .btn:last-child{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;-webkit-border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}
.input-prepend.input-append .btn-group:first-child{margin-left:0}
input.search-query{padding-right:14px;padding-right:4px \9;padding-left:14px;padding-left:4px \9;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:15px;-webkit-border-radius:15px;-moz-border-radius:15px;border-radius:15px}
.form-search .input-append .search-query,.form-search .input-prepend .search-query{border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}
.form-search .input-append .search-query{border-radius:14px 0 0 14px;-webkit-border-radius:14px 0 0 14px;-moz-border-radius:14px 0 0 14px;border-radius:14px 0 0 14px}
.form-search .input-append .btn{border-radius:0 14px 14px 0;-webkit-border-radius:0 14px 14px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 14px 14px 0;border-radius:0 14px 14px 0}
.form-search .input-prepend .search-query{border-radius:0 14px 14px 0;-webkit-border-radius:0 14px 14px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 14px 14px 0;border-radius:0 14px 14px 0}
.form-search .input-prepend .btn{border-radius:14px 0 0 14px;-webkit-border-radius:14px 0 0 14px;-moz-border-radius:14px 0 0 14px;border-radius:14px 0 0 14px}
.form-search input,.form-inline input,.form-horizontal input,.form-search textarea,.form-inline textarea,.form-horizontal textarea,.form-search select,.form-inline select,.form-horizontal select,.form-search .help-inline,.form-inline .help-inline,.form-horizontal .help-inline,.form-search .uneditable-input,.form-inline .uneditable-input,.form-horizontal .uneditable-input,.form-search .input-prepend,.form-inline .input-prepend,.form-horizontal .input-prepend,.form-search .input-append,.form-inline .input-append,.form-horizontal .input-append{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle}
.form-search .hide,.form-inline .hide,.form-horizontal .hide{display:none}
.form-search label,.form-inline label,.form-search .btn-group,.form-inline .btn-group{display:inline-block}
.form-search .input-append,.form-inline .input-append,.form-search .input-prepend,.form-inline .input-prepend{margin-bottom:0}
.form-search .radio,.form-search .checkbox,.form-inline .radio,.form-inline .checkbox{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle}
.form-search .radio input[type="radio"],.form-search .checkbox input[type="checkbox"],.form-inline .radio input[type="radio"],.form-inline .checkbox input[type="checkbox"]{float:left;margin-right:3px;margin-left:0}
.control-group{margin-bottom:10px}
legend+.control-group{margin-top:20px;-webkit-margin-top-collapse:separate}
.form-horizontal .control-group{margin-bottom:20px;*zoom:1}.form-horizontal .control-group:before,.form-horizontal .control-group:after{display:table;content:"";line-height:0}
.form-horizontal .control-group:after{clear:both}
.form-horizontal .control-label{float:left;width:160px;padding-top:5px;text-align:right}
.form-horizontal .controls{*display:inline-block;*padding-left:20px;margin-left:180px;*margin-left:0}.form-horizontal .controls:first-child{*padding-left:180px}
.form-horizontal .help-block{margin-bottom:0}
.form-horizontal input+.help-block,.form-horizontal select+.help-block,.form-horizontal textarea+.help-block,.form-horizontal .uneditable-input+.help-block,.form-horizontal .input-prepend+.help-block,.form-horizontal .input-append+.help-block{margin-top:10px}
.form-horizontal .form-actions{padding-left:180px}
table{max-width:100%;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}
.table{width:100%;margin-bottom:20px}.table th,.table td{padding:8px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-top:1px solid #ddd}
.table th{font-weight:bold}
.table thead th{vertical-align:bottom}
.table caption+thead tr:first-child th,.table caption+thead tr:first-child td,.table colgroup+thead tr:first-child th,.table colgroup+thead tr:first-child td,.table thead:first-child tr:first-child th,.table thead:first-child tr:first-child td{border-top:0}
.table tbody+tbody{border-top:2px solid #ddd}
.table .table{background-color:#fff}
.table-condensed th,.table-condensed td{padding:4px 5px}
.table-bordered{border:1px solid #ddd;border-collapse:separate;*border-collapse:collapse;border-left:0;border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}.table-bordered th,.table-bordered td{border-left:1px solid #ddd}
.table-bordered caption+thead tr:first-child th,.table-bordered caption+tbody tr:first-child th,.table-bordered caption+tbody tr:first-child td,.table-bordered colgroup+thead tr:first-child th,.table-bordered colgroup+tbody tr:first-child th,.table-bordered colgroup+tbody tr:first-child td,.table-bordered thead:first-child tr:first-child th,.table-bordered tbody:first-child tr:first-child th,.table-bordered tbody:first-child tr:first-child td{border-top:0}
.table-bordered thead:first-child tr:first-child>th:first-child,.table-bordered tbody:first-child tr:first-child>td:first-child,.table-bordered tbody:first-child tr:first-child>th:first-child{-webkit-border-top-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:4px;border-top-left-radius:4px}
.table-bordered thead:first-child tr:first-child>th:last-child,.table-bordered tbody:first-child tr:first-child>td:last-child,.table-bordered tbody:first-child tr:first-child>th:last-child{-webkit-border-top-right-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topright:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px}
.table-bordered thead:last-child tr:last-child>th:first-child,.table-bordered tbody:last-child tr:last-child>td:first-child,.table-bordered tbody:last-child tr:last-child>th:first-child,.table-bordered tfoot:last-child tr:last-child>td:first-child,.table-bordered tfoot:last-child tr:last-child>th:first-child{-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px}
.table-bordered thead:last-child tr:last-child>th:last-child,.table-bordered tbody:last-child tr:last-child>td:last-child,.table-bordered tbody:last-child tr:last-child>th:last-child,.table-bordered tfoot:last-child tr:last-child>td:last-child,.table-bordered tfoot:last-child tr:last-child>th:last-child{-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px}
.table-bordered tfoot+tbody:last-child tr:last-child td:first-child{-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:0;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}
.table-bordered tfoot+tbody:last-child tr:last-child td:last-child{-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:0;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}
.table-bordered caption+thead tr:first-child th:first-child,.table-bordered caption+tbody tr:first-child td:first-child,.table-bordered colgroup+thead tr:first-child th:first-child,.table-bordered colgroup+tbody tr:first-child td:first-child{-webkit-border-top-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:4px;border-top-left-radius:4px}
.table-bordered caption+thead tr:first-child th:last-child,.table-bordered caption+tbody tr:first-child td:last-child,.table-bordered colgroup+thead tr:first-child th:last-child,.table-bordered colgroup+tbody tr:first-child td:last-child{-webkit-border-top-right-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topright:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px}
.table-striped tbody>tr:nth-child(odd)>td,.table-striped tbody>tr:nth-child(odd)>th{background-color:#f9f9f9}
.table-hover tbody tr:hover>td,.table-hover tbody tr:hover>th{background-color:#f5f5f5}
table td[class*="span"],table th[class*="span"],.row-fluid table td[class*="span"],.row-fluid table th[class*="span"]{display:table-cell;float:none;margin-left:0}
.table td.span1,.table th.span1{float:none;width:44px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span2,.table th.span2{float:none;width:124px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span3,.table th.span3{float:none;width:204px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span4,.table th.span4{float:none;width:284px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span5,.table th.span5{float:none;width:364px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span6,.table th.span6{float:none;width:444px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span7,.table th.span7{float:none;width:524px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span8,.table th.span8{float:none;width:604px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span9,.table th.span9{float:none;width:684px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span10,.table th.span10{float:none;width:764px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span11,.table th.span11{float:none;width:844px;margin-left:0}
.table td.span12,.table th.span12{float:none;width:924px;margin-left:0}
.table tbody tr.success>td{background-color:#dff0d8}
.table tbody tr.error>td{background-color:#f2dede}
.table tbody tr.warning>td{background-color:#fcf8e3}
.table tbody tr.info>td{background-color:#d9edf7}
.table-hover tbody tr.success:hover>td{background-color:#d0e9c6}
.table-hover tbody tr.error:hover>td{background-color:#ebcccc}
.table-hover tbody tr.warning:hover>td{background-color:#faf2cc}
.table-hover tbody tr.info:hover>td{background-color:#c4e3f3}
[class^="icon-"],[class*=" icon-"]{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;*margin-right:.3em;line-height:14px;vertical-align:text-top;background-image:url("../img/glyphicons-halflings.png");background-position:14px 14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;margin-top:1px}
.icon-white,.nav-pills>.active>a>[class^="icon-"],.nav-pills>.active>a>[class*=" icon-"],.nav-list>.active>a>[class^="icon-"],.nav-list>.active>a>[class*=" icon-"],.navbar-inverse .nav>.active>a>[class^="icon-"],.navbar-inverse .nav>.active>a>[class*=" icon-"],.dropdown-menu>li>a:hover>[class^="icon-"],.dropdown-menu>li>a:focus>[class^="icon-"],.dropdown-menu>li>a:hover>[class*=" icon-"],.dropdown-menu>li>a:focus>[class*=" icon-"],.dropdown-menu>.active>a>[class^="icon-"],.dropdown-menu>.active>a>[class*=" icon-"],.dropdown-submenu:hover>a>[class^="icon-"],.dropdown-submenu:focus>a>[class^="icon-"],.dropdown-submenu:hover>a>[class*=" icon-"],.dropdown-submenu:focus>a>[class*=" icon-"]{background-image:url("../img/glyphicons-halflings-white.png")}
.icon-glass{background-position:0 0}
.icon-music{background-position:-24px 0}
.icon-search{background-position:-48px 0}
.icon-envelope{background-position:-72px 0}
.icon-heart{background-position:-96px 0}
.icon-star{background-position:-120px 0}
.icon-star-empty{background-position:-144px 0}
.icon-user{background-position:-168px 0}
.icon-film{background-position:-192px 0}
.icon-th-large{background-position:-216px 0}
.icon-th{background-position:-240px 0}
.icon-th-list{background-position:-264px 0}
.icon-ok{background-position:-288px 0}
.icon-remove{background-position:-312px 0}
.icon-zoom-in{background-position:-336px 0}
.icon-zoom-out{background-position:-360px 0}
.icon-off{background-position:-384px 0}
.icon-signal{background-position:-408px 0}
.icon-cog{background-position:-432px 0}
.icon-trash{background-position:-456px 0}
.icon-home{background-position:0 -24px}
.icon-file{background-position:-24px -24px}
.icon-time{background-position:-48px -24px}
.icon-road{background-position:-72px -24px}
.icon-download-alt{background-position:-96px -24px}
.icon-download{background-position:-120px -24px}
.icon-upload{background-position:-144px -24px}
.icon-inbox{background-position:-168px -24px}
.icon-play-circle{background-position:-192px -24px}
.icon-repeat{background-position:-216px -24px}
.icon-refresh{background-position:-240px -24px}
.icon-list-alt{background-position:-264px -24px}
.icon-lock{background-position:-287px -24px}
.icon-flag{background-position:-312px -24px}
.icon-headphones{background-position:-336px -24px}
.icon-volume-off{background-position:-360px -24px}
.icon-volume-down{background-position:-384px -24px}
.icon-volume-up{background-position:-408px -24px}
.icon-qrcode{background-position:-432px -24px}
.icon-barcode{background-position:-456px -24px}
.icon-tag{background-position:0 -48px}
.icon-tags{background-position:-25px -48px}
.icon-book{background-position:-48px -48px}
.icon-bookmark{background-position:-72px -48px}
.icon-print{background-position:-96px -48px}
.icon-camera{background-position:-120px -48px}
.icon-font{background-position:-144px -48px}
.icon-bold{background-position:-167px -48px}
.icon-italic{background-position:-192px -48px}
.icon-text-height{background-position:-216px -48px}
.icon-text-width{background-position:-240px -48px}
.icon-align-left{background-position:-264px -48px}
.icon-align-center{background-position:-288px -48px}
.icon-align-right{background-position:-312px -48px}
.icon-align-justify{background-position:-336px -48px}
.icon-list{background-position:-360px -48px}
.icon-indent-left{background-position:-384px -48px}
.icon-indent-right{background-position:-408px -48px}
.icon-facetime-video{background-position:-432px -48px}
.icon-picture{background-position:-456px -48px}
.icon-pencil{background-position:0 -72px}
.icon-map-marker{background-position:-24px -72px}
.icon-adjust{background-position:-48px -72px}
.icon-tint{background-position:-72px -72px}
.icon-edit{background-position:-96px -72px}
.icon-share{background-position:-120px -72px}
.icon-check{background-position:-144px -72px}
.icon-move{background-position:-168px -72px}
.icon-step-backward{background-position:-192px -72px}
.icon-fast-backward{background-position:-216px -72px}
.icon-backward{background-position:-240px -72px}
.icon-play{background-position:-264px -72px}
.icon-pause{background-position:-288px -72px}
.icon-stop{background-position:-312px -72px}
.icon-forward{background-position:-336px -72px}
.icon-fast-forward{background-position:-360px -72px}
.icon-step-forward{background-position:-384px -72px}
.icon-eject{background-position:-408px -72px}
.icon-chevron-left{background-position:-432px -72px}
.icon-chevron-right{background-position:-456px -72px}
.icon-plus-sign{background-position:0 -96px}
.icon-minus-sign{background-position:-24px -96px}
.icon-remove-sign{background-position:-48px -96px}
.icon-ok-sign{background-position:-72px -96px}
.icon-question-sign{background-position:-96px -96px}
.icon-info-sign{background-position:-120px -96px}
.icon-screenshot{background-position:-144px -96px}
.icon-remove-circle{background-position:-168px -96px}
.icon-ok-circle{background-position:-192px -96px}
.icon-ban-circle{background-position:-216px -96px}
.icon-arrow-left{background-position:-240px -96px}
.icon-arrow-right{background-position:-264px -96px}
.icon-arrow-up{background-position:-289px -96px}
.icon-arrow-down{background-position:-312px -96px}
.icon-share-alt{background-position:-336px -96px}
.icon-resize-full{background-position:-360px -96px}
.icon-resize-small{background-position:-384px -96px}
.icon-plus{background-position:-408px -96px}
.icon-minus{background-position:-433px -96px}
.icon-asterisk{background-position:-456px -96px}
.icon-exclamation-sign{background-position:0 -120px}
.icon-gift{background-position:-24px -120px}
.icon-leaf{background-position:-48px -120px}
.icon-fire{background-position:-72px -120px}
.icon-eye-open{background-position:-96px -120px}
.icon-eye-close{background-position:-120px -120px}
.icon-warning-sign{background-position:-144px -120px}
.icon-plane{background-position:-168px -120px}
.icon-calendar{background-position:-192px -120px}
.icon-random{background-position:-216px -120px;width:16px}
.icon-comment{background-position:-240px -120px}
.icon-magnet{background-position:-264px -120px}
.icon-chevron-up{background-position:-288px -120px}
.icon-chevron-down{background-position:-313px -119px}
.icon-retweet{background-position:-336px -120px}
.icon-shopping-cart{background-position:-360px -120px}
.icon-folder-close{background-position:-384px -120px;width:16px}
.icon-folder-open{background-position:-408px -120px;width:16px}
.icon-resize-vertical{background-position:-432px -119px}
.icon-resize-horizontal{background-position:-456px -118px}
.icon-hdd{background-position:0 -144px}
.icon-bullhorn{background-position:-24px -144px}
.icon-bell{background-position:-48px -144px}
.icon-certificate{background-position:-72px -144px}
.icon-thumbs-up{background-position:-96px -144px}
.icon-thumbs-down{background-position:-120px -144px}
.icon-hand-right{background-position:-144px -144px}
.icon-hand-left{background-position:-168px -144px}
.icon-hand-up{background-position:-192px -144px}
.icon-hand-down{background-position:-216px -144px}
.icon-circle-arrow-right{background-position:-240px -144px}
.icon-circle-arrow-left{background-position:-264px -144px}
.icon-circle-arrow-up{background-position:-288px -144px}
.icon-circle-arrow-down{background-position:-312px -144px}
.icon-globe{background-position:-336px -144px}
.icon-wrench{background-position:-360px -144px}
.icon-tasks{background-position:-384px -144px}
.icon-filter{background-position:-408px -144px}
.icon-briefcase{background-position:-432px -144px}
.icon-fullscreen{background-position:-456px -144px}
.dropup,.dropdown{position:relative}
.dropdown-toggle{*margin-bottom:-3px}
.dropdown-toggle:active,.open .dropdown-toggle{outline:0}
.caret{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;vertical-align:top;border-top:4px solid #000;border-right:4px solid transparent;border-left:4px solid transparent;content:""}
.dropdown .caret{margin-top:8px;margin-left:2px}
.dropdown-menu{position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;z-index:1000;display:none;float:left;min-width:160px;padding:5px 0;margin:2px 0 0;list-style:none;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2);*border-right-width:2px;*border-bottom-width:2px;-webkit-border-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius:6px;border-radius:6px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-webkit-background-clip:padding-box;-moz-background-clip:padding;background-clip:padding-box}.dropdown-menu.pull-right{right:0;left:auto}
.dropdown-menu .divider{*width:100%;height:1px;margin:9px 1px;*margin:-5px 0 5px;overflow:hidden;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #fff}
.dropdown-menu>li>a{display:block;padding:3px 20px;clear:both;font-weight:normal;line-height:20px;color:#333;white-space:nowrap}
.dropdown-menu>li>a:hover,.dropdown-menu>li>a:focus,.dropdown-submenu:hover>a,.dropdown-submenu:focus>a{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;background-color:#0081c2;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #0077b3);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#08c), to(#0077b3));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #0077b3);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #0077b3);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #08c, #0077b3);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff0088cc', endColorstr='#ff0077b3', GradientType=0)}
.dropdown-menu>.active>a,.dropdown-menu>.active>a:hover,.dropdown-menu>.active>a:focus{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;outline:0;background-color:#0081c2;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #0077b3);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#08c), to(#0077b3));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #0077b3);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #0077b3);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #08c, #0077b3);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff0088cc', endColorstr='#ff0077b3', GradientType=0)}
.dropdown-menu>.disabled>a,.dropdown-menu>.disabled>a:hover,.dropdown-menu>.disabled>a:focus{color:#999}
.dropdown-menu>.disabled>a:hover,.dropdown-menu>.disabled>a:focus{text-decoration:none;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);cursor:default}
.open{*z-index:1000}.open>.dropdown-menu{display:block}
.dropdown-backdrop{position:fixed;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;z-index:990}
.pull-right>.dropdown-menu{right:0;left:auto}
.dropup .caret,.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .caret{border-top:0;border-bottom:4px solid #000;content:""}
.dropup .dropdown-menu,.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .dropdown-menu{top:auto;bottom:100%;margin-bottom:1px}
.dropdown-submenu{position:relative}
.dropdown-submenu>.dropdown-menu{top:0;left:100%;margin-top:-6px;margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 6px 6px 6px;-webkit-border-radius:0 6px 6px 6px;-moz-border-radius:0 6px 6px 6px;border-radius:0 6px 6px 6px}
.dropdown-submenu:hover>.dropdown-menu{display:block}
.dropup .dropdown-submenu>.dropdown-menu{top:auto;bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-2px;border-radius:5px 5px 5px 0;-webkit-border-radius:5px 5px 5px 0;-moz-border-radius:5px 5px 5px 0;border-radius:5px 5px 5px 0}
.dropdown-submenu>a:after{display:block;content:" ";float:right;width:0;height:0;border-color:transparent;border-style:solid;border-width:5px 0 5px 5px;border-left-color:#ccc;margin-top:5px;margin-right:-10px}
.dropdown-submenu:hover>a:after{border-left-color:#fff}
.dropdown-submenu.pull-left{float:none}.dropdown-submenu.pull-left>.dropdown-menu{left:-100%;margin-left:10px;border-radius:6px 0 6px 6px;-webkit-border-radius:6px 0 6px 6px;-moz-border-radius:6px 0 6px 6px;border-radius:6px 0 6px 6px}
.dropdown .dropdown-menu .nav-header{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}
.typeahead{z-index:1051;margin-top:2px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
.well{min-height:20px;padding:19px;margin-bottom:20px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}.well blockquote{border-color:#ddd;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}
.well-large{padding:24px;border-radius:6px;-webkit-border-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius:6px;border-radius:6px}
.well-small{padding:9px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px}
.fade{opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .15s linear;-moz-transition:opacity .15s linear;-o-transition:opacity .15s linear;transition:opacity .15s linear}.fade.in{opacity:1}
.collapse{position:relative;height:0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:height .35s ease;-moz-transition:height .35s ease;-o-transition:height .35s ease;transition:height .35s ease}.collapse.in{height:auto}
.close{float:right;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;line-height:20px;color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #fff;opacity:.2;filter:alpha(opacity=20)}.close:hover,.close:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;opacity:.4;filter:alpha(opacity=40)}
button.close{padding:0;cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none}
.btn{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;padding:4px 12px;margin-bottom:0;font-size:13px;line-height:20px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;color:#333;text-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.75);background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #fff, #e6e6e6);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#fff), to(#e6e6e6));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fff, #e6e6e6);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #fff, #e6e6e6);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #fff, #e6e6e6);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ffffffff', endColorstr='#ffe6e6e6', GradientType=0);border-color:#e6e6e6 #e6e6e6 #bfbfbf;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.25);*background-color:#e6e6e6;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);border:1px solid #ccc;*border:0;border-bottom-color:#b3b3b3;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;*margin-left:.3em;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.btn:hover,.btn:focus,.btn:active,.btn.active,.btn.disabled,.btn[disabled]{color:#333;background-color:#e6e6e6;*background-color:#d9d9d9}
.btn:active,.btn.active{background-color:#ccc \9}
.btn:first-child{*margin-left:0}
.btn:hover,.btn:focus{color:#333;text-decoration:none;background-position:0 -15px;-webkit-transition:background-position .1s linear;-moz-transition:background-position .1s linear;-o-transition:background-position .1s linear;transition:background-position .1s linear}
.btn:focus{outline:thin dotted #333;outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:-2px}
.btn.active,.btn:active{background-image:none;outline:0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);box-shadow:inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05)}
.btn.disabled,.btn[disabled]{cursor:default;background-image:none;opacity:.65;filter:alpha(opacity=65);-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}
.btn-large{padding:11px 19px;font-size:16.25px;border-radius:6px;-webkit-border-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius:6px;border-radius:6px}
.btn-large [class^="icon-"],.btn-large [class*=" icon-"]{margin-top:4px}
.btn-small{padding:2px 10px;font-size:11.049999999999999px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px}
.btn-small [class^="icon-"],.btn-small [class*=" icon-"]{margin-top:0}
.btn-mini [class^="icon-"],.btn-mini [class*=" icon-"]{margin-top:-1px}
.btn-mini{padding:0 6px;font-size:9.75px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px}
.btn-block{display:block;width:100%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}
.btn-block+.btn-block{margin-top:5px}
input[type="submit"].btn-block,input[type="reset"].btn-block,input[type="button"].btn-block{width:100%}
.btn-primary.active,.btn-warning.active,.btn-danger.active,.btn-success.active,.btn-info.active,.btn-inverse.active{color:rgba(255,255,255,0.75)}
.btn-primary{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#006dcc;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #04c);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#08c), to(#04c));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #04c);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #08c, #04c);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #08c, #04c);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff0088cc', endColorstr='#ff0044cc', GradientType=0);border-color:#04c #04c #002a80;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.25);*background-color:#04c;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false)}.btn-primary:hover,.btn-primary:focus,.btn-primary:active,.btn-primary.active,.btn-primary.disabled,.btn-primary[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#04c;*background-color:#003bb3}
.btn-primary:active,.btn-primary.active{background-color:#039 \9}
.btn-warning{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#faa732;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#fbb450), to(#f89406));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #fbb450, #f89406);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#fffbb450', endColorstr='#fff89406', GradientType=0);border-color:#f89406 #f89406 #ad6704;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.25);*background-color:#f89406;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false)}.btn-warning:hover,.btn-warning:focus,.btn-warning:active,.btn-warning.active,.btn-warning.disabled,.btn-warning[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#f89406;*background-color:#df8505}
.btn-warning:active,.btn-warning.active{background-color:#c67605 \9}
.btn-danger{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#da4f49;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#ee5f5b), to(#bd362f));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #ee5f5b, #bd362f);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ffee5f5b', endColorstr='#ffbd362f', GradientType=0);border-color:#bd362f #bd362f #802420;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.25);*background-color:#bd362f;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false)}.btn-danger:hover,.btn-danger:focus,.btn-danger:active,.btn-danger.active,.btn-danger.disabled,.btn-danger[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#bd362f;*background-color:#a9302a}
.btn-danger:active,.btn-danger.active{background-color:#942a25 \9}
.btn-success{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#5bb75b;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#62c462), to(#51a351));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #51a351);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #62c462, #51a351);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff62c462', endColorstr='#ff51a351', GradientType=0);border-color:#51a351 #51a351 #387038;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.25);*background-color:#51a351;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false)}.btn-success:hover,.btn-success:focus,.btn-success:active,.btn-success.active,.btn-success.disabled,.btn-success[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#51a351;*background-color:#499249}
.btn-success:active,.btn-success.active{background-color:#408140 \9}
.btn-info{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#49afcd;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#5bc0de), to(#2f96b4));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #5bc0de, #2f96b4);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff5bc0de', endColorstr='#ff2f96b4', GradientType=0);border-color:#2f96b4 #2f96b4 #1f6377;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.25);*background-color:#2f96b4;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false)}.btn-info:hover,.btn-info:focus,.btn-info:active,.btn-info.active,.btn-info.disabled,.btn-info[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#2f96b4;*background-color:#2a85a0}
.btn-info:active,.btn-info.active{background-color:#24748c \9}
.btn-inverse{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#363636;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #444, #222);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#444), to(#222));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #444, #222);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #444, #222);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #444, #222);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff444444', endColorstr='#ff222222', GradientType=0);border-color:#222 #222 #000;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.1) rgba(0,0,0,0.25);*background-color:#222;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false)}.btn-inverse:hover,.btn-inverse:focus,.btn-inverse:active,.btn-inverse.active,.btn-inverse.disabled,.btn-inverse[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#222;*background-color:#151515}
.btn-inverse:active,.btn-inverse.active{background-color:#080808 \9}
button.btn,input[type="submit"].btn{*padding-top:3px;*padding-bottom:3px}button.btn::-moz-focus-inner,input[type="submit"].btn::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}
button.btn.btn-large,input[type="submit"].btn.btn-large{*padding-top:7px;*padding-bottom:7px}
button.btn.btn-small,input[type="submit"].btn.btn-small{*padding-top:3px;*padding-bottom:3px}
button.btn.btn-mini,input[type="submit"].btn.btn-mini{*padding-top:1px;*padding-bottom:1px}
.btn-link,.btn-link:active,.btn-link[disabled]{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}
.btn-link{border-color:transparent;cursor:pointer;color:#08c;border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}
.btn-link:hover,.btn-link:focus{color:#005580;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent}
.btn-link[disabled]:hover,.btn-link[disabled]:focus{color:#333;text-decoration:none}
.btn-group{position:relative;display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;font-size:0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;*margin-left:.3em}.btn-group:first-child{*margin-left:0}
.btn-group+.btn-group{margin-left:5px}
.btn-toolbar{font-size:0;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px}.btn-toolbar>.btn+.btn,.btn-toolbar>.btn-group+.btn,.btn-toolbar>.btn+.btn-group{margin-left:5px}
.btn-group>.btn{position:relative;border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}
.btn-group>.btn+.btn{margin-left:-1px}
.btn-group>.btn,.btn-group>.dropdown-menu,.btn-group>.popover{font-size:13px}
.btn-group>.btn-mini{font-size:9.75px}
.btn-group>.btn-small{font-size:11.049999999999999px}
.btn-group>.btn-large{font-size:16.25px}
.btn-group>.btn:first-child{margin-left:0;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:4px;border-top-left-radius:4px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px}
.btn-group>.btn:last-child,.btn-group>.dropdown-toggle{-webkit-border-top-right-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topright:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px}
.btn-group>.btn.large:first-child{margin-left:0;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px}
.btn-group>.btn.large:last-child,.btn-group>.large.dropdown-toggle{-webkit-border-top-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topright:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px}
.btn-group>.btn:hover,.btn-group>.btn:focus,.btn-group>.btn:active,.btn-group>.btn.active{z-index:2}
.btn-group .dropdown-toggle:active,.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle{outline:0}
.btn-group>.btn+.dropdown-toggle{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,.125), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);-moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,.125), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,.125), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);*padding-top:5px;*padding-bottom:5px}
.btn-group>.btn-mini+.dropdown-toggle{padding-left:5px;padding-right:5px;*padding-top:2px;*padding-bottom:2px}
.btn-group>.btn-small+.dropdown-toggle{*padding-top:5px;*padding-bottom:4px}
.btn-group>.btn-large+.dropdown-toggle{padding-left:12px;padding-right:12px;*padding-top:7px;*padding-bottom:7px}
.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle{background-image:none;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05);box-shadow:inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05)}
.btn-group.open .btn.dropdown-toggle{background-color:#e6e6e6}
.btn-group.open .btn-primary.dropdown-toggle{background-color:#04c}
.btn-group.open .btn-warning.dropdown-toggle{background-color:#f89406}
.btn-group.open .btn-danger.dropdown-toggle{background-color:#bd362f}
.btn-group.open .btn-success.dropdown-toggle{background-color:#51a351}
.btn-group.open .btn-info.dropdown-toggle{background-color:#2f96b4}
.btn-group.open .btn-inverse.dropdown-toggle{background-color:#222}
.btn .caret{margin-top:8px;margin-left:0}
.btn-large .caret{margin-top:6px}
.btn-large .caret{border-left-width:5px;border-right-width:5px;border-top-width:5px}
.btn-mini .caret,.btn-small .caret{margin-top:8px}
.dropup .btn-large .caret{border-bottom-width:5px}
.btn-primary .caret,.btn-warning .caret,.btn-danger .caret,.btn-info .caret,.btn-success .caret,.btn-inverse .caret{border-top-color:#fff;border-bottom-color:#fff}
.btn-group-vertical{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1}
.btn-group-vertical>.btn{display:block;float:none;max-width:100%;border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}
.btn-group-vertical>.btn+.btn{margin-left:0;margin-top:-1px}
.btn-group-vertical>.btn:first-child{border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;-webkit-border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;-moz-border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0}
.btn-group-vertical>.btn:last-child{border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;-webkit-border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;-moz-border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px}
.btn-group-vertical>.btn-large:first-child{border-radius:6px 6px 0 0;-webkit-border-radius:6px 6px 0 0;-moz-border-radius:6px 6px 0 0;border-radius:6px 6px 0 0}
.btn-group-vertical>.btn-large:last-child{border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;-webkit-border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;-moz-border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;border-radius:0 0 6px 6px}
.alert{padding:8px 35px 8px 14px;margin-bottom:20px;text-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.5);background-color:#fcf8e3;border:1px solid #fbeed5;border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
.alert,.alert h4{color:#c09853}
.alert h4{margin:0}
.alert .close{position:relative;top:-2px;right:-21px;line-height:20px}
.alert-success{background-color:#dff0d8;border-color:#d6e9c6;color:#468847}
.alert-success h4{color:#468847}
.alert-danger,.alert-error{background-color:#f2dede;border-color:#eed3d7;color:#b94a48}
.alert-danger h4,.alert-error h4{color:#b94a48}
.alert-info{background-color:#d9edf7;border-color:#bce8f1;color:#3a87ad}
.alert-info h4{color:#3a87ad}
.alert-block{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:14px}
.alert-block>p,.alert-block>ul{margin-bottom:0}
.alert-block p+p{margin-top:5px}
.nav{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:20px;list-style:none}
.nav>li>a{display:block}
.nav>li>a:hover,.nav>li>a:focus{text-decoration:none;background-color:#eee}
.nav>li>a>img{max-width:none}
.nav>.pull-right{float:right}
.nav-header{display:block;padding:3px 15px;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:20px;color:#999;text-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.5);text-transform:uppercase}
.nav li+.nav-header{margin-top:9px}
.nav-list{padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;margin-bottom:0}
.nav-list>li>a,.nav-list .nav-header{margin-left:-15px;margin-right:-15px;text-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.5)}
.nav-list>li>a{padding:3px 15px}
.nav-list>.active>a,.nav-list>.active>a:hover,.nav-list>.active>a:focus{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);background-color:#08c}
.nav-list [class^="icon-"],.nav-list [class*=" icon-"]{margin-right:2px}
.nav-list .divider{*width:100%;height:1px;margin:9px 1px;*margin:-5px 0 5px;overflow:hidden;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #fff}
.nav-tabs,.nav-pills{*zoom:1}.nav-tabs:before,.nav-pills:before,.nav-tabs:after,.nav-pills:after{display:table;content:"";line-height:0}
.nav-tabs:after,.nav-pills:after{clear:both}
.nav-tabs>li,.nav-pills>li{float:left}
.nav-tabs>li>a,.nav-pills>li>a{padding-right:12px;padding-left:12px;margin-right:2px;line-height:14px}
.nav-tabs{border-bottom:1px solid #ddd}
.nav-tabs>li{margin-bottom:-1px}
.nav-tabs>li>a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;line-height:20px;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;-webkit-border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;-moz-border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0}.nav-tabs>li>a:hover,.nav-tabs>li>a:focus{border-color:#eee #eee #ddd}
.nav-tabs>.active>a,.nav-tabs>.active>a:hover,.nav-tabs>.active>a:focus{color:#555;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ddd;border-bottom-color:transparent;cursor:default}
.nav-pills>li>a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;border-radius:5px;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px}
.nav-pills>.active>a,.nav-pills>.active>a:hover,.nav-pills>.active>a:focus{color:#fff;background-color:#08c}
.nav-stacked>li{float:none}
.nav-stacked>li>a{margin-right:0}
.nav-tabs.nav-stacked{border-bottom:0}
.nav-tabs.nav-stacked>li>a{border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}
.nav-tabs.nav-stacked>li:first-child>a{-webkit-border-top-right-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topright:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:4px;border-top-left-radius:4px}
.nav-tabs.nav-stacked>li:last-child>a{-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px}
.nav-tabs.nav-stacked>li>a:hover,.nav-tabs.nav-stacked>li>a:focus{border-color:#ddd;z-index:2}
.nav-pills.nav-stacked>li>a{margin-bottom:3px}
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.modal-body{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;max-height:400px;padding:15px}
.modal-form{margin-bottom:0}
.modal-footer{padding:14px 15px 15px;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-top:1px solid #ddd;-webkit-border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;-moz-border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #fff;-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #fff;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #fff;*zoom:1}.modal-footer:before,.modal-footer:after{display:table;content:"";line-height:0}
.modal-footer:after{clear:both}
.modal-footer .btn+.btn{margin-left:5px;margin-bottom:0}
.modal-footer .btn-group .btn+.btn{margin-left:-1px}
.modal-footer .btn-block+.btn-block{margin-left:0}
.tooltip{position:absolute;z-index:1030;display:block;visibility:visible;font-size:11px;line-height:1.4;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0)}.tooltip.in{opacity:.8;filter:alpha(opacity=80)}
.tooltip.top{margin-top:-3px;padding:5px 0}
.tooltip.right{margin-left:3px;padding:0 5px}
.tooltip.bottom{margin-top:3px;padding:5px 0}
.tooltip.left{margin-left:-3px;padding:0 5px}
.tooltip-inner{max-width:200px;padding:8px;color:#fff;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;background-color:#000;border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
.tooltip-arrow{position:absolute;width:0;height:0;border-color:transparent;border-style:solid}
.tooltip.top .tooltip-arrow{bottom:0;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:5px 5px 0;border-top-color:#000}
.tooltip.right .tooltip-arrow{top:50%;left:0;margin-top:-5px;border-width:5px 5px 5px 0;border-right-color:#000}
.tooltip.left .tooltip-arrow{top:50%;right:0;margin-top:-5px;border-width:5px 0 5px 5px;border-left-color:#000}
.tooltip.bottom .tooltip-arrow{top:0;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:0 5px 5px;border-bottom-color:#000}
.popover{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:1010;display:none;max-width:276px;padding:1px;text-align:left;background-color:#fff;-webkit-background-clip:padding-box;-moz-background-clip:padding;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ccc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-webkit-border-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius:6px;border-radius:6px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);white-space:normal}.popover.top{margin-top:-10px}
.popover.right{margin-left:10px}
.popover.bottom{margin-top:10px}
.popover.left{margin-left:-10px}
.popover-title{margin:0;padding:8px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;line-height:18px;background-color:#f7f7f7;border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb;border-radius:5px 5px 0 0;-webkit-border-radius:5px 5px 0 0;-moz-border-radius:5px 5px 0 0;border-radius:5px 5px 0 0}.popover-title:empty{display:none}
.popover-content{padding:9px 14px}
.popover .arrow,.popover .arrow:after{position:absolute;display:block;width:0;height:0;border-color:transparent;border-style:solid}
.popover .arrow{border-width:11px}
.popover .arrow:after{border-width:10px;content:""}
.popover.top .arrow{left:50%;margin-left:-11px;border-bottom-width:0;border-top-color:#999;border-top-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.25);bottom:-11px}.popover.top .arrow:after{bottom:1px;margin-left:-10px;border-bottom-width:0;border-top-color:#fff}
.popover.right .arrow{top:50%;left:-11px;margin-top:-11px;border-left-width:0;border-right-color:#999;border-right-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.popover.right .arrow:after{left:1px;bottom:-10px;border-left-width:0;border-right-color:#fff}
.popover.bottom .arrow{left:50%;margin-left:-11px;border-top-width:0;border-bottom-color:#999;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.25);top:-11px}.popover.bottom .arrow:after{top:1px;margin-left:-10px;border-top-width:0;border-bottom-color:#fff}
.popover.left .arrow{top:50%;right:-11px;margin-top:-11px;border-right-width:0;border-left-color:#999;border-left-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.popover.left .arrow:after{right:1px;border-right-width:0;border-left-color:#fff;bottom:-10px}
.thumbnails{margin-left:-20px;list-style:none;*zoom:1}.thumbnails:before,.thumbnails:after{display:table;content:"";line-height:0}
.thumbnails:after{clear:both}
.row-fluid .thumbnails{margin-left:0}
.thumbnails>li{float:left;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:20px}
.thumbnail{display:block;padding:4px;line-height:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.055);-moz-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.055);box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.055);-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;-moz-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;-o-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}
a.thumbnail:hover,a.thumbnail:focus{border-color:#08c;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px rgba(0,105,214,0.25);-moz-box-shadow:0 1px 4px rgba(0,105,214,0.25);box-shadow:0 1px 4px rgba(0,105,214,0.25)}
.thumbnail>img{display:block;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}
.thumbnail .caption{padding:9px;color:#555}
.media,.media-body{overflow:hidden;*overflow:visible;zoom:1}
.media,.media .media{margin-top:15px}
.media:first-child{margin-top:0}
.media-object{display:block}
.media-heading{margin:0 0 5px}
.media>.pull-left{margin-right:10px}
.media>.pull-right{margin-left:10px}
.media-list{margin-left:0;list-style:none}
.label,.badge{display:inline-block;padding:2px 4px;font-size:10.998px;font-weight:bold;line-height:14px;color:#fff;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#999}
.label{border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px}
.badge{padding-left:9px;padding-right:9px;border-radius:9px;-webkit-border-radius:9px;-moz-border-radius:9px;border-radius:9px}
.label:empty,.badge:empty{display:none}
a.label:hover,a.label:focus,a.badge:hover,a.badge:focus{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}
.label-important,.badge-important{background-color:#b94a48}
.label-important[href],.badge-important[href]{background-color:#953b39}
.label-warning,.badge-warning{background-color:#f89406}
.label-warning[href],.badge-warning[href]{background-color:#c67605}
.label-success,.badge-success{background-color:#468847}
.label-success[href],.badge-success[href]{background-color:#356635}
.label-info,.badge-info{background-color:#3a87ad}
.label-info[href],.badge-info[href]{background-color:#2d6987}
.label-inverse,.badge-inverse{background-color:#333}
.label-inverse[href],.badge-inverse[href]{background-color:#1a1a1a}
.btn .label,.btn .badge{position:relative;top:-1px}
.btn-mini .label,.btn-mini .badge{top:0}
@-webkit-keyframes progress-bar-stripes{from{background-position:40px 0} to{background-position:0 0}}@-moz-keyframes progress-bar-stripes{from{background-position:40px 0} to{background-position:0 0}}@-ms-keyframes progress-bar-stripes{from{background-position:40px 0} to{background-position:0 0}}@-o-keyframes progress-bar-stripes{from{background-position:0 0} to{background-position:40px 0}}@keyframes progress-bar-stripes{from{background-position:40px 0} to{background-position:0 0}}.progress{overflow:hidden;height:20px;margin-bottom:20px;background-color:#f7f7f7;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#f5f5f5), to(#f9f9f9));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #f5f5f5, #f9f9f9);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#fff5f5f5', endColorstr='#fff9f9f9', GradientType=0);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
.progress .bar{width:0;height:100%;color:#fff;float:left;font-size:12px;text-align:center;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);background-color:#0e90d2;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#149bdf), to(#0480be));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #149bdf, #0480be);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #149bdf, #0480be);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff149bdf', endColorstr='#ff0480be', GradientType=0);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15);box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15);-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-transition:width .6s ease;-moz-transition:width .6s ease;-o-transition:width .6s ease;transition:width .6s ease}
.progress .bar+.bar{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);-moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15)}
.progress-striped .bar{background-color:#149bdf;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(.25, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.25, transparent), color-stop(.5, transparent), color-stop(.5, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, transparent), to(transparent));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);-webkit-background-size:40px 40px;-moz-background-size:40px 40px;-o-background-size:40px 40px;background-size:40px 40px}
.progress.active .bar{-webkit-animation:progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;-moz-animation:progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;-ms-animation:progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;-o-animation:progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;animation:progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite}
.progress-danger .bar,.progress .bar-danger{background-color:#dd514c;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#ee5f5b), to(#c43c35));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #ee5f5b, #c43c35);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ffee5f5b', endColorstr='#ffc43c35', GradientType=0)}
.progress-danger.progress-striped .bar,.progress-striped .bar-danger{background-color:#ee5f5b;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(.25, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.25, transparent), color-stop(.5, transparent), color-stop(.5, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, transparent), to(transparent));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent)}
.progress-success .bar,.progress .bar-success{background-color:#5eb95e;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#62c462), to(#57a957));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #62c462, #57a957);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #62c462, #57a957);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff62c462', endColorstr='#ff57a957', GradientType=0)}
.progress-success.progress-striped .bar,.progress-striped .bar-success{background-color:#62c462;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(.25, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.25, transparent), color-stop(.5, transparent), color-stop(.5, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, transparent), to(transparent));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent)}
.progress-info .bar,.progress .bar-info{background-color:#4bb1cf;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#5bc0de), to(#339bb9));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #5bc0de, #339bb9);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #5bc0de, #339bb9);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ff5bc0de', endColorstr='#ff339bb9', GradientType=0)}
.progress-info.progress-striped .bar,.progress-striped .bar-info{background-color:#5bc0de;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(.25, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.25, transparent), color-stop(.5, transparent), color-stop(.5, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, transparent), to(transparent));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent)}
.progress-warning .bar,.progress .bar-warning{background-color:#faa732;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#fbb450), to(#f89406));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, #fbb450, #f89406);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #fbb450, #f89406);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#fffbb450', endColorstr='#fff89406', GradientType=0)}
.progress-warning.progress-striped .bar,.progress-striped .bar-warning{background-color:#fbb450;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, 0 100%, 100% 0, color-stop(.25, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.25, transparent), color-stop(.5, transparent), color-stop(.5, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, rgba(255,255,255,0.15)), color-stop(.75, transparent), to(transparent));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent)}
.accordion{margin-bottom:20px}
.accordion-group{margin-bottom:2px;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
.accordion-heading{border-bottom:0}
.accordion-heading .accordion-toggle{display:block;padding:8px 15px}
.accordion-toggle{cursor:pointer}
.accordion-inner{padding:9px 15px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5}
.carousel{position:relative;margin-bottom:20px;line-height:1}
.carousel-inner{overflow:hidden;width:100%;position:relative}
.carousel-inner>.item{display:none;position:relative;-webkit-transition:.6s ease-in-out left;-moz-transition:.6s ease-in-out left;-o-transition:.6s ease-in-out left;transition:.6s ease-in-out left}.carousel-inner>.item>img,.carousel-inner>.item>a>img{display:block;line-height:1}
.carousel-inner>.active,.carousel-inner>.next,.carousel-inner>.prev{display:block}
.carousel-inner>.active{left:0}
.carousel-inner>.next,.carousel-inner>.prev{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}
.carousel-inner>.next{left:100%}
.carousel-inner>.prev{left:-100%}
.carousel-inner>.next.left,.carousel-inner>.prev.right{left:0}
.carousel-inner>.active.left{left:-100%}
.carousel-inner>.active.right{left:100%}
.carousel-control{position:absolute;top:40%;left:15px;width:40px;height:40px;margin-top:-20px;font-size:60px;font-weight:100;line-height:30px;color:#fff;text-align:center;background:#222;border:3px solid #fff;-webkit-border-radius:23px;-moz-border-radius:23px;border-radius:23px;opacity:.5;filter:alpha(opacity=50)}.carousel-control.right{left:auto;right:15px}
.carousel-control:hover,.carousel-control:focus{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;opacity:.9;filter:alpha(opacity=90)}
.carousel-indicators{position:absolute;top:15px;right:15px;z-index:5;margin:0;list-style:none}.carousel-indicators li{display:block;float:left;width:10px;height:10px;margin-left:5px;text-indent:-999px;background-color:#ccc;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.25);border-radius:5px}
.carousel-indicators .active{background-color:#fff}
.carousel-caption{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;padding:15px;background:#333;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.75)}
.carousel-caption h4,.carousel-caption p{color:#fff;line-height:20px}
.carousel-caption h4{margin:0 0 5px}
.carousel-caption p{margin-bottom:0}
.hero-unit{padding:60px;margin-bottom:30px;font-size:18px;font-weight:200;line-height:30px;color:inherit;background-color:#eee;border-radius:6px;-webkit-border-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius:6px;border-radius:6px}.hero-unit h1{margin-bottom:0;font-size:60px;line-height:1;color:inherit;letter-spacing:-1px}
.hero-unit li{line-height:30px}
.pull-right{float:right}
.pull-left{float:left}
.hide{display:none}
.show{display:block}
.invisible{visibility:hidden}
.affix{position:fixed}
@-ms-viewport{width:device-width}.hidden{display:none;visibility:hidden}
.visible-phone{display:none !important}
.visible-tablet{display:none !important}
.hidden-desktop{display:none !important}
.visible-desktop{display:inherit !important}
@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:979px){.hidden-desktop{display:inherit !important} .visible-desktop{display:none !important} .visible-tablet{display:inherit !important} .hidden-tablet{display:none !important}}@media (max-width:767px){.hidden-desktop{display:inherit !important} .visible-desktop{display:none !important} .visible-phone{display:inherit !important} .hidden-phone{display:none !important}}.visible-print{display:none !important}
@media print{.visible-print{display:inherit !important} .hidden-print{display:none !important}}@media (min-width:1200px){.row{margin-left:-30px;*zoom:1}.row:before,.row:after{display:table;content:"";line-height:0} .row:after{clear:both} [class*="span"]{float:left;min-height:1px;margin-left:30px} .container,.navbar-static-top .container,.navbar-fixed-top .container,.navbar-fixed-bottom .container{width:1170px} .span12{width:1170px} .span11{width:1070px} .span10{width:970px} .span9{width:870px} .span8{width:770px} .span7{width:670px} .span6{width:570px} .span5{width:470px} .span4{width:370px} .span3{width:270px} .span2{width:170px} .span1{width:70px} .offset12{margin-left:1230px} .offset11{margin-left:1130px} .offset10{margin-left:1030px} .offset9{margin-left:930px} .offset8{margin-left:830px} .offset7{margin-left:730px} .offset6{margin-left:630px} .offset5{margin-left:530px} .offset4{margin-left:430px} .offset3{margin-left:330px} .offset2{margin-left:230px} .offset1{margin-left:130px} 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.btn.btn-large [class^="icon-"],.btn.btn-large [class*=" icon-"]{margin-top:0}.btn.btn-large [class^="icon-"].pull-left.icon-2x,.btn.btn-large [class*=" icon-"].pull-left.icon-2x,.btn.btn-large [class^="icon-"].pull-right.icon-2x,.btn.btn-large [class*=" icon-"].pull-right.icon-2x{margin-top:.05em}
.btn.btn-large [class^="icon-"].pull-left.icon-2x,.btn.btn-large [class*=" icon-"].pull-left.icon-2x{margin-right:.2em}
.btn.btn-large [class^="icon-"].pull-right.icon-2x,.btn.btn-large [class*=" icon-"].pull-right.icon-2x{margin-left:.2em}
.nav-list [class^="icon-"],.nav-list [class*=" icon-"]{line-height:inherit}
.icon-stack{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:2em;height:2em;line-height:2em;vertical-align:-35%}.icon-stack [class^="icon-"],.icon-stack [class*=" icon-"]{display:block;text-align:center;position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;font-size:1em;line-height:inherit;*line-height:2em}
.icon-stack .icon-stack-base{font-size:2em;*line-height:1em}
.icon-spin{display:inline-block;-moz-animation:spin 2s infinite linear;-o-animation:spin 2s infinite linear;-webkit-animation:spin 2s infinite linear;animation:spin 2s infinite linear}
a .icon-stack,a .icon-spin{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none}
@-moz-keyframes spin{0%{-moz-transform:rotate(0deg)} 100%{-moz-transform:rotate(359deg)}}@-webkit-keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg)} 100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(359deg)}}@-o-keyframes spin{0%{-o-transform:rotate(0deg)} 100%{-o-transform:rotate(359deg)}}@-ms-keyframes spin{0%{-ms-transform:rotate(0deg)} 100%{-ms-transform:rotate(359deg)}}@keyframes spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)} 100%{transform:rotate(359deg)}}.icon-rotate-90:before{-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-moz-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);-o-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=1)}
.icon-rotate-180:before{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-moz-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);-o-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=2)}
.icon-rotate-270:before{-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:rotate(270deg);-o-transform:rotate(270deg);transform:rotate(270deg);filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=3)}
.icon-flip-horizontal:before{-webkit-transform:scale(-1, 1);-moz-transform:scale(-1, 1);-ms-transform:scale(-1, 1);-o-transform:scale(-1, 1);transform:scale(-1, 1)}
.icon-flip-vertical:before{-webkit-transform:scale(1, -1);-moz-transform:scale(1, -1);-ms-transform:scale(1, -1);-o-transform:scale(1, -1);transform:scale(1, -1)}
a .icon-rotate-90:before,a .icon-rotate-180:before,a .icon-rotate-270:before,a .icon-flip-horizontal:before,a .icon-flip-vertical:before{display:inline-block}
.icon-glass:before{content:"\f000"}
.icon-music:before{content:"\f001"}
.icon-search:before{content:"\f002"}
.icon-envelope-alt:before{content:"\f003"}
.icon-heart:before{content:"\f004"}
.icon-star:before{content:"\f005"}
.icon-star-empty:before{content:"\f006"}
.icon-user:before{content:"\f007"}
.icon-film:before{content:"\f008"}
.icon-th-large:before{content:"\f009"}
.icon-th:before{content:"\f00a"}
.icon-th-list:before{content:"\f00b"}
.icon-ok:before{content:"\f00c"}
.icon-remove:before{content:"\f00d"}
.icon-zoom-in:before{content:"\f00e"}
.icon-zoom-out:before{content:"\f010"}
.icon-power-off:before,.icon-off:before{content:"\f011"}
.icon-signal:before{content:"\f012"}
.icon-gear:before,.icon-cog:before{content:"\f013"}
.icon-trash:before{content:"\f014"}
.icon-home:before{content:"\f015"}
.icon-file-alt:before{content:"\f016"}
.icon-time:before{content:"\f017"}
.icon-road:before{content:"\f018"}
.icon-download-alt:before{content:"\f019"}
.icon-download:before{content:"\f01a"}
.icon-upload:before{content:"\f01b"}
.icon-inbox:before{content:"\f01c"}
.icon-play-circle:before{content:"\f01d"}
.icon-rotate-right:before,.icon-repeat:before{content:"\f01e"}
.icon-refresh:before{content:"\f021"}
.icon-list-alt:before{content:"\f022"}
.icon-lock:before{content:"\f023"}
.icon-flag:before{content:"\f024"}
.icon-headphones:before{content:"\f025"}
.icon-volume-off:before{content:"\f026"}
.icon-volume-down:before{content:"\f027"}
.icon-volume-up:before{content:"\f028"}
.icon-qrcode:before{content:"\f029"}
.icon-barcode:before{content:"\f02a"}
.icon-tag:before{content:"\f02b"}
.icon-tags:before{content:"\f02c"}
.icon-book:before{content:"\f02d"}
.icon-bookmark:before{content:"\f02e"}
.icon-print:before{content:"\f02f"}
.icon-camera:before{content:"\f030"}
.icon-font:before{content:"\f031"}
.icon-bold:before{content:"\f032"}
.icon-italic:before{content:"\f033"}
.icon-text-height:before{content:"\f034"}
.icon-text-width:before{content:"\f035"}
.icon-align-left:before{content:"\f036"}
.icon-align-center:before{content:"\f037"}
.icon-align-right:before{content:"\f038"}
.icon-align-justify:before{content:"\f039"}
.icon-list:before{content:"\f03a"}
.icon-indent-left:before{content:"\f03b"}
.icon-indent-right:before{content:"\f03c"}
.icon-facetime-video:before{content:"\f03d"}
.icon-picture:before{content:"\f03e"}
.icon-pencil:before{content:"\f040"}
.icon-map-marker:before{content:"\f041"}
.icon-adjust:before{content:"\f042"}
.icon-tint:before{content:"\f043"}
.icon-edit:before{content:"\f044"}
.icon-share:before{content:"\f045"}
.icon-check:before{content:"\f046"}
.icon-move:before{content:"\f047"}
.icon-step-backward:before{content:"\f048"}
.icon-fast-backward:before{content:"\f049"}
.icon-backward:before{content:"\f04a"}
.icon-play:before{content:"\f04b"}
.icon-pause:before{content:"\f04c"}
.icon-stop:before{content:"\f04d"}
.icon-forward:before{content:"\f04e"}
.icon-fast-forward:before{content:"\f050"}
.icon-step-forward:before{content:"\f051"}
.icon-eject:before{content:"\f052"}
.icon-chevron-left:before{content:"\f053"}
.icon-chevron-right:before{content:"\f054"}
.icon-plus-sign:before{content:"\f055"}
.icon-minus-sign:before{content:"\f056"}
.icon-remove-sign:before{content:"\f057"}
.icon-ok-sign:before{content:"\f058"}
.icon-question-sign:before{content:"\f059"}
.icon-info-sign:before{content:"\f05a"}
.icon-screenshot:before{content:"\f05b"}
.icon-remove-circle:before{content:"\f05c"}
.icon-ok-circle:before{content:"\f05d"}
.icon-ban-circle:before{content:"\f05e"}
.icon-arrow-left:before{content:"\f060"}
.icon-arrow-right:before{content:"\f061"}
.icon-arrow-up:before{content:"\f062"}
.icon-arrow-down:before{content:"\f063"}
.icon-mail-forward:before,.icon-share-alt:before{content:"\f064"}
.icon-resize-full:before{content:"\f065"}
.icon-resize-small:before{content:"\f066"}
.icon-plus:before{content:"\f067"}
.icon-minus:before{content:"\f068"}
.icon-asterisk:before{content:"\f069"}
.icon-exclamation-sign:before{content:"\f06a"}
.icon-gift:before{content:"\f06b"}
.icon-leaf:before{content:"\f06c"}
.icon-fire:before{content:"\f06d"}
.icon-eye-open:before{content:"\f06e"}
.icon-eye-close:before{content:"\f070"}
.icon-warning-sign:before{content:"\f071"}
.icon-plane:before{content:"\f072"}
.icon-calendar:before{content:"\f073"}
.icon-random:before{content:"\f074"}
.icon-comment:before{content:"\f075"}
.icon-magnet:before{content:"\f076"}
.icon-chevron-up:before{content:"\f077"}
.icon-chevron-down:before{content:"\f078"}
.icon-retweet:before{content:"\f079"}
.icon-shopping-cart:before{content:"\f07a"}
.icon-folder-close:before{content:"\f07b"}
.icon-folder-open:before{content:"\f07c"}
.icon-resize-vertical:before{content:"\f07d"}
.icon-resize-horizontal:before{content:"\f07e"}
.icon-bar-chart:before{content:"\f080"}
.icon-twitter-sign:before{content:"\f081"}
.icon-facebook-sign:before{content:"\f082"}
.icon-camera-retro:before{content:"\f083"}
.icon-key:before{content:"\f084"}
.icon-gears:before,.icon-cogs:before{content:"\f085"}
.icon-comments:before{content:"\f086"}
.icon-thumbs-up-alt:before{content:"\f087"}
.icon-thumbs-down-alt:before{content:"\f088"}
.icon-star-half:before{content:"\f089"}
.icon-heart-empty:before{content:"\f08a"}
.icon-signout:before{content:"\f08b"}
.icon-linkedin-sign:before{content:"\f08c"}
.icon-pushpin:before{content:"\f08d"}
.icon-external-link:before{content:"\f08e"}
.icon-signin:before{content:"\f090"}
.icon-trophy:before{content:"\f091"}
.icon-github-sign:before{content:"\f092"}
.icon-upload-alt:before{content:"\f093"}
.icon-lemon:before{content:"\f094"}
.icon-phone:before{content:"\f095"}
.icon-unchecked:before,.icon-check-empty:before{content:"\f096"}
.icon-bookmark-empty:before{content:"\f097"}
.icon-phone-sign:before{content:"\f098"}
.icon-twitter:before{content:"\f099"}
.icon-facebook:before{content:"\f09a"}
.icon-github:before{content:"\f09b"}
.icon-unlock:before{content:"\f09c"}
.icon-credit-card:before{content:"\f09d"}
.icon-rss:before{content:"\f09e"}
.icon-hdd:before{content:"\f0a0"}
.icon-bullhorn:before{content:"\f0a1"}
.icon-bell:before{content:"\f0a2"}
.icon-certificate:before{content:"\f0a3"}
.icon-hand-right:before{content:"\f0a4"}
.icon-hand-left:before{content:"\f0a5"}
.icon-hand-up:before{content:"\f0a6"}
.icon-hand-down:before{content:"\f0a7"}
.icon-circle-arrow-left:before{content:"\f0a8"}
.icon-circle-arrow-right:before{content:"\f0a9"}
.icon-circle-arrow-up:before{content:"\f0aa"}
.icon-circle-arrow-down:before{content:"\f0ab"}
.icon-globe:before{content:"\f0ac"}
.icon-wrench:before{content:"\f0ad"}
.icon-tasks:before{content:"\f0ae"}
.icon-filter:before{content:"\f0b0"}
.icon-briefcase:before{content:"\f0b1"}
.icon-fullscreen:before{content:"\f0b2"}
.icon-group:before{content:"\f0c0"}
.icon-link:before{content:"\f0c1"}
.icon-cloud:before{content:"\f0c2"}
.icon-beaker:before{content:"\f0c3"}
.icon-cut:before{content:"\f0c4"}
.icon-copy:before{content:"\f0c5"}
.icon-paperclip:before,.icon-paper-clip:before{content:"\f0c6"}
.icon-save:before{content:"\f0c7"}
.icon-sign-blank:before{content:"\f0c8"}
.icon-reorder:before{content:"\f0c9"}
.icon-list-ul:before{content:"\f0ca"}
.icon-list-ol:before{content:"\f0cb"}
.icon-strikethrough:before{content:"\f0cc"}
.icon-underline:before{content:"\f0cd"}
.icon-table:before{content:"\f0ce"}
.icon-magic:before{content:"\f0d0"}
.icon-truck:before{content:"\f0d1"}
.icon-pinterest:before{content:"\f0d2"}
.icon-pinterest-sign:before{content:"\f0d3"}
.icon-google-plus-sign:before{content:"\f0d4"}
.icon-google-plus:before{content:"\f0d5"}
.icon-money:before{content:"\f0d6"}
.icon-caret-down:before{content:"\f0d7"}
.icon-caret-up:before{content:"\f0d8"}
.icon-caret-left:before{content:"\f0d9"}
.icon-caret-right:before{content:"\f0da"}
.icon-columns:before{content:"\f0db"}
.icon-sort:before{content:"\f0dc"}
.icon-sort-down:before{content:"\f0dd"}
.icon-sort-up:before{content:"\f0de"}
.icon-envelope:before{content:"\f0e0"}
.icon-linkedin:before{content:"\f0e1"}
.icon-rotate-left:before,.icon-undo:before{content:"\f0e2"}
.icon-legal:before{content:"\f0e3"}
.icon-dashboard:before{content:"\f0e4"}
.icon-comment-alt:before{content:"\f0e5"}
.icon-comments-alt:before{content:"\f0e6"}
.icon-bolt:before{content:"\f0e7"}
.icon-sitemap:before{content:"\f0e8"}
.icon-umbrella:before{content:"\f0e9"}
.icon-paste:before{content:"\f0ea"}
.icon-lightbulb:before{content:"\f0eb"}
.icon-exchange:before{content:"\f0ec"}
.icon-cloud-download:before{content:"\f0ed"}
.icon-cloud-upload:before{content:"\f0ee"}
.icon-user-md:before{content:"\f0f0"}
.icon-stethoscope:before{content:"\f0f1"}
.icon-suitcase:before{content:"\f0f2"}
.icon-bell-alt:before{content:"\f0f3"}
.icon-coffee:before{content:"\f0f4"}
.icon-food:before{content:"\f0f5"}
.icon-file-text-alt:before{content:"\f0f6"}
.icon-building:before{content:"\f0f7"}
.icon-hospital:before{content:"\f0f8"}
.icon-ambulance:before{content:"\f0f9"}
.icon-medkit:before{content:"\f0fa"}
.icon-fighter-jet:before{content:"\f0fb"}
.icon-beer:before{content:"\f0fc"}
.icon-h-sign:before{content:"\f0fd"}
.icon-plus-sign-alt:before{content:"\f0fe"}
.icon-double-angle-left:before{content:"\f100"}
.icon-double-angle-right:before{content:"\f101"}
.icon-double-angle-up:before{content:"\f102"}
.icon-double-angle-down:before{content:"\f103"}
.icon-angle-left:before{content:"\f104"}
.icon-angle-right:before{content:"\f105"}
.icon-angle-up:before{content:"\f106"}
.icon-angle-down:before{content:"\f107"}
.icon-desktop:before{content:"\f108"}
.icon-laptop:before{content:"\f109"}
.icon-tablet:before{content:"\f10a"}
.icon-mobile-phone:before{content:"\f10b"}
.icon-circle-blank:before{content:"\f10c"}
.icon-quote-left:before{content:"\f10d"}
.icon-quote-right:before{content:"\f10e"}
.icon-spinner:before{content:"\f110"}
.icon-circle:before{content:"\f111"}
.icon-mail-reply:before,.icon-reply:before{content:"\f112"}
.icon-github-alt:before{content:"\f113"}
.icon-folder-close-alt:before{content:"\f114"}
.icon-folder-open-alt:before{content:"\f115"}
.icon-expand-alt:before{content:"\f116"}
.icon-collapse-alt:before{content:"\f117"}
.icon-smile:before{content:"\f118"}
.icon-frown:before{content:"\f119"}
.icon-meh:before{content:"\f11a"}
.icon-gamepad:before{content:"\f11b"}
.icon-keyboard:before{content:"\f11c"}
.icon-flag-alt:before{content:"\f11d"}
.icon-flag-checkered:before{content:"\f11e"}
.icon-terminal:before{content:"\f120"}
.icon-code:before{content:"\f121"}
.icon-reply-all:before{content:"\f122"}
.icon-mail-reply-all:before{content:"\f122"}
.icon-star-half-full:before,.icon-star-half-empty:before{content:"\f123"}
.icon-location-arrow:before{content:"\f124"}
.icon-crop:before{content:"\f125"}
.icon-code-fork:before{content:"\f126"}
.icon-unlink:before{content:"\f127"}
.icon-question:before{content:"\f128"}
.icon-info:before{content:"\f129"}
.icon-exclamation:before{content:"\f12a"}
.icon-superscript:before{content:"\f12b"}
.icon-subscript:before{content:"\f12c"}
.icon-eraser:before{content:"\f12d"}
.icon-puzzle-piece:before{content:"\f12e"}
.icon-microphone:before{content:"\f130"}
.icon-microphone-off:before{content:"\f131"}
.icon-shield:before{content:"\f132"}
.icon-calendar-empty:before{content:"\f133"}
.icon-fire-extinguisher:before{content:"\f134"}
.icon-rocket:before{content:"\f135"}
.icon-maxcdn:before{content:"\f136"}
.icon-chevron-sign-left:before{content:"\f137"}
.icon-chevron-sign-right:before{content:"\f138"}
.icon-chevron-sign-up:before{content:"\f139"}
.icon-chevron-sign-down:before{content:"\f13a"}
.icon-html5:before{content:"\f13b"}
.icon-css3:before{content:"\f13c"}
.icon-anchor:before{content:"\f13d"}
.icon-unlock-alt:before{content:"\f13e"}
.icon-bullseye:before{content:"\f140"}
.icon-ellipsis-horizontal:before{content:"\f141"}
.icon-ellipsis-vertical:before{content:"\f142"}
.icon-rss-sign:before{content:"\f143"}
.icon-play-sign:before{content:"\f144"}
.icon-ticket:before{content:"\f145"}
.icon-minus-sign-alt:before{content:"\f146"}
.icon-check-minus:before{content:"\f147"}
.icon-level-up:before{content:"\f148"}
.icon-level-down:before{content:"\f149"}
.icon-check-sign:before{content:"\f14a"}
.icon-edit-sign:before{content:"\f14b"}
.icon-external-link-sign:before{content:"\f14c"}
.icon-share-sign:before{content:"\f14d"}
.icon-compass:before{content:"\f14e"}
.icon-collapse:before{content:"\f150"}
.icon-collapse-top:before{content:"\f151"}
.icon-expand:before{content:"\f152"}
.icon-euro:before,.icon-eur:before{content:"\f153"}
.icon-gbp:before{content:"\f154"}
.icon-dollar:before,.icon-usd:before{content:"\f155"}
.icon-rupee:before,.icon-inr:before{content:"\f156"}
.icon-yen:before,.icon-jpy:before{content:"\f157"}
.icon-renminbi:before,.icon-cny:before{content:"\f158"}
.icon-won:before,.icon-krw:before{content:"\f159"}
.icon-bitcoin:before,.icon-btc:before{content:"\f15a"}
.icon-file:before{content:"\f15b"}
.icon-file-text:before{content:"\f15c"}
.icon-sort-by-alphabet:before{content:"\f15d"}
.icon-sort-by-alphabet-alt:before{content:"\f15e"}
.icon-sort-by-attributes:before{content:"\f160"}
.icon-sort-by-attributes-alt:before{content:"\f161"}
.icon-sort-by-order:before{content:"\f162"}
.icon-sort-by-order-alt:before{content:"\f163"}
.icon-thumbs-up:before{content:"\f164"}
.icon-thumbs-down:before{content:"\f165"}
.icon-youtube-sign:before{content:"\f166"}
.icon-youtube:before{content:"\f167"}
.icon-xing:before{content:"\f168"}
.icon-xing-sign:before{content:"\f169"}
.icon-youtube-play:before{content:"\f16a"}
.icon-dropbox:before{content:"\f16b"}
.icon-stackexchange:before{content:"\f16c"}
.icon-instagram:before{content:"\f16d"}
.icon-flickr:before{content:"\f16e"}
.icon-adn:before{content:"\f170"}
.icon-bitbucket:before{content:"\f171"}
.icon-bitbucket-sign:before{content:"\f172"}
.icon-tumblr:before{content:"\f173"}
.icon-tumblr-sign:before{content:"\f174"}
.icon-long-arrow-down:before{content:"\f175"}
.icon-long-arrow-up:before{content:"\f176"}
.icon-long-arrow-left:before{content:"\f177"}
.icon-long-arrow-right:before{content:"\f178"}
.icon-apple:before{content:"\f179"}
.icon-windows:before{content:"\f17a"}
.icon-android:before{content:"\f17b"}
.icon-linux:before{content:"\f17c"}
.icon-dribbble:before{content:"\f17d"}
.icon-skype:before{content:"\f17e"}
.icon-foursquare:before{content:"\f180"}
.icon-trello:before{content:"\f181"}
.icon-female:before{content:"\f182"}
.icon-male:before{content:"\f183"}
.icon-gittip:before{content:"\f184"}
.icon-sun:before{content:"\f185"}
.icon-moon:before{content:"\f186"}
.icon-archive:before{content:"\f187"}
.icon-bug:before{content:"\f188"}
.icon-vk:before{content:"\f189"}
.icon-weibo:before{content:"\f18a"}
.icon-renren:before{content:"\f18b"}
code{color:#000}
.border-box-sizing{box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box}
.corner-all{border-radius:4px}
.hbox{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-align:stretch;display:-moz-box;-moz-box-orient:horizontal;-moz-box-align:stretch;display:box;box-orient:horizontal;box-align:stretch;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:stretch}
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.vbox{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-align:stretch;display:-moz-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-align:stretch;display:box;box-orient:vertical;box-align:stretch;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch}
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.hbox.box-flex0,.vbox.box-flex0,.box-flex0{-webkit-box-flex:0;-moz-box-flex:0;box-flex:0;flex:none;width:auto}
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<h1 id="generators-will-free-your-mind">Generators Will Free Your Mind</h1>
<p>James Powell</p>
<p><a href="http://gist.github.com/dutc">http://gist.github.com/dutc</a></p>
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<p><a href="james@dontusethiscode.com">james@dontusethiscode.com</a></p>
<p><a href="http://twitter.com/dontusethiscode">@dontusethiscode</a></p>
<p><a href="http://seriously.dontusethiscode.com">seriously.dontusethiscode.com</a></p>
<p>dutc on irc.freenode.net</p>
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<h2 id="nyc-python">NYC Python</h2>
<p><a href="http://nycpython.org">nycpython.org</a></p>
<p><a href="http://pygotham.org">pygotham.org</a></p>
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<h2 id="a-conference-for-python-quants">A Conference &quot;for Python Quants&quot;</h2>
<p><a href="http://forpythonquants.com">forpythonquants.com</a></p>
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<h2 id="i-used-to-be-addicted-to-the-hokey-pokey-but-i-turned-myself-around."><em>I used to be addicted to the Hokey Pokey, but I turned myself around.</em></h2>
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<h2 id="themes">Themes</h2>
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<li>generators are a very useful way of modelling problems in Python</li>
<li>the ways we model problems using generators is fundamentally different</li>
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<h2 id="not-covered">Not Covered</h2>
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<li>what is a generator; see my previous talks</li>
<li>efficiencies</li>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">print_function</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">division</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">unicode_literals</span>
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<h2 id="functional-programming-has-already-freed-your-mind"><em>Functional Programming Has Already Freed Your Mind</em></h2>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">random</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">randrange</span>
<span class="n">markets</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s">&#39;US&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;UK&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;EU&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;CEMEA&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Central America&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Asia&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000000</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Antarctica&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">)</span>
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Central America -675140
Asia -3614396
Antarctica 0
US -2724620
UK -2380001
EU 771665
CEMEA 3480172
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="input">
<div class="prompt input_prompt">
In&nbsp;[4]:
</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">align</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{region:&lt;{align}} {profit:&gt;10,}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">align</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="output_wrapper">
<div class="output">
<div class="output_area"><div class="prompt"></div>
<div class="output_subarea output_stream output_stdout output_text">
<pre>
Central America -675,140
Asia -3,614,396
Antarctica 0
US -2,724,620
UK -2,380,001
EU 771,665
CEMEA 3,480,172
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="input">
<div class="prompt input_prompt">
In&nbsp;[5]:
</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">align</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;{region:&lt;{align}} {profit:&gt;10,}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">profit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">align</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="output_wrapper">
<div class="output">
<div class="output_area"><div class="prompt"></div>
<div class="output_subarea output_stream output_stdout output_text">
<pre>
Central America -675,140
Asia -3,614,396
Antarctica 0
US -2,724,620
UK -2,380,001
EU 771,665
CEMEA 3,480,172
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="input">
<div class="prompt input_prompt">
In&nbsp;[6]:
</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">logging</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">info</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_log</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">align</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;{region:&lt;{align}} {profit:&gt;10,}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">profit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">align</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">to_log</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_log</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="output_wrapper">
<div class="output">
<div class="output_area"><div class="prompt"></div>
<div class="output_subarea output_stream output_stdout output_text">
<pre>
Central America -675,140
Asia -3,614,396
Antarctica 0
US -2,724,620
UK -2,380,001
EU 771,665
CEMEA 3,480,172
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="input">
<div class="prompt input_prompt">
In&nbsp;[7]:
</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_log</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_email</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accounting</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">align</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">accounting</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">profit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;({:&gt;10,})&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">profit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39; {:&gt;10,}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;{region:&lt;{align}} {profit}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">profit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">align</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">to_log</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accounting</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="output_wrapper">
<div class="output">
<div class="output_area"><div class="prompt"></div>
<div class="output_subarea output_stream output_stdout output_text">
<pre>
Central America ( 675,140)
Asia ( 3,614,396)
Antarctica 0
US ( 2,724,620)
UK ( 2,380,001)
EU 771,665
CEMEA 3,480,172
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="input">
<div class="prompt input_prompt">
In&nbsp;[8]:
</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_log</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_email</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accounting</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">align</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">to_email</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">accounting</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">profit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;({:&gt;10,})&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">profit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39; {:&gt;10,}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;{region:&lt;{align}} {profit}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">profit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">align</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">to_email</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">lines</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">to_log</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">to_email</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">email</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accounting</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="output_wrapper">
<div class="output">
<div class="output_area"><div class="prompt"></div>
<div class="output_subarea output_stream output_stdout output_text">
<pre>
Central America ( 675,140)
Asia ( 3,614,396)
Antarctica 0
US ( 2,724,620)
UK ( 2,380,001)
EU 771,665
CEMEA 3,480,172
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="input">
<div class="prompt input_prompt">
In&nbsp;[9]:
</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">numbers</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Real</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Accounting</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Real</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__metaclass__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bases</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">body</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__abstractmethods__</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">body</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">body</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">meth</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Accounting</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">meth</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)))(</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__ne__&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">&#39;__nonzero__&#39;</span><span class="p">,):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">body</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">body</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">meth</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">meth</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">))(</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__metaclass__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bases</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">__new__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__new__</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__format__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fmt</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39; </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="k">float</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__format__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fmt</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39; </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="k">float</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__format__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fmt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;0&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;-&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;(</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">)&#39;</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="k">float</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__format__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fmt</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}[</span><span class="nb">cmp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="input">
<div class="prompt input_prompt">
In&nbsp;[10]:
</div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;{region:&lt;{align}} {profit:&gt;14,.0f}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">template</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">template</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">align</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">markets</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">align</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">output</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="n">region</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">Accounting</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">profit</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">region</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">profit</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">markets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()})</span>
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Central America ( -675,140)
US ( -2,724,620)
Antarctica -
Asia ( -3,614,396)
UK ( -2,380,001)
EU 771,665
CEMEA 3,480,172
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<h2 id="functional-programming-frees-your-mind-from-presuming-modalities">Functional Programming Frees Your Mind From Presuming Modalities</h2>
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<h2 id="functional-programming-simplified-your-internal-api">Functional Programming Simplified your Internal API</h2>
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<h2 id="functional-programming-empowered-your-users">Functional Programming Empowered Your Users</h2>
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<h2 id="pure-functional-programming-has-further-freed-your-mind">(Pure Functional Programming Has Further Freed Your Mind)</h2>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">()</span>
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[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">ratio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">xs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># raises StopIteration</span>
<span class="n">x2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">x2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">x1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x2</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x2</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">x1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x2</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sqrt</span>
<span class="n">ratio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
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[1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.6666666666666667]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">phi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">phi</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">ratio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))]</span>
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[0.6180339887498949,
0.3819660112501051,
0.1180339887498949,
0.04863267791677184]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># 1.609 km per mi</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">islice</span>
<span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">))</span>
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[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">izip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tee</span>
<span class="n">nwise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">izip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">g</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">))))</span>
<span class="n">ratio</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">nwise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ratio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">()),</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
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[1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.6666666666666667, 1.6]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">phi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">phi</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ratio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">()),</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)]</span>
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[0.6180339887498949,
0.3819660112501051,
0.1180339887498949,
0.04863267791677184,
0.018033988749894814]
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<h2 id="generators-free-you-from-presumptions-about-use">Generators Free You From Presumptions About Use</h2>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">break</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">())</span>
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[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">b</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">islice</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">takewhile</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">takewhile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">())))</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">dropwhile</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dropwhile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">takewhile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)))))</span>
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[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
[5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
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In&nbsp;[20]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">time</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sleep</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">query</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">time</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
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CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
Wall time: 100 ms
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[0]
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<h2 id="generators-free-you-from-presumptions-about-return-type">Generators Free You From Presumptions About Return Type</h2>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">b</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">())</span>
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100000 loops, best of 5: 13.1 µs per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 13.5 µs per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 17.8 µs per loop
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">b</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">islice</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fib</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">))</span>
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100000 loops, best of 5: 13.6 µs per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 13.7 µs per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 16.5 µs per loop
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In&nbsp;[27]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;xs must strictly be a list&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">average</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<pre>
6.2
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">average</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="ansired">---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="ansired">TypeError</span> Traceback (most recent call last)
<span class="ansigreen">&lt;ipython-input-28-4a82f84bdc7a&gt;</span> in <span class="ansicyan">&lt;module&gt;</span><span class="ansiblue">()</span>
<span class="ansigreen">----&gt; 1</span><span class="ansiyellow"> </span>average<span class="ansiyellow">(</span><span class="ansiyellow">(</span><span class="ansicyan">1</span><span class="ansiyellow">,</span><span class="ansicyan">2</span><span class="ansiyellow">,</span><span class="ansicyan">4</span><span class="ansiyellow">,</span><span class="ansicyan">8</span><span class="ansiyellow">,</span><span class="ansicyan">16</span><span class="ansiyellow">)</span><span class="ansiyellow">)</span><span class="ansiyellow"></span>
<span class="ansigreen">&lt;ipython-input-27-c010f9029beb&gt;</span> in <span class="ansicyan">average</span><span class="ansiblue">(xs)</span>
<span class="ansigreen"> 1</span> <span class="ansigreen">def</span> average<span class="ansiyellow">(</span>xs<span class="ansiyellow">)</span><span class="ansiyellow">:</span><span class="ansiyellow"></span>
<span class="ansigreen"> 2</span> <span class="ansigreen">if</span> <span class="ansigreen">not</span> isinstance<span class="ansiyellow">(</span>xs<span class="ansiyellow">,</span> list<span class="ansiyellow">)</span><span class="ansiyellow">:</span><span class="ansiyellow"></span>
<span class="ansigreen">----&gt; 3</span><span class="ansiyellow"> </span><span class="ansigreen">raise</span> TypeError<span class="ansiyellow">(</span><span class="ansiblue">&apos;xs must strictly be a list&apos;</span><span class="ansiyellow">)</span><span class="ansiyellow"></span>
<span class="ansigreen"> 4</span> <span class="ansigreen">return</span> sum<span class="ansiyellow">(</span>xs<span class="ansiyellow">)</span> <span class="ansiyellow">/</span> len<span class="ansiyellow">(</span>xs<span class="ansiyellow">)</span><span class="ansiyellow"></span>
<span class="ansigreen"> 5</span> <span class="ansiyellow"></span>
<span class="ansired">TypeError</span>: xs must strictly be a list</pre>
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In&nbsp;[29]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Sized</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Sized</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;xs must be Sized&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">average</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">))</span>
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6.2
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Iterable</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Iterable</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;xs must be Iterable&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">total</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">reduce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">count</span>
<span class="n">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
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6.2
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<h2 id="generators-simplify-your-apis-remove-presumptions-about-modes">Generators Simplify Your APIs &amp; Remove Presumptions About Modes</h2>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">time</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sleep</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">random</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">randrange</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">source</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">source</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">rv</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">datum</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">datum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="n">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">())</span>
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[(-35, -35),
(-45, -35.0),
(88, -40.0),
(-32, 2.6666666666666665),
(-67, -6.0),
(-57, -18.2),
(83, -24.666666666666668),
(98, -9.285714285714286),
(-74, 4.125),
(-71, -4.555555555555555),
(-95, -11.2),
(93, -18.818181818181817)]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">rv</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">datum</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">datum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;loading {:.2%}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="n">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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loading 0.00%
loading 20.00%
loading 40.00%
loading 60.00%
loading 80.00%
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[(-18, -18), (-24, -18.0), (23, -21.0), (22, -6.333333333333333), (35, 0.75)]
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In&nbsp;[34]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;loading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">rv</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">datum</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">datum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{:.2%}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;done loading!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="n">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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loading 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% done loading!
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[(22, 22), (-26, 22.0), (19, -2.0), (-19, 5.0), (68, -1.0)]
</pre>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">before</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">during</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">after</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">before</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">rv</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">datum</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">datum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">during</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">after</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">before</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;loading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">during</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{:.2%}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">after</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;done loading!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">before</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">during</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">during</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">after</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">before</span><span class="p">)</span>
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done loading!
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% loading
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[(-26, -26), (-78, -26.0), (86, -52.0), (15, -6.0), (-12, -0.75)]
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In&nbsp;[36]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">update</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">rv</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">datum</span>
<span class="n">rv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">datum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">update</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datum</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">update</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rv</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;loading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">count</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">yield</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{:.2%}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">count</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">yield</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;done loading!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">yield</span>
<span class="n">load_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
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loading 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% done loading!
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[(35, 35), (15, 35.0), (91, 25.0), (91, 47.0), (81, 58.0)]
</pre>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># http://www.sifma.org/services/holiday-schedule/</span>
<span class="c"># &quot;All SIFMA holiday recommendations apply to the trading of U.S. dollar-denominated </span>
<span class="c"># government securities, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, over-the-counter </span>
<span class="c"># investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds, municipal bonds and secondary </span>
<span class="c"># money market trading in bankers&#39; acceptances, commercial paper and Yankee and </span>
<span class="c"># Euro certificates of deposit.&quot;</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">date</span>
<span class="n">holidays</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c"># early # full</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Bank Holiday #1&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Bank Holiday #2&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Coming of Age Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.S. Martin Luther King Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;National Foundation Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&quot;U.S. Presidents&#39; Day&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Spring Equinox&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Good Friday&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.K Easter Monday&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Showa Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">29</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Constitutional Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&quot;Children&#39;s Day&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.K. May Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Greenery Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.S. Memorial Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">26</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.K. Spring Bank Holiday&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">26</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&quot;U.K. Queen&#39;s Diamond Jubilee&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.S. Independence Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Marine Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.K. Summer Bank Holiday&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.S. Labor Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Respect for the Aged Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Autumn Equinox&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Sports Day/U.S. Columbus Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Culture Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.S. Veterans Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Labor Thanksgiving Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">24</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.S. Thanksgiving Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">27</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&quot;Emperor&#39;s Birthday&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Christmas Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;U.K. Boxing Day&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">26</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s">&#39;Bank Holiday #3&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">31</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">nthbusinessdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">early</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">()}):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">refdate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">weekday</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">refdate</span>
<span class="c"># July 2014 </span>
<span class="c"># Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa</span>
<span class="c"># 1 2 3 4* 5 </span>
<span class="c"># 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 </span>
<span class="c"># 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 </span>
<span class="c"># 20 21* 22 23 24 25 26 </span>
<span class="c"># 27 28 29 30 31 </span>
<span class="n">nthbusinessdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
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datetime.date(2014, 7, 7)
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">nthbusinessdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">nthbusinessdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">nthbusinessdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
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Out[39]:</div>
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(datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 7),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 8))
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">early</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">()}):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">refdate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">weekday</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">refdate</span>
<span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">)</span>
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(datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 7),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 8))
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In&nbsp;[41]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">operator</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">add</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sub</span>
<span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PBD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">add</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sub</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">early</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">()}):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">refdate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">weekday</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">refdate</span>
<span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">PBD</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">)</span>
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(datetime.date(2014, 7, 1),
datetime.date(2014, 6, 30),
datetime.date(2014, 6, 27))
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In&nbsp;[42]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PBD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">datecount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">refdate</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">early</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">()}):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">datecount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">weekday</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">PBD</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">)</span>
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(datetime.date(2014, 7, 2),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 1),
datetime.date(2014, 6, 30))
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">)</span>
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Out[43]:</div>
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(datetime.date(2014, 7, 2),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 7))
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">functools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">wraps</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">pumped</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nd">@wraps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">inner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">inner</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@pumped</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">jp_holidays</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="c"># Jurassic Park </span>
<span class="nd">@apply</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">calendar</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="c"># simulate lookup</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">early</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">full</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">full</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">d</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">next_holiday</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calendar</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">next_holiday</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">refdate</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">next_holiday</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">next_holiday</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calendar</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">datecount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refdate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">weekday</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">businessdays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">direction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NBD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">holidays</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">jp_holidays</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">time</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span>
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CPU times: user 4 ms, sys: 0 ns, total: 4 ms
Wall time: 3 s
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[datetime.date(2014, 7, 2),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 3),
datetime.date(2014, 7, 7)]
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In&nbsp;[47]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">time</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">islice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">))</span>
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CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
Wall time: 200 ms
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[datetime.date(2014, 7, 24)]
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In&nbsp;[48]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">decimal</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Decimal</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">denominations</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.00&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.50&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.25&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.10&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.05&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.01&#39;</span><span class="p">))):</span>
<span class="n">coins</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">coins</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">denominations</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">coins</span>
<span class="n">change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.72&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
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[Decimal(&apos;1.00&apos;),
Decimal(&apos;0.50&apos;),
Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;),
Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;),
Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;),
Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;)]
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In&nbsp;[49]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">decimal</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Decimal</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">denominations</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="mi">5</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.00&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.50&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.25&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.10&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.05&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;0.01&#39;</span><span class="p">)}):</span>
<span class="n">coins</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">reverse</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">coins</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">reverse</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">coins</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.72&#39;</span><span class="p">)))</span>
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[Decimal(&apos;1.00&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.50&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;)]
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In&nbsp;[50]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.72&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">denominations</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;0.50&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;0.10&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;0.01&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">}))</span>
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[Decimal(&apos;0.50&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.50&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.50&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;)]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.72&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">denominations</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;0.50&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;0.10&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;0.01&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">}))</span>
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[Decimal(&apos;0.50&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.50&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.10&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;), Decimal(&apos;0.01&apos;)]
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">chain</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">takewhile</span>
<span class="n">greedy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">chain</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_iterable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">takewhile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@pumped</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">predicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c"># take values until you exceed the maximum</span>
<span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">amounts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="c"># randomly pick dollar amounts</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">groupby</span>
<span class="n">denominations</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2000</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">amount</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">amounts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">pred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># create the predicate</span>
<span class="n">coins</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">greedy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">reversed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># greedy algorithm</span>
<span class="c"># pretty print</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;your change for {:&gt;5.2f}$ = {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s">&#39; + &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{:&gt;2d}×{:&lt;3}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cs</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;{:d}¢&#39;</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">100</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s">&#39;{:.0f}$&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">100</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">cs</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">groupby</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">))))</span>
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<pre>
your change for 7.44$ = 1×5$ + 2×1$ + 1×25¢ + 1×10¢ + 1×5¢ + 4×1¢
your change for 9.09$ = 1×5$ + 4×1$ + 1×5¢ + 4×1¢
your change for 8.60$ = 1×5$ + 3×1$ + 2×25¢ + 1×10¢
your change for 0.96$ = 3×25¢ + 2×10¢ + 1×1¢
your change for 7.41$ = 1×5$ + 2×1$ + 1×25¢ + 1×10¢ + 1×5¢ + 1×1¢
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@pumped</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">predicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constraint</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">constraint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># take values until you exceed the maximum</span>
<span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
<span class="n">values</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
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In&nbsp;[70]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Counter</span>
<span class="n">three_coins</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coin</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Counter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="n">coin</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">amount</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">amounts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">pred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constraint</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">three_coins</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># create the predicate</span>
<span class="n">coins</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">greedy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">reversed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">denominations</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># greedy algorithm</span>
<span class="c"># pretty print</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;your change for {:&gt;5.2f}$ -{:&gt;5.2f}$ = {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s">&#39; + &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{:&gt;2d}×{:&lt;3}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cs</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;{:d}¢&#39;</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">100</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s">&#39;{:.0f}$&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">100</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">cs</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">groupby</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">))))</span>
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<pre>
your change for 7.44$ - 0.02$ = 1×5$ + 2×1$ + 1×25¢ + 1×10¢ + 1×5¢ + 2×1¢
your change for 9.09$ - 1.27$ = 1×5$ + 2×1$ + 2×25¢ + 2×10¢ + 2×5¢ + 2×1¢
your change for 8.60$ - 0.78$ = 1×5$ + 2×1$ + 2×25¢ + 2×10¢ + 2×5¢ + 2×1¢
your change for 0.96$ - 0.14$ = 2×25¢ + 2×10¢ + 2×5¢ + 2×1¢
your change for 7.41$ - 0.00$ = 1×5$ + 2×1$ + 1×25¢ + 1×10¢ + 1×5¢ + 1×1¢
</pre>
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In&nbsp;[62]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">roman</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;i&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;iv&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;v&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;ix&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;ix&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;xc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">400</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;cd&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">900</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;cm&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">,}</span>
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In&nbsp;[63]:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">years</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1900</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2200</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">xrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="c"># randomly pick a year</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@pumped</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">predicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constraint</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">constraint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># take values until you exceed the maximum</span>
<span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
<span class="n">values</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">year</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">years</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">pred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># create the predicate</span>
<span class="n">numerals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">greedy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">reversed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">roman</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># greedy algorithm</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;the year {} is written {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">roman</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">upper</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">numerals</span><span class="p">))))</span>
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the year 1903 is written MCMIII
the year 2052 is written MMXII
the year 2029 is written MMXXIX
the year 1975 is written MCMXXXV
the year 1945 is written MCMIXV
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<h1 id="generators-have-freed-your-mind">Generators Have Freed Your Mind</h1>
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<h2 id="go-in-peace">Go In Peace</h2>
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<p>James Powell</p>
<p><a href="james@dontusethiscode.com">james@dontusethiscode.com</a></p>
<p><a href="http://twitter.com/dontusethiscode">@dontusethiscode</a></p>
<p><a href="http://seriously.dontusethiscode.com">seriously.dontusethiscode.com</a></p>
<p>dutc on irc.freenode.net</p>
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