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@vladimir-vg
Created February 20, 2022 11:12
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{
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"name": "M. Arting, Algebra, Chapter 2, 5.5",
"provenance": [],
"collapsed_sections": []
},
"kernelspec": {
"name": "python3",
"display_name": "Python 3"
},
"language_info": {
"name": "python"
}
},
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"Для телеграм блога: https://t.me/VladimirsLoveForMath\n"
],
"metadata": {
"id": "03dywbWaeFCi"
}
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"Задача звучит так:"
],
"metadata": {
"id": "SazNk-KXe4GD"
}
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"![Screenshot from 2022-02-20 12-34-08.png](data:image/png;base64,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)"
],
"metadata": {
"id": "LNsGC9_XeSsk"
}
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"По-русски: есть множество $H$ содержащее квадратные $n \\times n$ матрицы $M$ указанного вида. Известно что $A$ и $D$ являются элементами общих линейных групп $GL(\\mathbb{R})$ размерности $n$ и $n-r$ соответственно. Докажите что множество $H$ является подгруппой общей линейной группы размерности $n$. Докажите что отображение $M \\rightsquigarrow A$ является гомоморфизмом. Что будет являться ядром этого гомоморфизма?\n",
"\n",
"Матрица $M$ имеет следующую блоковую форму:\n",
"\n",
"$M = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A & B \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"$GL_n(\\mathbb{R})$, она же полная линейная группа это всего лишь множество обратимых матриц с операцией умножения. Обратимых, значит для каждой существует обратная. "
],
"metadata": {
"id": "ZxyWooXFe9H1"
}
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"# Ещё раз, что нужно сделать?\n",
"\n",
"Задача звучит громоздко, но если конкретизировать, то всё становится понятным.\n",
"\n",
"Ясно что $H$ является подмножеством $GL_n(\\mathbb{R})$, а значит что если $H$ будет группой, то автоматически будет подгруппой $GL_n(\\mathbb{R})$ если у них общая единица. Нужно доказать что $H$ образует группу. А именно:\n",
"\n",
"1) Доказать что для любых $M_1, M_2 \\in H$ будет верно что произведения $M_1 M_2 \\in H$, $M_2 M_1 \\in H$.\n",
"\n",
"2) Доказать что для любого $M\\in H$ существует $M^{-1}\\in H$, такой что $M M^{-1} = M^{-1} M = I$.\n",
"\n",
"3) Доказать что существует $I\\in H$, такой что $MI = IM = M$. Ну это очевидно, достаточно подобрать $A = I$, $B = 0$, $D = I$. Доказали прямо на месте, можно опустить.\n",
"\n",
"Этих трёх пунктов достаточно чтобы $H$ образовала группу.\n",
"\n",
"Кроме того нам нужно доказать что отображение $\\varphi : H → GL_r(\\mathbb{R})$ является гомоморфизмом. А именно:\n",
"\n",
"$\\varphi \\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A & B \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right) = A$\n",
"\n",
"4) Доказать что для любых $M_1, M_2 \\in H$ будет верно $\\varphi(M_1 M_2) = \\varphi(M_1) \\varphi(M_2)$\n",
"\n",
"5) Доказать что $\\varphi(I) = I$. Доказывается тривиально, можно опустить.\n",
"\n",
"6) И последняя часть, нужно найти ядро $\\varphi$. Т.е. нужно найти подмножество $K \\subseteq H$, такое что для любого $M \\in K$ будет $\\varphi(M) = I$.\n",
"\n"
],
"metadata": {
"id": "Zwm5sV3ih_If"
}
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"# Ещё раз, что нам известно?\n",
"\n",
"Нам известно, что матрицы $A \\in GL_r(\\mathbb{R})$ и $D \\in GL_{r-n}(\\mathbb{R})$. Это значит что существуют $A^{-1}$ и $D^{-1}$.\n",
"\n",
"Кроме того, нам известно что матрицы представленные в блоковой форме (как наша $M$) можно умножать таким образом:\n",
"\n",
"$\n",
"\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_{11} & A_{12} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" A_{21} & A_{22} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" B_{11} & B_{12} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" B_{21} & B_{22} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_{11}B_{11}+A_{12}B_{21} & A_{11}B_{12}+A_{12}B_{22} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" A_{21}B_{11}+A_{22}B_{21} & A_{21}B_{12}+A_{22}B_{22} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\n",
"$\n",
"\n",
"Подробнее про умножение матрицы в блоковой форме можно узнать в первой главе книги."
],
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{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"# 1) Для любых $M_1, M_2$: $M_1 M_2 \\in H$, $M_2 M_1 \\in H$.\n",
"\n",
"Давайте просто возьмём две матрицы $M_1$ и $M_2$, перемножим их, и посмотрим может ли результат быть в $H$.\n",
"\n",
"$\n",
"M_1 = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_1 & B_1 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_1 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] \\qquad M_2 = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_2 & B_2 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_2\n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\n",
"$\n",
"\n",
"$M_1 M_2 = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_1 A_2 + B_1 0 & A_1 B_2 + B_1 D_2 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 A_2 + D_1 0 & 0 B_2 + D_1 D_2 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_1 A_2 & A_1 B_2 + B_1 D_2 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_1 D_2 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"Осталось ответить на вопрос, соответствует ли результат той форме, в которой была представлена матрица $M$? Мы имеет ноль в нижней левой части блока. Ясно что $A_1 A_2 \\in GL_r(\\mathbb{R})$ и $D_1 D_2 \\in GL_{n-r}(\\mathbb{R})$. Ограничений на верхний правый блок не накладывалось.\n",
"\n",
"Получается что $M_1 M_2 \\in H$. Для $M_2 M_1$ доказывается точно так же."
],
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"id": "Xazwv6f4pOnl"
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{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"# 2) Доказать что существует $M^{-1}$\n",
"\n",
"Попробуем представить как мог бы выглядеть этот $M^{-1}$ элемент. Ясно что нам нужно взять $A^{-1}$ и $D^{-1}$ для главной диагонали. Пусть:\n",
"\n",
"$M^{-1} = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A^{-1} & B' \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D^{-1} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"Пока не совсем понятно что будет в правом верхнем блоке, поэтому пока обозначим эту матрицу за $B'$.\n",
"\n",
"Итак, необходимо чтобы выполнялось $M M^{-1} = I$:\n",
"\n",
"$\n",
"M M^{-1} = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A & B \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A^{-1} & B' \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D^{-1} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A A^{-1} + B 0 & A B' + B D^{-1} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 A^{-1} + D 0 & 0 B' + D D^{-1} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" I & A B' + B D^{-1} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & I \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\n",
"$\n",
"\n",
"$\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" I & A B' + B D^{-1} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & I \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] = I = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" I & 0 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & I \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"Из этого уравнения мы можем выразить $B'$ такой чтобы $M^{-1}$ вёл себя как обратный элемент:\n",
"\n",
"$A B' + B D^{-1} = 0$\n",
"\n",
"$A B' = - B D^{-1}$\n",
"\n",
"$B' = - A^{-1} B D^{-1}$\n",
"\n",
"Итак:\n",
"\n",
"$M^{-1} = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A^{-1} & - A^{-1} B D^{-1} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D^{-1} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"Полученный элемент будет принадлежать $H$, соответствует всем признакам.\n",
"\n",
"Осталось проверить что $M^{-1} M = I$:\n",
"\n",
"$M^{-1} M = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A^{-1} & - A^{-1} B D^{-1} \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D^{-1} \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A & B \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" I & A^{-1} B - A^{-1} B D^{-1} D \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & I \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"$\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" I & A^{-1} B - A^{-1} B D^{-1} D \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & I \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" I & 0 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & I \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"$A^{-1} B - A^{-1} B D^{-1} D = 0$\n",
"\n",
"$A^{-1} B - A^{-1} B = 0$\n",
"\n",
"Верно. Итак, мы определили $M^{-1}$, доказали его существование."
],
"metadata": {
"id": "Ktd687Was0K6"
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},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"# 4) Доказать что $\\varphi(M_1 M_2) = \\varphi(M_1) \\varphi(M_2)$\n",
"\n",
"$\\varphi(M_1 M_2) = \\varphi(M_1) \\varphi(M_2)$\n",
"\n",
"$\\varphi\\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_1 & B_1 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_1 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right] \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_2 & B_2 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_2 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right) = \\varphi\\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_1 & B_1 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_1 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right) \\varphi\\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_2 & B_2 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_2 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right)$\n",
"\n",
"$\\varphi\\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_1 A_2 & A_1 B_2 + B_1 D_2 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_1 D_2 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right) = \\varphi\\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_1 & B_1 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_1 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right) \\varphi\\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A_2 & B_2 \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D_2 \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right)$\n",
"\n",
"Применим $\\varphi$ с обеих сторон:\n",
"\n",
"$A_1 A_2 = A_1 A_2$\n",
"\n",
"Итак, $\\varphi$ действительно является гомоморфизмом."
],
"metadata": {
"id": "bQQPDj8nyQ9u"
}
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"source": [
"# 6) Найти ядро $\\varphi$\n",
"\n",
"Нужно найти подмножество $K \\subseteq H$, такое что для любого $M \\in K$ будет $\\varphi(M) = I$.\n",
"\n",
"Пусть $M \\in K$:\n",
"\n",
"$M = \\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A & B \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]$\n",
"\n",
"Должно выполняться:\n",
"\n",
"$\\varphi(M) = I$\n",
"\n",
"$\\varphi\\left(\\left[ \n",
"\\begin{array}{c|c} \n",
" A & B \\\\ \n",
" \\hline \n",
" 0 & D \n",
"\\end{array} \n",
"\\right]\\right) = I$\n",
"\n",
"$A = I$\n",
"\n",
"Получается что $K$ это множество матриц, где блок $A = I$.\n",
"\n",
"Вот и всё."
],
"metadata": {
"id": "_GUy3U1Dzw2E"
}
}
]
}
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