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# no copy
a = {1:'a', 2:'b', 3:{4:'c', 5:'d'}}
b = a
b[1] = 'lol'
print(a[1])
b[3][4] = 'haha'
print(a[3][4])

# shallow copy
c = {1:'a', 2:'b', 3:{4:'c', 5:'d'}}

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(function() {
  $('.posts').each(function() {
      var $postsInCat = $(this).children();
      var $sortedCat = $postsInCat.sort(function(a, b) {
      	var dateA = new Date($(a).children('div').html());
      	var dateB = new Date($(b).children('div').html());
      	return dateA < dateB ? 1 : -1;
      });
      $(this).html('').html($sortedCat);
  });

yangshun

import random
import numpy as np
import numpy.linalg as la
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 
import time
import os
from math import *
from numpy import append, zeros
from scipy.io import wavfile

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a = 1

def foo():
    print(a)     # Prints 1. Accesses the variable a outside its own scope.

foo()
print(a)         # Prints 1. a not modified.

b = 2
def bar():

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function parseVideo (url) {
    // - Supported YouTube URL formats:
    //   - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My2FRPA3Gf8
    //   - http://youtu.be/My2FRPA3Gf8
    //   - https://youtube.googleapis.com/v/My2FRPA3Gf8
    // - Supported Vimeo URL formats:
    //   - http://vimeo.com/25451551
    //   - http://player.vimeo.com/video/25451551
    // - Also supports relative URLs:
    //   - //player.vimeo.com/video/25451551

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var fs = require('fs');

var data = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync('modules.json'));

var lessonTypes = ['DESIGN LECTURE', 'LABORATORY', 'LECTURE', 'PACKAGED LECTURE',
      'PACKAGED TUTORIAL', 'RECITATION', 'SECTIONAL TEACHING',
      'SEMINAR-STYLE MODULE CLASS', 'TUTORIAL', 'TUTORIAL TYPE 2',
      'TUTORIAL TYPE 3'];
var weeks = ['EVERY WEEK', 'ODD WEEKS', 'EVEN WEEKS'];
var days = ['MONDAY', 'TUESDAY', 'WEDNESDAY', 'THURSDAY', 'FRIDAY', 'SATURDAY'];

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# Replace section 1.1 of Assignment 3 with the following lines of code
# Final result looks something like this: http://imgur.com/nVCFDPh

def pts_set_2():

  def create_intermediate_points(pt1, pt2, granularity):
    new_pts = []
    vector = np.array([(x[0] - x[1]) for x in zip(pt1, pt2)])
    return [(np.array(pt2) + (vector * (float(i)/granularity))) for i in range(1, granularity)]

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# We want to sort a list by its second element in descending order.
# The example illustrates the difference in the results of different
# process of sorting in descending order.

# Sort in ascending order, then use list reverse
>>> a = [('A', 1), ('C', 5), ('A', 2), ('B', 3), ('B', 5)]
>>> a.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
>>> print(a)
[('A', 1), ('A', 2), ('B', 3), ('C', 5), ('B', 5)]
>>> a.reverse()

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def scope_test():
    def do_local():
        spam = "local spam"
    def do_nonlocal():
        nonlocal spam
        spam = "nonlocal spam"
    def do_global():
        global spam
        spam = "global spam"
    spam = "test spam"

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#!/bin/bash

# Assumes a directory structure of:
# dir
# |-- skeleton
# |   |-- testFile.java
# |   +-- grade.sh (this file)
# |
# +-- testdata
#     |-- input