QuickJS engine sample project - shows how to embedded in C++

CMakeLists.txt

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.9)
project(QuickJS-Experiment)

#========== Global Configurations =============#
#----------------------------------------------#

set( CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD     17 )
set( CMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE ON )
set( CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS   OFF)

# ------------ Download CPM CMake Script ----------------#

## Automatically donwload and use module CPM.cmake
file(DOWNLOAD https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake/v0.26.2/cmake/CPM.cmake
                 "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/CPM.cmake")
include("${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/CPM.cmake")

#----------- Add dependencies --------------------------#

CPMAddPackage(
    NAME               quickjs 
    GITHUB_REPOSITORY  bellard/quickjs
    GIT_TAG            204682fb87ab9312f0cf81f959ecd181180457bc
    # DOWNLOAD_ONLY YES
    )


# Add this directory where is this file (CMakeLists.txt) to include path. 
include_directories( ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR} )

# =============== QuickJS settings ====================================#

include_directories( ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/ )
message([TRACE] " quickjs source = ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR} ")

file(GLOB quickjs_hpp ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/*.h )

file(GLOB quickjs_src ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/quickjs.c 
                      ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/libregexp.c 
                      ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/libunicode.c  
                      ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/cutils.c 
                      ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/quickjs-libc.c 
                      ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/libbf.c 
                      )


               add_library( qjs-engine ${quickjs_src} ${quickjs_hpp} )
    target_compile_options( qjs-engine PRIVATE
                                -MMD -MF
                                -Wno-sign-compare 
                                -Wno-missing-field-initializers 
                                -Wundef -Wuninitialized 
                                -Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wwrite-strings -Wchar-subscripts
                          )
target_compile_definitions( qjs-engine PUBLIC 
                                       CONFIG_BIGNUM=y
                                       CONFIG_VERSION="2020-11-08"
                                       _GNU_SOURCE
                           )

if(UNIX)
    target_link_libraries( qjs-engine PRIVATE m pthread dl)
endif()

# =========== Target Settings =========================================#

            # QuickJS compiler. 
            add_executable( qjsc ${quickjs_SOURCE_DIR}/qjsc.c )
target_compile_definitions( qjsc  PUBLIC  CONFIG_BIGNUM=y  CONFIG_VERSION="2020-11-08"  _GNU_SOURCE )            
     target_link_libraries( qjsc  qjs-engine )

            # Sample application that embeds the quickJS Javascript engine. 
       add_executable( main main.cpp   )
target_link_libraries( main qjs-engine )

main.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <quickjspp.hpp>


class ChartXY
{
private:
    double x = 0.0, y = 0.0;
    double width = 100.0, height = 100.0;
public:
    ChartXY()
    { }
    
    ChartXY(double w, double h): width(w), height(h) 
    { }

    void show() const 
    {
      std::cout << " [ĆhartXY Object] x = " << x << " ; y = " << y 
                << " ; width = " << width << " height = " << height 
                << '\n';
    }

    void set_width(double width) 
    {  
        this->width = width; 
        std::fprintf(stdout, " [ChartXY] Width set to %f \n", width);
        
    }
    
    void set_height(double height)
    { 
        this->height = height; 
        std::fprintf(stdout, " [ChartXY] Height set to %f \n", height);        
    }

    double get_height() const { return this->height; }
    double get_width () const { return this->width; }

    void plot_points(std::vector<double> const& points)
    {
        std::cout << " [ChartXY] Plotting points =>> ";
        for(auto p : points) { std::cout << " " << p; }
        std::cout << "\n";
    }
};

qjs::Value
try_eval_module(
                qjs::Context& context
              , qjs::Runtime& runtime
              , std::string const& code)
{
      try
      {
          return context.eval(code, "<eval>", JS_EVAL_TYPE_MODULE);
      } catch( const qjs::exception& ex)
      {
            //js_std_dump_error(ctx);
            auto exc = context.getException();
            std::cerr << (exc.isError() ? "Error: " : "Throw: ") << (std::string)exc << std::endl;
            if((bool)exc["stack"])
                std::cerr << (std::string)exc["stack"] << std::endl;

            js_std_free_handlers(runtime.rt);
            return context.newObject();
      }

}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    std::cout << " [INFO] Started Ok" << std::endl; 
    
    using namespace qjs;

    Runtime runtime;
    //JSRuntime* rt = runtime.rt;

    Context context(runtime);
    //JSContext* ctx = context.ctx;

    js_std_init_handlers(runtime.rt);
    
    /* loader for ES6 modules */
    JS_SetModuleLoaderFunc(runtime.rt, nullptr, js_module_loader, nullptr);
    
    js_std_add_helpers(context.ctx, argc - 1, argv + 1);

    /* system modules */
    js_init_module_std(context.ctx, "std");
    js_init_module_os(context.ctx, "os");

    std::fprintf(stderr, " [TRACE] Before loading code. \n");

    const char* str = R"(
            /*
            import * as std from 'std';
            import * as os from 'os';
            globalThis.std = std;
            globalThis.os = os;
            */

            console.log(" [QUICJS] => =>> Script loaded. Ok. \n");

            for(n = 1; n <= 5; n++){
                console.log(` [QUICKJS-TRACE] n = ${n}/5 `);
            }

            // ----- Define user variables here ----

            asset_path = "/Users/mydir-macosx/data/blackjack.txt";
            game_score = 0.25156;

            let x = 10.352;
            datapoints = [ 0.251, 19.2363, 9.262, 100.125 ];

            console.log(`\n  [QUICKJS] asset_path = ${asset_path}` );
            console.log(`   [QUICKJS] score = ${100.0 * game_score} (in percent) \n`);
            console.log(`   [QUICKJS] data points = ${datapoints} `)
      )";

    try
    {
         context.eval(str); //, "", JS_EVAL_TYPE_MODULE);
    } catch( const qjs::exception& ex)
    {
          //js_std_dump_error(ctx);
          auto exc = context.getException();
          std::cerr << (exc.isError() ? "Error: " : "Throw: ") << (std::string)exc << std::endl;
          if((bool)exc["stack"])
              std::cerr << (std::string)exc["stack"] << std::endl;

          js_std_free_handlers(runtime.rt);
          return 1;
    }

    std::fprintf(stderr, " [TRACE] After loading code. \n");


    int number = (int) context.eval(" 10 * (3 + 1 + 10 ) - 1000 * 2");                               
    std::cout << " [RESULT] number = " << number << '\n';
        
    std::puts("\n [*] ===== Read configuration variables defined in the js code. ====\n");    
    {
        auto var_asset_path = context.global()["asset_path"].as<std::string>();
        std::cout << "    =>> asset_path = " << var_asset_path << '\n';

        auto score = context.global()["game_score"].as<double>();
        std::cout << "    =>> game_score (%) = " << 100.0 * score << '\n';

        auto points = context.global()["datapoints"].as<std::vector<double>>();
        std::cout << "    ==>> datapoints = [" << points.size() << "]( ";
        for(auto p : points) {  std::cout << p << ' '; }
        std::cout << " ) \n";
    }

    std::puts("\n [*] ===== Define variables in C++-side  ====\n");    
    { 
        
        context.global()["user_name"]   = context.newValue("Gaius Julius Caesar");
        context.global()["user_points"] = context.newValue(101235);

        auto data = std::vector<std::string>{ "ADA", "RUST", "C++11", "C++17", "C++20"
                                            , "Dlang", "OCaml", "C#(Csharp)" };

        context.global()["user_data"] = context.newValue(data);         

        // Note: This code should be within an exception handler. 
        context.eval(R"(
            console.log(` [STEP 2] user_name = ${user_name} ; points = ${user_points} `);
            console.log(` [STEP 2] user_data = ${user_data} ; type = ${ typeof(user_data) } `);
            console.log(` [STEP 2] user_data[5] = ${ user_data[5] } `)

            // Iterate over the array 
            for(let x in user_data){ console.log(user_data[x]); }
        )");          

    }

    std::puts("\n [*] ===== Register class ChartXY   ====\n");    

    auto& module = context.addModule("chart");
    module.class_<ChartXY>("ChartXY")
      .constructor() 
      .constructor<double, double>()
      .fun<&ChartXY::show>("show")
      .fun<&ChartXY::set_height>("set_height")
      .fun<&ChartXY::set_width>("set_width")
      .fun<&ChartXY::plot_points>("plot_points")
      .property<&ChartXY::get_width,  &ChartXY::set_width>("width")      
      .property<&ChartXY::get_height, &ChartXY::set_height>("height")      
      ;  

    module.add("user_path", "/Users/data/assets/game/score/marks");
    module.add("user_points", 1023523);

    module.function("myfunc", [](double x, double y){ return 4.61 * x + 10 * y * y; });

    const char* module_code = R"(
        import { ChartXY } from "chart";

        import * as chart from "chart"

        console.log(` [SCRIPT] chart.user_path = ${chart.user_path} \n\n`);
        console.log(` [SCRIPT] chart.user_points = ${chart.user_points} \n\n`);

        console.log(` [SCRIPT] Result = ${ chart.myfunc(5.61, 9.821) } \n`);

        let ch = new ChartXY(200, 600);
        ch.show();

        ch.set_width(800.0);
        ch.set_height(700.0)
        ch.show();

        console.log("   [QUICKJS] Change chart dimensions using properties ");
        ch.width = 500;
        ch.height = 660;

        console.log(`\n   <QUICKJS> Chart width = ${ch.width} ; Chart height = ${ch.height} \n`);

        ch.plot_points( [ 10.522, 8.261, -100.24, 7.2532, 56.123, 89.23 ] );
    )";

    try_eval_module(context, runtime, module_code);

    js_std_loop(context.ctx);
    // ----- Shutdown virtual machine ---------------// 
    js_std_free_handlers(runtime.rt);
    
    return 0;
}

quickjspp.hpp

/*  Original project (autorship): https://github.com/ftk/quickjspp (Credits goes to this files)
 * 
 *  "QuickJSPP is header-only - put quickjspp.hpp into your include search path. 
 *   Compiler that supports C++17 or later is required. The program needs to be linked against 
 *   QuickJS. Sample CMake project files are provided.
 *
 *   Original file URL: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ftk/quickjspp/fd9e30676cf18e6c22a26d6731516fe96d757c28/quickjspp.hpp
 */

#pragma once

#include  <quickjs.h>
#include  <quickjs-libc.h>

#include <vector>
#include <string_view>
#include <string>
#include <cassert>
#include <memory>
#include <cstddef>
#include <algorithm>
#include <tuple>
#include <functional>
#include <stdexcept>

namespace qjs {


/** Exception type.
 * Indicates that exception has occured in JS context.
 */
class exception {};

/** Javascript conversion traits.
 * Describes how to convert type R to/from JSValue. Second template argument can be used for SFINAE/enable_if type filters.
 */
template <typename R, typename /*_SFINAE*/ = void>
struct js_traits
{
    /** Create an object of C++ type R given JSValue v and JSContext.
     * This function is intentionally not implemented. User should implement this function for their own type.
     * @param v This value is passed as JSValueConst so it should be freed by the caller.
     * @throws exception in case of conversion error
     */
    static R unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v);
    /** Create JSValue from an object of type R and JSContext.
     * This function is intentionally not implemented. User should implement this function for their own type.
     * @return Returns JSValue which should be freed by the caller or JS_EXCEPTION in case of error.
     */
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, R value);
};

/** Conversion traits for JSValue (identity).
 */
template <>
struct js_traits<JSValue>
{
    static JSValue unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v) noexcept
    {
        return JS_DupValue(ctx, v);
    }

    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValue v) noexcept
    {
        return v;
    }
};

/** Conversion traits for integers.
 */
template <typename Int>
struct js_traits<Int, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<Int> && sizeof(Int) <= sizeof(int64_t)>>
{

    /// @throws exception
    static Int unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        if constexpr (sizeof(Int) > sizeof(int32_t))
        {
            int64_t r;
            if(JS_ToInt64(ctx, &r, v))
                throw exception{};
            return static_cast<Int>(r);
        }
        else
        {
            int32_t r;
            if(JS_ToInt32(ctx, &r, v))
                throw exception{};
            return static_cast<Int>(r);
        }
    }

    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, Int i) noexcept
    {
        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Int, uint32_t> || sizeof(Int) > sizeof(int32_t))
            return JS_NewInt64(ctx, static_cast<Int>(i));
        else
            return JS_NewInt32(ctx, static_cast<Int>(i));
    }
};

/** Conversion traits for boolean.
 */
template <>
struct js_traits<bool>
{
    static bool unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v) noexcept
    {
        return JS_ToBool(ctx, v);
    }

    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, bool i) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewBool(ctx, i);
    }
};

/** Conversion trait for void.
 */
template <>
struct js_traits<void>
{
    /// @throws exception if jsvalue is neither undefined nor null
    static void unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst value)
    {
        if(JS_IsException(value))
            throw exception{};
    }
};

/** Conversion traits for float64/double.
 */
template <>
struct js_traits<double>
{
    /// @throws exception
    static double unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        double r;
        if(JS_ToFloat64(ctx, &r, v))
            throw exception{};
        return r;
    }

    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, double i) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, i);
    }
};

namespace detail {
/** Fake std::string_view which frees the string on destruction.
*/
class js_string : public std::string_view
{
    using Base = std::string_view;
    JSContext * ctx = nullptr;

    friend struct js_traits<std::string_view>;

    js_string(JSContext * ctx, const char * ptr, std::size_t len) : Base(ptr, len), ctx(ctx)
    {}

public:

    template <typename... Args>
    js_string(Args&& ... args) : Base(std::forward<Args>(args)...), ctx(nullptr)
    {}

    js_string(const js_string& other) = delete;

    operator const char * () const {
        return this->data();
    }

    ~js_string()
    {
        if(ctx)
            JS_FreeCString(ctx, this->data());
    }
};
} // namespace detail

/** Conversion traits from std::string_view and to detail::js_string. */
template <>
struct js_traits<std::string_view>
{
    static detail::js_string unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        size_t plen;
        const char * ptr = JS_ToCStringLen(ctx, &plen, v);
        if(!ptr)
            throw exception{};
        return detail::js_string{ctx, ptr, plen};
    }

    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, std::string_view str) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewStringLen(ctx, str.data(), str.size());
    }
};

/** Conversion traits for std::string */
template <> // slower
struct js_traits<std::string>
{
    static std::string unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        auto str_view = js_traits<std::string_view>::unwrap(ctx, v);
        return std::string{str_view.data(), str_view.size()};
    }

    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, const std::string& str) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewStringLen(ctx, str.data(), str.size());
    }
};

/** Conversion from const char * */
template <>
struct js_traits<const char *>
{
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, const char * str) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewString(ctx, str);
    }
    static detail::js_string unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        return js_traits<std::string_view>::unwrap(ctx, v);
    }
};


namespace detail {

/** Helper function to convert and then free JSValue. */
template <typename T>
T unwrap_free(JSContext * ctx, JSValue val)
{
    if constexpr(std::is_same_v<T, void>)
    {
        JS_FreeValue(ctx, val);
        return js_traits<T>::unwrap(ctx, val);
    } else
    {
        try
        {
            T result = js_traits<std::decay_t<T>>::unwrap(ctx, val);
            JS_FreeValue(ctx, val);
            return result;
        }
        catch(...)
        {
            JS_FreeValue(ctx, val);
            throw;
        }
    }
}

template <class Tuple, std::size_t... I>
Tuple unwrap_args_impl(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst * argv, std::index_sequence<I...>)
{
    return Tuple{js_traits<std::decay_t<std::tuple_element_t<I, Tuple>>>::unwrap(ctx, argv[I])...};
}

/** Helper function to convert an array of JSValues to a tuple.
 * @tparam Args C++ types of the argv array
 */
template <typename... Args>
std::tuple<std::decay_t<Args>...> unwrap_args(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst * argv)
{
    return unwrap_args_impl<std::tuple<std::decay_t<Args>...>>(ctx, argv, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Args)>());
}

/** Helper function to call f with an array of JSValues.
 * @tparam R return type of f
 * @tparam Args argument types of f
 * @tparam Callable type of f (inferred)
 * @param ctx JSContext
 * @param f callable object
 * @param argv array of JSValue's
 * @return converted return value of f or JS_NULL if f returns void
 */
template <typename R, typename... Args, typename Callable>
JSValue wrap_call(JSContext * ctx, Callable&& f, JSValueConst * argv) noexcept
{
    try
    {
        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<R, void>)
        {
            std::apply(std::forward<Callable>(f), unwrap_args<Args...>(ctx, argv));
            return JS_NULL;
        } else
        {
            return js_traits<std::decay_t<R>>::wrap(ctx,
                                                    std::apply(std::forward<Callable>(f),
                                                               unwrap_args<Args...>(ctx, argv)));
        }
    }
    catch(exception)
    {
        return JS_EXCEPTION;
    }
}

/** Same as wrap_call, but pass this_value as first argument.
 * @tparam FirstArg type of this_value
 */
template <typename R, typename FirstArg, typename... Args, typename Callable>
JSValue wrap_this_call(JSContext * ctx, Callable&& f, JSValueConst this_value, JSValueConst * argv) noexcept
{
    try
    {
        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<R, void>)
        {
            std::apply(std::forward<Callable>(f), std::tuple_cat(unwrap_args<FirstArg>(ctx, &this_value),
                                                                 unwrap_args<Args...>(ctx, argv)));
            return JS_NULL;
        } else
        {
            return js_traits<std::decay_t<R>>::wrap(ctx,
                                                    std::apply(std::forward<Callable>(f),
                                                               std::tuple_cat(
                                                                       unwrap_args<FirstArg>(ctx, &this_value),
                                                                       unwrap_args<Args...>(ctx, argv))));
        }
    }
    catch(exception)
    {
        return JS_EXCEPTION;
    }
}

template <class Tuple, std::size_t... I>
void wrap_args_impl(JSContext * ctx, JSValue * argv, Tuple tuple, std::index_sequence<I...>)
{
    ((argv[I] = js_traits<std::decay_t<std::tuple_element_t<I, Tuple>>>::wrap(ctx, std::get<I>(tuple))), ...);
}

/** Converts C++ args to JSValue array.
 * @tparam Args argument types
 * @param argv array of size at least sizeof...(Args)
 */
template <typename... Args>
void wrap_args(JSContext * ctx, JSValue * argv, Args&& ... args)
{
    wrap_args_impl(ctx, argv, std::make_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...),
                   std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Args)>());
}
} // namespace detail

/** A wrapper type for free and class member functions.
 * Pointer to function F is a template argument.
 * @tparam F either a pointer to free function or a pointer to class member function
 * @tparam PassThis if true and F is a pointer to free function, passes Javascript "this" value as first argument:
 */
template <auto F, bool PassThis = false /* pass this as the first argument */>
struct fwrapper
{
    /// "name" property of the JS function object (not defined if nullptr)
    const char * name = nullptr;
};

/** Conversion to JSValue for free function in fwrapper. */
template <typename R, typename... Args, R (* F)(Args...), bool PassThis>
struct js_traits<fwrapper<F, PassThis>>
{
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, fwrapper<F, PassThis> fw) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewCFunction(ctx, [](JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst this_value, int argc,
                                       JSValueConst * argv) noexcept -> JSValue {
            if constexpr(PassThis)
                return detail::wrap_this_call<R, Args...>(ctx, F, this_value, argv);
            else
                return detail::wrap_call<R, Args...>(ctx, F, argv);
        }, fw.name, sizeof...(Args));

    }
};

/** Conversion to JSValue for class member function in fwrapper. PassThis is ignored and treated as true */
template <typename R, class T, typename... Args, R (T::*F)(Args...), bool PassThis/*=ignored*/>
struct js_traits<fwrapper<F, PassThis>>
{
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, fwrapper<F, PassThis> fw) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewCFunction(ctx, [](JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst this_value, int argc,
                                       JSValueConst * argv) noexcept -> JSValue {
            return detail::wrap_this_call<R, std::shared_ptr<T>, Args...>(ctx, F, this_value, argv);
        }, fw.name, sizeof...(Args));

    }
};

/** Conversion to JSValue for const class member function in fwrapper. PassThis is ignored and treated as true */
template <typename R, class T, typename... Args, R (T::*F)(Args...) const, bool PassThis/*=ignored*/>
struct js_traits<fwrapper<F, PassThis>>
{
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, fwrapper<F, PassThis> fw) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewCFunction(ctx, [](JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst this_value, int argc,
                                       JSValueConst * argv) noexcept -> JSValue {
            return detail::wrap_this_call<R, std::shared_ptr<T>, Args...>(ctx, F, this_value, argv);
        }, fw.name, sizeof...(Args));

    }
};

/** A wrapper type for constructor of type T with arguments Args.
 * Compilation fails if no such constructor is defined.
 * @tparam Args constructor arguments
 */
template <class T, typename... Args>
struct ctor_wrapper
{
    static_assert(std::is_constructible<T, Args...>::value, "no such constructor!");
    /// "name" property of JS constructor object
    const char * name = nullptr;
};

/** Conversion to JSValue for ctor_wrapper. */
template <class T, typename... Args>
struct js_traits<ctor_wrapper<T, Args...>>
{
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, ctor_wrapper<T, Args...> cw) noexcept
    {
        return JS_NewCFunction2(ctx, [](JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst this_value, int argc,
                                        JSValueConst * argv) noexcept -> JSValue {

            if(js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::QJSClassId == 0) // not registered
            {
#if defined(__cpp_rtti)
                // automatically register class on first use (no prototype)
                js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::register_class(ctx, typeid(T).name());
#else
                JS_ThrowTypeError(ctx, "quickjspp ctor_wrapper<T>::wrap: Class is not registered");
                return JS_EXCEPTION;
#endif
            }

            auto proto = JS_GetPropertyStr(ctx, this_value, "prototype");
            if (JS_IsException(proto))
                return proto;
            auto jsobj = JS_NewObjectProtoClass(ctx, proto, js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::QJSClassId);
            JS_FreeValue(ctx, proto);
            if (JS_IsException(jsobj))
                return jsobj;

            std::shared_ptr<T> ptr =  std::apply(std::make_shared<T, Args...>, detail::unwrap_args<Args...>(ctx, argv));
            JS_SetOpaque(jsobj, new std::shared_ptr<T>(std::move(ptr)));
            return jsobj;

            // return detail::wrap_call<std::shared_ptr<T>, Args...>(ctx, std::make_shared<T, Args...>, argv);
        }, cw.name, sizeof...(Args), JS_CFUNC_constructor, 0);
    }
};


/** Conversions for std::shared_ptr<T>.
 * T should be registered to a context before conversions.
 * @tparam T class type
 */
template <class T>
struct js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>
{
    /// Registered class id in QuickJS.
    inline static JSClassID QJSClassId = 0;

    /** Register class in QuickJS context.
     *
     * @param ctx context
     * @param name class name
     * @param proto class prototype or JS_NULL
     * @throws exception
     */
    static void register_class(JSContext * ctx, const char * name, JSValue proto = JS_NULL)
    {
        if(QJSClassId == 0)
        {
            JS_NewClassID(&QJSClassId);
        }
        auto rt = JS_GetRuntime(ctx);
        if(!JS_IsRegisteredClass(rt, QJSClassId))
        {
            JSClassDef def{
                    name,
                    // destructor
                    [](JSRuntime * rt, JSValue obj) noexcept {
                        auto pptr = reinterpret_cast<std::shared_ptr<T> *>(JS_GetOpaque(obj, QJSClassId));
                        delete pptr;
                    }
            };
            int e = JS_NewClass(rt, QJSClassId, &def);
            if(e < 0)
            {
                JS_ThrowInternalError(ctx, "Cant register class %s", name);
                throw exception{};
            }
        }
        JS_SetClassProto(ctx, QJSClassId, proto);
    }

    /** Create a JSValue from std::shared_ptr<T>.
     * Creates an object with class if #QJSClassId and sets its opaque pointer to a new copy of #ptr.
     */
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, std::shared_ptr<T> ptr)
    {
        if(QJSClassId == 0) // not registered
        {
#if defined(__cpp_rtti)
            // automatically register class on first use (no prototype)
            register_class(ctx, typeid(T).name());
#else
            JS_ThrowTypeError(ctx, "quickjspp std::shared_ptr<T>::wrap: Class is not registered");
            return JS_EXCEPTION;
#endif
        }
        auto jsobj = JS_NewObjectClass(ctx, QJSClassId);
        if(JS_IsException(jsobj))
            return jsobj;

        auto pptr = new std::shared_ptr<T>(std::move(ptr));
        JS_SetOpaque(jsobj, pptr);
        return jsobj;
    }

    /// @throws exception if #v doesn't have the correct class id
    static const std::shared_ptr<T>& unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        auto ptr = reinterpret_cast<std::shared_ptr<T> *>(JS_GetOpaque2(ctx, v, QJSClassId));
        if(!ptr)
            throw exception{};
        return *ptr;
    }
};

/** Conversions for non-owning pointers to class T.
 * @tparam T class type
 */
template <class T>
struct js_traits<T *, std::enable_if_t<std::is_class_v<T>>>
{
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, T * ptr)
    {
        if(js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::QJSClassId == 0) // not registered
        {
#if defined(__cpp_rtti)
            js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::register_class(ctx, typeid(T).name());
#else
            JS_ThrowTypeError(ctx, "quickjspp js_traits<T *>::wrap: Class is not registered");
            return JS_EXCEPTION;
#endif
        }
        auto jsobj = JS_NewObjectClass(ctx, js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::QJSClassId);
        if(JS_IsException(jsobj))
            return jsobj;

        // shared_ptr with empty deleter since we don't own T*
        auto pptr = new std::shared_ptr<T>(ptr, [](T *){});
        JS_SetOpaque(jsobj, pptr);
        return jsobj;
    }

    static T * unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        auto ptr = reinterpret_cast<std::shared_ptr<T> *>(JS_GetOpaque2(ctx, v,
                                                                        js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::QJSClassId));
        if(!ptr)
            throw exception{};
        return ptr->get();
    }
};

namespace detail {
/** A faster std::function-like object with type erasure.
 * Used to convert any callable objects (including lambdas) to JSValue.
 */
struct function
{
    JSValue
    (* invoker)(function * self, JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst this_value, int argc, JSValueConst * argv) = nullptr;

    void (* destroyer)(function * self) = nullptr;

    alignas(std::max_align_t) char functor[];

    template <typename Functor>
    static function * create(JSRuntime * rt, Functor&& f)
    {
        auto fptr = reinterpret_cast<function *>(js_malloc_rt(rt, sizeof(function) + sizeof(Functor)));
        if(!fptr)
            throw std::bad_alloc{};
        new(fptr) function;
        auto functorptr = reinterpret_cast<Functor *>(fptr->functor);
        new(functorptr) Functor(std::forward<Functor>(f));
        fptr->destroyer = nullptr;
        if constexpr(!std::is_trivially_destructible_v<Functor>)
        {
            fptr->destroyer = [](function * fptr) {
                auto functorptr = reinterpret_cast<Functor *>(fptr->functor);
                functorptr->~Functor();
            };
        }
        return fptr;
    }
};

static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible_v<function>);
}

template <>
struct js_traits<detail::function>
{
    inline static JSClassID QJSClassId = 0;

    // TODO: replace ctx with rt
    static void register_class(JSContext * ctx, const char * name)
    {
        if(QJSClassId == 0)
        {
            JS_NewClassID(&QJSClassId);
        }
        auto rt = JS_GetRuntime(ctx);
        if(JS_IsRegisteredClass(rt, QJSClassId))
            return;
        JSClassDef def{
                name,
                // destructor
                [](JSRuntime * rt, JSValue obj) noexcept {
                    auto fptr = reinterpret_cast<detail::function *>(JS_GetOpaque(obj, QJSClassId));
                    assert(fptr);
                    if(fptr->destroyer)
                        fptr->destroyer(fptr);
                    js_free_rt(rt, fptr);
                },
                nullptr, // mark
                // call
                [](JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst func_obj, JSValueConst this_val, int argc,
                   JSValueConst * argv, int flags) -> JSValue {
                    auto ptr = reinterpret_cast<detail::function *>(JS_GetOpaque2(ctx, func_obj, QJSClassId));
                    if(!ptr)
                        return JS_EXCEPTION;
                    return ptr->invoker(ptr, ctx, this_val, argc, argv);
                }
        };
        int e = JS_NewClass(rt, QJSClassId, &def);
        if(e < 0)
            throw std::runtime_error{"Cannot register C++ function class"};
    }
};


/** Traits for accessing object properties.
 * @tparam Key property key type (uint32 and strings are supported)
 */
template <typename Key>
struct js_property_traits
{
    static void set_property(JSContext * ctx, JSValue this_obj, Key key, JSValue value);
    static JSValue get_property(JSContext * ctx, JSValue this_obj, Key key);
};

template <>
struct js_property_traits<const char *>
{
    static void set_property(JSContext * ctx, JSValue this_obj, const char * name, JSValue value)
    {
        int err = JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, this_obj, name, value);
        if(err < 0)
            throw exception{};
    }

    static JSValue get_property(JSContext * ctx, JSValue this_obj, const char * name) noexcept
    {
        return JS_GetPropertyStr(ctx, this_obj, name);
    }
};

template <>
struct js_property_traits<uint32_t>
{
    static void set_property(JSContext * ctx, JSValue this_obj, uint32_t idx, JSValue value)
    {
        int err = JS_SetPropertyUint32(ctx, this_obj, idx, value);
        if(err < 0)
            throw exception{};
    }

    static JSValue get_property(JSContext * ctx, JSValue this_obj, uint32_t idx) noexcept
    {
        return JS_GetPropertyUint32(ctx, this_obj, idx);
    }
};

class Value;

namespace detail {
template <typename Key>
struct property_proxy
{
    JSContext * ctx;
    JSValue this_obj;
    Key key;

    /** Conversion helper function */
    template <typename T>
    T as() const
    {
        return unwrap_free<T>(ctx, js_property_traits<Key>::get_property(ctx, this_obj, key));
    }

    /** Explicit conversion operator (to any type) */
    template <typename T>
    explicit operator T() const { return as<T>(); }

    /** Implicit converion to qjs::Value */
    operator Value() const; // defined later due to Value being incomplete type

    template <typename Value>
    property_proxy& operator =(Value value)
    {
        js_property_traits<Key>::set_property(ctx, this_obj, key,
                                              js_traits<Value>::wrap(ctx, std::move(value)));
        return *this;
    }
};


// class member variable getter/setter
template <auto M>
struct get_set {};

template <class T, typename R, R T::*M>
struct get_set<M>
{
    using is_const = std::is_const<R>;

    static const R& get(const std::shared_ptr<T>& ptr)
    {
        return *ptr.*M;
    }

    static R& set(const std::shared_ptr<T>& ptr, R value)
    {
        return *ptr.*M = std::move(value);
    }

};

} // namespace detail

/** JSValue with RAAI semantics.
 * A wrapper over (JSValue v, JSContext * ctx).
 * Calls JS_FreeValue(ctx, v) on destruction. Can be copied and moved.
 * A JSValue can be released by either JSValue x = std::move(value); or JSValue x = value.release(), then the Value becomes invalid and FreeValue won't be called
 * Can be converted to C++ type, for example: auto string = value.as<std::string>(); qjs::exception would be thrown on error
 * Properties can be accessed (read/write): value["property1"] = 1; value[2] = "2";
 */
class Value
{
public:
    JSValue v;
    JSContext * ctx = nullptr;

public:
    /** Use context.newValue(val) instead */
    template <typename T>
    Value(JSContext * ctx, T&& val) : ctx(ctx)
    {
        v = js_traits<std::decay_t<T>>::wrap(ctx, std::forward<T>(val));
        if(JS_IsException(v))
            throw exception{};
    }

    Value(const Value& rhs)
    {
        ctx = rhs.ctx;
        v = JS_DupValue(ctx, rhs.v);
    }

    Value(Value&& rhs)
    {
        std::swap(ctx, rhs.ctx);
        v = rhs.v;
    }

    Value& operator=(Value rhs)
    {
        std::swap(ctx, rhs.ctx);
        std::swap(v, rhs.v);
        return *this;
    }

    bool operator==(JSValueConst other) const
    {
        return JS_VALUE_GET_TAG(v) == JS_VALUE_GET_TAG(other) && JS_VALUE_GET_PTR(v) == JS_VALUE_GET_PTR(other);
    }

    bool operator!=(JSValueConst other) const { return !((*this) == other); }


    /** Returns true if 2 values are the same (equality for arithmetic types or point to the same object) */
    bool operator==(const Value& rhs) const
    {
        return ctx == rhs.ctx && (*this == rhs.v);
    }

    bool operator!=(const Value& rhs) const { return !((*this) == rhs); }


    ~Value()
    {
        if(ctx) JS_FreeValue(ctx, v);
    }

    bool isError() const { return JS_IsError(ctx, v); }

    /** Conversion helper function: value.as<T>()
     * @tparam T type to convert to
     * @return type returned by js_traits<std::decay_t<T>>::unwrap that should be implicitly convertible to T
     * */
    template <typename T>
    auto as() const { return js_traits<std::decay_t<T>>::unwrap(ctx, v); }

    /** Explicit conversion: static_cast<T>(value) or (T)value */
    template <typename T>
    explicit operator T() const { return as<T>(); }

    JSValue release() // dont call freevalue
    {
        ctx = nullptr;
        return v;
    }

    /** Implicit conversion to JSValue (rvalue only). Example: JSValue v = std::move(value); */
    operator JSValue() && { return release(); }


    /** Access JS properties. Returns proxy type which is implicitly convertible to qjs::Value */
    template <typename Key>
    detail::property_proxy<Key> operator [](Key key)
    {
        return {ctx, v, std::move(key)};
    }


    // add("f", []() {...});
    template <typename Function>
    Value& add(const char * name, Function&& f)
    {
        (*this)[name] = js_traits<decltype(std::function{std::forward<Function>(f)})>::wrap(ctx,
                                                                                            std::forward<Function>(f));
        return *this;
    }

    // add<&f>("f");
    // add<&T::f>("f");
    template <auto F>
    std::enable_if_t<!std::is_member_object_pointer_v<decltype(F)>, Value&>
    add(const char * name)
    {
        (*this)[name] = fwrapper<F>{name};
        return *this;
    }

    // add_getter_setter<&T::get_member, &T::set_member>("member");
    template <auto FGet, auto FSet>
    Value& add_getter_setter(const char * name)
    {
        auto prop = JS_NewAtom(ctx, name);
        using fgetter = fwrapper<FGet, true>;
        using fsetter = fwrapper<FSet, true>;
        int ret = JS_DefinePropertyGetSet(ctx, v, prop,
                                      js_traits<fgetter>::wrap(ctx, fgetter{name}),
                                      js_traits<fsetter>::wrap(ctx, fsetter{name}),
                                      JS_PROP_CONFIGURABLE | JS_PROP_WRITABLE | JS_PROP_ENUMERABLE
        );
        JS_FreeAtom(ctx, prop);
        if(ret < 0)
            throw exception{};
        return *this;
    }

    // add_getter<&T::get_member>("member");
    template <auto FGet>
    Value& add_getter(const char * name)
    {
        auto prop = JS_NewAtom(ctx, name);
        using fgetter = fwrapper<FGet, true>;
        int ret = JS_DefinePropertyGetSet(ctx, v, prop,
                                          js_traits<fgetter>::wrap(ctx, fgetter{name}),
                                          JS_UNDEFINED,
                                          JS_PROP_CONFIGURABLE | JS_PROP_ENUMERABLE
        );
        JS_FreeAtom(ctx, prop);
        if(ret < 0)
            throw exception{};
        return *this;
    }

    // add<&T::member>("member");
    template <auto M>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_member_object_pointer_v<decltype(M)>, Value&>
    add(const char * name)
    {
        if constexpr (detail::get_set<M>::is_const::value)
        {
            return add_getter<detail::get_set<M>::get>(name);
        }
        else
        {
            return add_getter_setter<detail::get_set<M>::get, detail::get_set<M>::set>(name);
        }
    }

    std::string toJSON(const Value& replacer = Value{nullptr, JS_UNDEFINED}, const Value& space = Value{nullptr, JS_UNDEFINED})
    {
        assert(ctx);
        assert(!replacer.ctx || ctx == replacer.ctx);
        assert(!space.ctx || ctx == space.ctx);
        JSValue json = JS_JSONStringify(ctx, v, replacer.v, space.v);
        return (std::string)Value{ctx, json};
    }

};

/** Thin wrapper over JSRuntime * rt
 * Calls JS_FreeRuntime on destruction. noncopyable.
 */
class Runtime
{
public:
    JSRuntime * rt;

    Runtime()
    {
        rt = JS_NewRuntime();
        if(!rt)
            throw std::runtime_error{"qjs: Cannot create runtime"};
    }

    // noncopyable
    Runtime(const Runtime&) = delete;

    ~Runtime()
    {
        JS_FreeRuntime(rt);
    }
};

/** Wrapper over JSContext * ctx
 * Calls JS_SetContextOpaque(ctx, this); on construction and JS_FreeContext on destruction
 */
class Context
{
public:
    JSContext * ctx;

    /** Module wrapper
     * Workaround for lack of opaque pointer for module load function by keeping a list of modules in qjs::Context.
     */
    class Module
    {
        friend class Context;

        JSModuleDef * m;
        JSContext * ctx;
        const char * name;

        using nvp = std::pair<const char *, Value>;
        std::vector<nvp> exports;
    public:
        Module(JSContext * ctx, const char * name) : ctx(ctx), name(name)
        {
            m = JS_NewCModule(ctx, name, [](JSContext * ctx, JSModuleDef * m) noexcept {
                auto& context = Context::get(ctx);
                auto it = std::find_if(context.modules.begin(), context.modules.end(),
                                       [m](const Module& module) { return module.m == m; });
                if(it == context.modules.end())
                    return -1;
                for(const auto& e : it->exports)
                {
                    if(JS_SetModuleExport(ctx, m, e.first, JS_DupValue(ctx, e.second.v)) != 0)
                        return -1;
                }
                return 0;
            });
            if(!m)
                throw exception{};
        }

        Module& add(const char * name, JSValue value)
        {
            exports.push_back({name, {ctx, value}});
            JS_AddModuleExport(ctx, m, name);
            return *this;
        }

        Module& add(const char * name, Value value)
        {
            assert(value.ctx == ctx);
            exports.push_back({name, std::move(value)});
            JS_AddModuleExport(ctx, m, name);
            return *this;
        }

        template <typename T>
        Module& add(const char * name, T value)
        {
            return add(name, js_traits<T>::wrap(ctx, std::move(value)));
        }

        Module(const Module&) = delete;

        Module(Module&&) = default;
        //Module& operator=(Module&&) = default;


        // function wrappers

        /** Add free function F.
         * Example:
         * module.function<static_cast<double (*)(double)>(&::sin)>("sin");
         */
        template <auto F>
        Module& function(const char * name)
        {
            return add(name, qjs::fwrapper<F>{name});
        }

        /** Add function object f.
         * Slower than template version.
         * Example: module.function("sin", [](double x) { return ::sin(x); });
         */
        template <typename F>
        Module& function(const char * name, F&& f)
        {
            return add(name, js_traits<decltype(std::function{std::forward<F>(f)})>::wrap(ctx, std::forward<F>(f)));
        }

        // class register wrapper
    private:
        /** Helper class to register class members and constructors.
         * See fun, constructor.
         * Actual registration occurs at object destruction.
         */
        template <class T>
        class class_registrar
        {
            const char * name;
            qjs::Value prototype;
            qjs::Context::Module& module;
            qjs::Context& context;
        public:
            explicit class_registrar(const char * name, qjs::Context::Module& module, qjs::Context& context) :
                    name(name),
                    prototype(context.newObject()),
                    module(module),
                    context(context)
            {
            }

            class_registrar(const class_registrar&) = delete;

            /** Add functional object f
             */
            template <typename F>
            class_registrar& fun(const char * name, F&& f)
            {
                prototype.add(name, std::forward<F>(f));
                return *this;
            }

            /** Add class member function or class member variable F
             * Example:
             * struct T { int var; int func(); }
             * auto& module = context.addModule("module");
             * module.class_<T>("T").fun<&T::var>("var").fun<&T::func>("func");
             */
            template <auto F>
            class_registrar& fun(const char * name)
            {
                prototype.add<F>(name);
                return *this;
            }

            template <auto FGet, auto FSet = nullptr>
            class_registrar& property(const char * name)
            {
                if /*constexpr*/ (FSet == nullptr)
                    prototype.add_getter<FGet>(name);
                else
                    prototype.add_getter_setter<FGet, FSet>(name);
                return *this;
            }

            /** Add class constructor
             * @tparam Args contructor arguments
             * @param name constructor name (if not specified class name will be used)
             */
            template <typename... Args>
            class_registrar& constructor(const char * name = nullptr)
            {
                if(!name)
                    name = this->name;
                Value ctor = context.newValue(qjs::ctor_wrapper<T, Args...>{name});
                JS_SetConstructor(context.ctx, ctor.v, prototype.v);
                module.add(name, std::move(ctor));
                return *this;
            }

            /* TODO: needs casting to base class
            template <class B>
            class_registrar& base()
            {
                assert(js_traits<std::shared_ptr<B>>::QJSClassId && "base class is not registered");
                auto base_proto = JS_GetClassProto(context.ctx, js_traits<std::shared_ptr<B>>::QJSClassId);
                int err = JS_SetPrototype(context.ctx, prototype.v, base_proto);
                JS_FreeValue(context.ctx, base_proto);
                if(err < 0)
                    throw exception{};
                return *this;
            }
             */

            ~class_registrar()
            {
                context.registerClass<T>(name, std::move(prototype));
            }
        };

    public:
        /** Add class to module.
         * See \ref class_registrar.
         */
        template <class T>
        class_registrar<T> class_(const char * name)
        {
            return class_registrar<T>{name, *this, qjs::Context::get(ctx)};
        }

    };

    std::vector<Module> modules;
private:
    void init()
    {
        JS_SetContextOpaque(ctx, this);
        js_traits<detail::function>::register_class(ctx, "C++ function");
    }

public:
    Context(Runtime& rt) : Context(rt.rt)
    {}

    Context(JSRuntime * rt)
    {
        ctx = JS_NewContext(rt);
        if(!ctx)
            throw std::runtime_error{"qjs: Cannot create context"};
        init();
    }

    Context(JSContext * ctx) : ctx{ctx}
    {
        init();
    }

    // noncopyable
    Context(const Context&) = delete;

    ~Context()
    {
        modules.clear();
        JS_FreeContext(ctx);
    }

    /** Create module and return a reference to it */
    Module& addModule(const char * name)
    {
        modules.emplace_back(ctx, name);
        return modules.back();
    }

    /** returns globalThis */
    Value global() { return Value{ctx, JS_GetGlobalObject(ctx)}; }

    /** returns new Object() */
    Value newObject() { return Value{ctx, JS_NewObject(ctx)}; }

    /** returns JS value converted from c++ object val */
    template <typename T>
    Value newValue(T&& val) { return Value{ctx, std::forward<T>(val)}; }

    /** returns current exception associated with context, and resets it. Should be called when qjs::exception is caught */
    Value getException() { return Value{ctx, JS_GetException(ctx)}; }

    /** Register class T for conversions to/from std::shared_ptr<T> to work.
     * Wherever possible module.class_<T>("T")... should be used instead.
     * @tparam T class type
     * @param name class name in JS engine
     * @param proto JS class prototype or JS_UNDEFINED
     */
    template <class T>
    void registerClass(const char * name, JSValue proto = JS_NULL)
    {
        js_traits<std::shared_ptr<T>>::register_class(ctx, name, proto);
    }

    Value eval(std::string_view buffer, const char * filename = "<eval>", unsigned eval_flags = 0)
    {
        assert(buffer.data()[buffer.size()] == '\0' && "eval buffer is not null-terminated"); // JS_Eval requirement
        JSValue v = JS_Eval(ctx, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), filename, eval_flags);
        return Value{ctx, v};
    }

    Value evalFile(const char * filename, unsigned eval_flags = 0)
    {
        size_t buf_len;
        auto deleter = [this](void * p) { js_free(ctx, p); };
        auto buf = std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, decltype(deleter)>{js_load_file(ctx, &buf_len, filename), deleter};
        if(!buf)
            throw std::runtime_error{std::string{"evalFile: can't read file: "} + filename};
        return eval({reinterpret_cast<char *>(buf.get()), buf_len}, filename, eval_flags);
    }

    Value fromJSON(std::string_view buffer, const char * filename = "<fromJSON>")
    {
        assert(buffer.data()[buffer.size()] == '\0' && "fromJSON buffer is not null-terminated"); // JS_ParseJSON requirement
        JSValue v = JS_ParseJSON(ctx, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), filename);
        return Value{ctx, v};
    }

    /** Get qjs::Context from JSContext opaque pointer */
    static Context& get(JSContext * ctx)
    {
        void * ptr = JS_GetContextOpaque(ctx);
        assert(ptr);
        return *reinterpret_cast<Context *>(ptr);
    }
};

/** Conversion traits for Value.
 */
template <>
struct js_traits<Value>
{
    static Value unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst v)
    {
        return Value{ctx, JS_DupValue(ctx, v)};
    }

    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, Value v) noexcept
    {
        assert(ctx == v.ctx);
        return v.release();
    }
};

/** Convert to/from std::function. Actually accepts/returns callable object that is compatible with function<R (Args...)>.
 * @tparam R return type
 * @tparam Args argument types
 */
template <typename R, typename... Args>
struct js_traits<std::function<R(Args...)>>
{
    static auto unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst fun_obj)
    {
        const int argc = sizeof...(Args);
        if constexpr(argc == 0)
        {
            return[jsfun_obj = Value{ ctx, JS_DupValue(ctx, fun_obj) }]()->R {
                JSValue result = JS_Call(jsfun_obj.ctx, jsfun_obj.v, JS_UNDEFINED, 0, nullptr);
                if(JS_IsException(result))
                {
                    JS_FreeValue(jsfun_obj.ctx, result);
                    throw exception{};
                }
                return detail::unwrap_free<R>(jsfun_obj.ctx, result);
            };
        } 
        else 
        {
            return[jsfun_obj = Value{ ctx, JS_DupValue(ctx, fun_obj) }](Args&& ... args)->R {
                JSValue argv[argc];
                detail::wrap_args(jsfun_obj.ctx, argv, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
                JSValue result = JS_Call(jsfun_obj.ctx, jsfun_obj.v, JS_UNDEFINED, argc, const_cast<JSValueConst*>(argv));
                for(int i = 0; i < argc; i++) JS_FreeValue(jsfun_obj.ctx, argv[i]);
                if(JS_IsException(result))
                {
                    JS_FreeValue(jsfun_obj.ctx, result);
                    throw exception{};
                }
                return detail::unwrap_free<R>(jsfun_obj.ctx, result);
            };
        }
    }

    /** Convert from function object functor to JSValue.
     * Uses detail::function for type-erasure.
     */
    template <typename Functor>
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, Functor&& functor)
    {
        using detail::function;
        assert(js_traits<function>::QJSClassId);
        auto obj = JS_NewObjectClass(ctx, js_traits<function>::QJSClassId);
        if(JS_IsException(obj))
            return JS_EXCEPTION;
        auto fptr = function::create(JS_GetRuntime(ctx), std::forward<Functor>(functor));
        fptr->invoker = [](function * self, JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst this_value, int argc, JSValueConst * argv) {
            assert(self);
            auto f = reinterpret_cast<Functor *>(&self->functor);
            return detail::wrap_call<R, Args...>(ctx, *f, argv);
        };
        JS_SetOpaque(obj, fptr);
        return obj;
    }
};

/** Convert from std::vector<T> to Array and vice-versa. If Array holds objects that are non-convertible to T throws qjs::exception */
template <class T>
struct js_traits<std::vector<T>>
{
    static JSValue wrap(JSContext * ctx, const std::vector<T>& arr) noexcept
    {
        try
        {
            auto jsarray = Value{ctx, JS_NewArray(ctx)};
            for(uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t) arr.size(); i++)
                jsarray[i] = arr[i];
            return jsarray.release();
        }
        catch(exception)
        {
            return JS_EXCEPTION;
        }
    }

    static std::vector<T> unwrap(JSContext * ctx, JSValueConst jsarr)
    {
        int e = JS_IsArray(ctx, jsarr);
        if(e == 0)
            JS_ThrowTypeError(ctx, "js_traits<std::vector<T>>::unwrap expects array");
        if(e <= 0)
            throw exception{};
        Value jsarray{ctx, JS_DupValue(ctx, jsarr)};
        std::vector<T> arr;
        auto len = static_cast<int32_t>(jsarray["length"]);
        arr.reserve((uint32_t) len);
        for(uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t) len; i++)
            arr.push_back(static_cast<T>(jsarray[i]));
        return arr;
    }
};

namespace detail {
template <typename Key>
property_proxy<Key>::operator Value() const
{
    return as<Value>();
}
}

} // namespace qjs