htmlparser2.js

//
// Copyright 2010, 2011, Chris Winberry <chris@winberry.net>. All rights reserved.
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
// deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
// rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
// sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//  
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//  
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
// FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
// IN THE SOFTWARE.
//


var i = 0,

    TEXT = i++,
    BEFORE_TAG_NAME = i++, //after <
    IN_TAG_NAME = i++,
    BEFORE_CLOSING_TAG_NAME = i++,
    IN_CLOSING_TAG_NAME = i++,
    AFTER_CLOSING_TAG_NAME = i++,

    //attributes
    BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = i++,
    IN_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = i++,
    AFTER_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = i++,
    BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE = i++,
    IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_DOUBLE_QUOTES = i++, // "
    IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SINGLE_QUOTES = i++, // '
    IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_NO_QUOTES = i++,

    //declarations
    BEFORE_DECLARATION = i++, // !
    IN_DECLARATION = i++,

    //processing instructions
    IN_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION = i++, // ?

    //comments
    BEFORE_COMMENT = i++,
    IN_COMMENT = i++,
    AFTER_COMMENT_1 = i++,
    AFTER_COMMENT_2 = i++,

    //cdata
    BEFORE_CDATA_1 = i++, // [
    BEFORE_CDATA_2 = i++, // C
    BEFORE_CDATA_3 = i++, // D
    BEFORE_CDATA_4 = i++, // A
    BEFORE_CDATA_5 = i++, // T
    BEFORE_CDATA_6 = i++, // A
    IN_CDATA = i++,// [
    AFTER_CDATA_1 = i++, // ]
    AFTER_CDATA_2 = i++, // ]

    //special tags
    BEFORE_SPECIAL = i++, //S
    BEFORE_SPECIAL_END = i++,   //S

    BEFORE_SCRIPT_1 = i++, //C
    BEFORE_SCRIPT_2 = i++, //R
    BEFORE_SCRIPT_3 = i++, //I
    BEFORE_SCRIPT_4 = i++, //P
    BEFORE_SCRIPT_5 = i++, //T
    AFTER_SCRIPT_1 = i++, //C
    AFTER_SCRIPT_2 = i++, //R
    AFTER_SCRIPT_3 = i++, //I
    AFTER_SCRIPT_4 = i++, //P
    AFTER_SCRIPT_5 = i++, //T

    BEFORE_STYLE_1 = i++, //T
    BEFORE_STYLE_2 = i++, //Y
    BEFORE_STYLE_3 = i++, //L
    BEFORE_STYLE_4 = i++, //E
    AFTER_STYLE_1 = i++, //T
    AFTER_STYLE_2 = i++, //Y
    AFTER_STYLE_3 = i++, //L
    AFTER_STYLE_4 = i++; //E


function whitespace(c){
	return c === " " || c === "\n" || c === "\t" || c === "\f";
}

function nothing(err) {
	if (err instanceof Error) throw err;
}

function Tokenizer(){
	this._state = TEXT;
	this._buffer = "";
	this._sectionStart = 0;
	this._index = 0;
	this._options = {};
	this._special = 0; // 1 for script, 2 for style
	this._running = true;
	this._reconsume = false;
	this._xmlMode = this._options && this._options.xmlMode;
}

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_TEXT = function (c) {
	if(c === "<"){
		this._emitIfToken("ontext");
		this._state = BEFORE_TAG_NAME;
		this._sectionStart = this._index;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_TAG_NAME = function (c) {
	if(c === "/"){
		this._state = BEFORE_CLOSING_TAG_NAME;
	} else if(c === ">" || this._special > 0 || whitespace(c)) {
		this._state = TEXT;
	} else if(whitespace(c)) {
		// skip
	} else if(c === "!"){
		this._state = BEFORE_DECLARATION;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if(c === "?"){
		this._state = IN_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if(!this._xmlMode && (c === "s" || c === "S")){
		this._state = BEFORE_SPECIAL;
		this._sectionStart = this._index;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._sectionStart = this._index;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_TAG_NAME = function (c) {
	if(c === "/"){
		this._emitToken("onopentagname");
		nothing();
		this._state = AFTER_CLOSING_TAG_NAME;
	} else if(c === ">"){
		this._emitToken("onopentagname");
		nothing();
		this._state = TEXT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if(whitespace(c)){
		this._emitToken("onopentagname");
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_CLOSING_TAG_NAME = function (c) {
	if(whitespace(c));
	else if(c === ">"){
		this._state = TEXT;
	} else if(this._special > 0){
		if(c === "s" || c === "S"){
			this._state = BEFORE_SPECIAL_END;
		} else {
			this._state = TEXT;
			this._reconsume = true;
		}
	} else {
		this._state = IN_CLOSING_TAG_NAME;
		this._sectionStart = this._index;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_CLOSING_TAG_NAME = function (c) {
	if(c === ">"){
		this._emitToken("onclosetag");
		this._state = TEXT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
		this._special = 0;
	} else if(whitespace(c)){
		this._emitToken("onclosetag");
		this._state = AFTER_CLOSING_TAG_NAME;
		this._special = 0;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_CLOSING_TAG_NAME = function (c) {
	//skip everything until ">"
	if(c === ">"){
		this._state = TEXT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = function (c) {
	if(c === ">"){
		this._state = TEXT;
		nothing();
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if(c === "/"){
		nothing();
		this._state = AFTER_CLOSING_TAG_NAME;
	} else if(!whitespace(c)){
		this._state = IN_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
		this._sectionStart = this._index;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = function (c) {
	if(c === "="){
		this._emitIfToken("onattribname");
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE;
	} else if(whitespace(c)){
		this._emitIfToken("onattribname");
		this._state = AFTER_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
	} else if(c === "/" || c === ">"){
		this._emitIfToken("onattribname");
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = function (c) {
	if(c === "="){
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE;
	} else if(c === "/" || c === ">"){
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true;
	} else if(!whitespace(c)){
		this._state = IN_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
		this._sectionStart = this._index;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE = function (c) {
	if(c === "\""){
		this._state = IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_DOUBLE_QUOTES;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if(c === "'"){
		this._state = IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SINGLE_QUOTES;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if(!whitespace(c)){
		this._state = IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_NO_QUOTES;
		this._sectionStart = this._index;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_DOUBLE_QUOTES = function (c) {
	if(c === "\""){
		this._emitToken("onattribvalue");
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SINGLE_QUOTES = function (c) {
	if(c === "'"){
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
		this._emitToken("onattribvalue");
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_NO_QUOTES = function (c) {
	if(c === ">"){
		this._emitToken("onattribvalue");
		this._state = TEXT;
		nothing();
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if(whitespace(c)){
		this._emitToken("onattribvalue");
		this._state = BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_DECLARATION = function (c) {
	if(c === "[") this._state = BEFORE_CDATA_1;
	else if(c === "-") this._state = BEFORE_COMMENT;
	else this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_DECLARATION = function (c) {
	if(c === ">"){
		this._emitToken("ondeclaration");
		this._state = TEXT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION = function (c) {
	if(c === ">"){
		this._emitToken("onprocessinginstruction");
		this._state = TEXT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_COMMENT = function (c) {
	if(c === "-"){
		this._state = IN_COMMENT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_COMMENT = function (c) {
		if(c === "-") this._state = AFTER_COMMENT_1;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_COMMENT_1 = function (c) {
	if(c === "-") this._state = AFTER_COMMENT_2;
	else this._state = IN_COMMENT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_COMMENT_2 = function (c) {
	if(c === ">"){
		//remove 2 trailing chars
		nothing(this._buffer.substring(this._sectionStart, this._index - 2));
		this._state = TEXT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if (c !== "-") {
		this._state = IN_COMMENT;
	}
	// else: stay in AFTER_COMMENT_2 (`--->`)
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_1 = function (c) {
	if(c === "C") this._state = BEFORE_CDATA_2;
	else this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_2 = function (c) {
	if(c === "D") this._state = BEFORE_CDATA_3;
	else this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_3 = function (c) {
	if(c === "A") this._state = BEFORE_CDATA_4;
	else this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_4 = function (c) {
	if(c === "T") this._state = BEFORE_CDATA_5;
	else this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_5 = function (c) {
	if(c === "A") this._state = BEFORE_CDATA_6;
	else this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_6 = function (c) {
	if(c === "["){
		this._state = IN_CDATA;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_DECLARATION;
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_IN_CDATA = function (c) {
	if(c === "]") this._state = AFTER_CDATA_1;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_CDATA_1 = function (c) {
	if(c === "]") this._state = AFTER_CDATA_2;
	else this._state = IN_CDATA;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_CDATA_2 = function (c) {
	if(c === ">"){
		//remove 2 trailing chars
		nothing(this._buffer.substring(this._sectionStart, this._index - 2));
		this._state = TEXT;
		this._sectionStart = this._index + 1;
	} else if (c !== "]") {
		this._state = IN_CDATA;
	}
	//else: stay in AFTER_CDATA_2 (`]]]>`)
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_SPECIAL = function (c) {
  if(c === "c" || c === "C"){
		this._state = BEFORE_SCRIPT_1;
	} else if(c === "t" || c === "T"){
		this._state = BEFORE_STYLE_1;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_SPECIAL_END = function (c) {
	if(this._special === 1 && (c === "c" || c === "C")){
		this._state = AFTER_SCRIPT_1;
	} else if(this._special === 2 && (c === "t" || c === "T")){
		this._state = AFTER_STYLE_1;
	}
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_1 = function (c) {
	if(c === "r" || c === "R"){
		this._state = BEFORE_SCRIPT_2;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_2 = function (c) {
	if(c === "i" || c === "I"){
		this._state = BEFORE_SCRIPT_3;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_3 = function (c) {
	if(c === "p" || c === "P"){
		this._state = BEFORE_SCRIPT_4;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_4 = function (c) {
	if(c === "t" || c === "T"){
		this._state = BEFORE_SCRIPT_5;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_5 = function (c) {
	if(c === "/" || c === ">" || whitespace(c)){
		this._special = 1;
	}
	this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
	this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_1 = function (c) {
	if(c === "r" || c === "R") this._state = AFTER_SCRIPT_2;
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_2 = function (c) {
	if(c === "i" || c === "I") this._state = AFTER_SCRIPT_3;
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_3 = function (c) {
	if(c === "p" || c === "P") this._state = AFTER_SCRIPT_4;
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_4 = function (c) {
	if(c === "t" || c === "T") this._state = AFTER_SCRIPT_5;
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_5 = function (c) {
	if(c === ">" || whitespace(c)){
		this._state = IN_CLOSING_TAG_NAME;
		this._sectionStart = this._index - 6;
		this._reconsume = true; //reconsume the token
	}
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_1 = function (c) {
	if(c === "y" || c === "Y"){
		this._state = BEFORE_STYLE_2;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_2 = function (c) {
	if(c === "l" || c === "L"){
		this._state = BEFORE_STYLE_3;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_3 = function (c) {
	if(c === "e" || c === "E"){
		this._state = BEFORE_STYLE_4;
	} else {
		this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
		this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
	}
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_4 = function (c) {
	if(c === "/" || c === ">" || whitespace(c)){
		this._special = 2;
	}
	this._state = IN_TAG_NAME;
	this._reconsume = true; //consume the token again
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_STYLE_1 = function (c) {
	if(c === "y" || c === "Y") this._state = AFTER_STYLE_2;
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_STYLE_2 = function (c) {
	if(c === "l" || c === "L") this._state = AFTER_STYLE_3;
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_STYLE_3 = function (c) {
	if(c === "e" || c === "E") this._state = AFTER_STYLE_4;
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.STATE_AFTER_STYLE_4 = function (c) {
	if(c === ">" || whitespace(c)){
		this._state = IN_CLOSING_TAG_NAME;
		this._sectionStart = this._index - 5;
		this._reconsume = true; //reconsume the token
	}
	else this._state = TEXT;
};

Tokenizer.prototype.CLEANUP = function () {
  if(this._sectionStart === -1){
		this._buffer = "";
		this._index = 0;
	} else {
		if(this._state === TEXT){
			if(this._sectionStart !== this._index){
				nothing(this._buffer.substr(this._sectionStart));
			}
			this._buffer = "";
			this._index = 0;
		} else if(this._sectionStart === this._index){
			//the section just started
			this._buffer = "";
			this._index = 0;
		} else if(this._sectionStart > 0){
			//remove everything unnecessary
			this._buffer = this._buffer.substr(this._sectionStart);
			this._index -= this._sectionStart;
		}

		this._sectionStart = 0;
	}
};

//TODO make events conditional
//TODO make events conditional
Tokenizer.prototype.write = function(chunk){
	this._buffer += chunk;

	while(this._index < this._buffer.length && this._running){
		var c = this._buffer.charAt(this._index);
		if(this._state === TEXT) {
      this.STATE_TEXT(c);
    } else if(this._state === BEFORE_TAG_NAME){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_TAG_NAME(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_TAG_NAME) {
      this.STATE_IN_TAG_NAME(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_CLOSING_TAG_NAME){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_CLOSING_TAG_NAME(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_CLOSING_TAG_NAME){
      this.STATE_IN_CLOSING_TAG_NAME(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_CLOSING_TAG_NAME){
      this.STATE_AFTER_CLOSING_TAG_NAME(c);
		}

		/*
		*	attributes
		*/
		else if(this._state === BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_ATTRIBUTE_NAME){
      this.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_NAME(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_ATTRIBUTE_NAME){
      this.STATE_AFTER_ATTRIBUTE_NAME(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_DOUBLE_QUOTES){
      this.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_DOUBLE_QUOTES(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SINGLE_QUOTES){
      this.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SINGLE_QUOTES(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_NO_QUOTES){
      this.STATE_IN_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_NO_QUOTES(c);
		}

		/*
		*	declarations
		*/
		else if(this._state === BEFORE_DECLARATION){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_DECLARATION(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_DECLARATION){
			this.STATE_IN_DECLARATION(c);
		}

		/*
		*	processing instructions
		*/
		else if(this._state === IN_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION){
			this.STATE_IN_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION(c);
		}

		/*
		*	comments
		*/
		else if(this._state === BEFORE_COMMENT){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_COMMENT(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_COMMENT){
			this.STATE_IN_COMMENT(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_COMMENT_1){
			this.STATE_AFTER_COMMENT_1(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_COMMENT_2){
      this.STATE_AFTER_COMMENT_2(c);
		}

		/*
		*	cdata
		*/
		else if(this._state === BEFORE_CDATA_1){
			this.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_1(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_CDATA_2){
			this.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_2(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_CDATA_3){
			this.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_3(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_CDATA_4){
			this.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_4(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_CDATA_5){
			this.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_5(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_CDATA_6){
			this.STATE_BEFORE_CDATA_6(c);
		} else if(this._state === IN_CDATA){
			this.STATE_IN_CDATA(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_CDATA_1){
			this.STATE_AFTER_CDATA_1(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_CDATA_2){
      this.STATE_AFTER_CDATA_2(c);
		}

		/*
		* special tags
		*/
		else if(this._state === BEFORE_SPECIAL){
			this.STATE_BEFORE_SPECIAL(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_SPECIAL_END){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_SPECIAL_END(c);
		}

		/*
		* script
		*/
		else if(this._state === BEFORE_SCRIPT_1){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_1(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_SCRIPT_2){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_2(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_SCRIPT_3){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_3(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_SCRIPT_4){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_4(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_SCRIPT_5){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_SCRIPT_5(c);
		}

		else if(this._state === AFTER_SCRIPT_1){
      this.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_1(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_SCRIPT_2){
      this.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_2(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_SCRIPT_3){
      this.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_3(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_SCRIPT_4){
      this.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_4(c);
		} else if(this._state === AFTER_SCRIPT_5){
      this.STATE_AFTER_SCRIPT_5(c);
		}

		/*
		* style
		*/
		else if(this._state === BEFORE_STYLE_1){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_1(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_STYLE_2){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_2(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_STYLE_3){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_3(c);
		} else if(this._state === BEFORE_STYLE_4){
      this.STATE_BEFORE_STYLE_4(c);
		}

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Vaccines Get a Price Cut in Poor Nations</NYT_HEADLINE></h1><NYT_BYLINE >\n<h6 class=\"byline\">By \n<span itemprop=\"author creator\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Person\" itemid=\"http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/donald_g_jr_mcneil/index.html\">\n<a href=\"http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/donald_g_jr_mcneil/index.html\" rel=\"author\" title=\"More Articles by DONALD G. McNEIL Jr.\"><span itemprop=\"name\">DONALD G. McNEIL Jr.</span></a></span></h6>\n</NYT_BYLINE>\n<h6 class=\"dateline\">Published: May 9, 2013    </h6>\n<div class=\"shareTools shareToolsThemeClassic articleShareToolsTop\"\n\tdata-shares=\"facebook,twitter,google,save,email,showall|Share,print,singlepage,reprints,ad\" \n\tdata-title=\"Cancer Vaccines Get a Price Cut in Poor Nations\" \n\tdata-url=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/10/health/prices-cut-for-hpv-cervical-cancer-vaccines-for-neediest.html\" \n\tdata-description=\"Two drug companies will charge less than $5 a dose to expand protection from the virus known as HPV to millions of girls in the poorest countries.\"></div>\n<meta name=\"emailThisHash\" content=\"wXbdyfS7F4CI1JUhZyhIGQ\">\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n<span itemprop=\"copyrightHolder provider sourceOrganization\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Organization\" itemid=\"http://www.nytimes.com\">\n<meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"The New York Times Company\"/>\n<meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"http://www.nytco.com/\"/>\n<meta itemprop=\"tickerSymbol\" content=\"NYSE NYT\"/>\n</span>\n<meta itemprop=\"copyrightYear\" content=\"2013\"/>\n\n\n\n\n\n<NYT_TEXT >\n\n<NYT_CORRECTION_TOP>\n</NYT_CORRECTION_TOP>\n    <p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe two companies that make vaccines against cervical cancer announced Thursday that they would cut their prices to the world’s poorest countries below $5 per dose, eventually making it possible for millions of girls to be protected against a major deadly cancer.        </p> \n</div>\n<div class=\"articleInline runaroundLeft\">\n  \n<!--forceinline-->   \n<div class=\"inlineImage module\">\n<div class=\"image\">\n<div class=\"icon enlargeThis\"><a href=\"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/05/10/science/jp-vaccine.html','jp_vaccine_html','width=503,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')\">Enlarge This Image</a></div>\n<a href=\"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/05/10/science/jp-vaccine.html','jp_vaccine_html','width=503,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')\">\n<span itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemid=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/10/science/jp-vaccine/jp-vaccine-articleInline.jpg\" itemtype=\"http://schema.org/ImageObject\">\n<img itemprop=\"url\" src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/10/science/jp-vaccine/jp-vaccine-articleInline.jpg\" width=\"190\" height=\"220\" alt=\"\">\n<meta itemprop=\"identifier\" content=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/10/science/jp-vaccine/jp-vaccine-articleInline.jpg\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"190\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"220\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"copyrightHolder\" content=\"Harry Cabluck/Associated Press\" />\n</span>\n</a>\n</div>\n<h6 class=\"credit\">Harry Cabluck/Associated Press</h6>\n<p class=\"caption\">A dose of Gardasil, developed by Merck, will sell for $4.50 in the poorest countries.                            </p>\n</div>\n  \n   \n</div>\n<div id=\"readerscomment\" class=\"inlineLeft\"></div>\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n <p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThanks to Pap tests, fatal cervical cancers are almost unknown today in rich countries. But the disease kills an estimated 275,000 women a year in poor countries where Pap tests are impractical and the vaccine is far too expensive for the average woman to afford, so the price cut could lead to a significant advance in women’s health.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe offer exemplifies a trend that started a decade ago with AIDS drugs: pharmaceutical companies, under pressure not to ignore the world’s poor, provide low prices on their newest products as long as donors guarantee large orders and pay for them.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe World Health Organization, which has been pressing for faster progress in maternal health, greeted the news as “a great step forward for women and girls.”        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nWhen the new price was described, Dr. Paul D. Blumenthal, a professor of gynecology at the Stanford University School of Medicine who has pioneered cervical cancer prevention techniques in poor countries, said, “Mazel tov!” As long as there is enough affordable vaccine for the ever-growing populations of poor countries, he said, “this is good news for girls, women and their families.”        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe lower prices — $4.50 for Merck’s Gardasil vaccine and $4.60 for GlaxoSmithKline’s Cervarix — were negotiated through the <a title=\"Web site.\" href=\"http://www.gavialliance.org/\">GAVI Alliance</a>, which was created in 1999 with a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to deliver more vaccines to the world’s poor.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe low price will initially apply to a few million doses for demonstration projects in Kenya, Ghana, Laos, Madagascar and elsewhere, but Dr. Seth Berkley, the alliance’s chief executive, said he hoped that by 2020, 30 million girls in 40 countries would get the vaccine at that price or less.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe vaccines must be kept refrigerated, and three doses are normally given over six months — requirements that add to the difficulty of deploying them in poor countries.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe vaccines cost about $130 a dose in the United States. The lowest price that any other agency or government has negotiated, Dr. Berkley said, is the $13 paid by the Pan American Health Organization, which has a bulk rate for Latin American countries.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nSince Latin America includes a mix of poor and middle-income countries, manufacturers do not offer rock-bottom prices there, he said. The alliance subsidizes vaccine costs for the poorest nations in Africa, Asia and elsewhere, with the subsidies shrinking as the nations get richer.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe vaccines protect against the strains of human papillomavirus, or HPV, that cause 70 percent of cervical cancers. Merck’s also prevents genital warts, caused by related viral strains.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nGardasil and Cervarix, given to girls as young as 9, have caused controversy in the United States, where many parents fear side effects and worry that girls will see the vaccines as condoning sex at a young age. The vast majority of girls in the United States have not been inoculated.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nIn Australia, where the vaccines have been readily accepted, a <a title=\"Times article.\" href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/hpv-vaccine-showing-successes-in-australia/\">recent study</a> found a striking drop in cervical abnormalities, which are cancer precursors, among young women. In the five years after the vaccine was introduced there, cases of warts dropped by 93 percent among women and girls under age 21.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nDespite the excitement among global health agencies, the charity Doctors Without Borders called the news “disappointing,” arguing that the prices should be even lower. “Why are the pharmaceutical companies still making profits off the backs of the poorest countries?” asked Kate Elder, a vaccines policy specialist at the charity.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nHPV vaccines were developed with taxpayer money, largely from the National Institutes of Health, she said, and Glaxo and Merck have already reaped billions in profits from theirs.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nMeasles vaccines, invented 50 years ago, cost as little as 25 cents to produce. Ms. Elder said she believed HPV vaccines could be made for as little as $1 a dose. She acknowledged, however, that her only evidence of that was an unofficial estimate by Pan American Health Organization experts.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nA spokeswoman for the organization declined to discuss its assessment of manufacturing costs because its own price negotiations are continuing.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nDr. Julie Gerberding, a former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who is president of Merck’s vaccine division, said $4.50 was Merck’s manufacturing cost, with no previous research, marketing or other costs built in.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\n“The price is what we calculate to be our cost of goods — we could be off by a few cents but not more,” she said. “As we expand volumes, the cost per unit can go down. Our intent is to sell it to GAVI at a price that does not bring profit to Merck.”        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nGlaxo declined on Wednesday to disclose its manufacturing costs, but noted that it had always been in first place on the <a title=\"Times article.\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/health/glaxosmithkline-tops-access-to-medicines-index.html?ref=donaldgjrmcneil&amp;amp;_r=0\">Access to Medicines index</a>, which was introduced in 2008 to measure how well pharmaceutical companies get their goods to the poor. A company representative said it would not make a profit on the vaccine at the new price.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nDr. Peter J. Hotez, president of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, said the vaccine should cost more to make than, for example, measles vaccine because it contains “viruslike particles” made through recombinant DNA technology rather than a virus simply grown in cells and then killed. Also, it protects against several HPV strains, while there is only one measles strain.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nDr. Berkley described the new prices as a ceiling, and said he expected them to go down as millions more doses were ordered and as rival vaccine makers from lower-cost countries like India and China entered the field. Other companies, including the Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest vaccine maker, are developing papillomavirus vaccines, but only the Glaxo and Merck vaccines now have approval from the World Health Organization.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThe alliance, Dr. Berkley said, has already negotiated sharp price drops for the pentavalent vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThat shot costs about $30 in wealthy countries, and the alliance first started buying it at $3.50. “Now we’ve got it down to $1.19,” he said.        </p><NYT_CORRECTION_BOTTOM>\t<div class=\"articleCorrection\">\n</div>\n</NYT_CORRECTION_BOTTOM><NYT_UPDATE_BOTTOM>\n</NYT_UPDATE_BOTTOM>\n</NYT_TEXT>\n</div>\n</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"articleFooter\">\n<div class=\"articleMeta\">\n<div class=\"opposingFloatControl wrap\">\n<div class=\"element1\">\n<h6 class=\"metaFootnote\">A version of this article appeared in print on May 10, 2013, on page <span itemprop=\"printSection\">A</span><span itemprop=\"printPage\">1</span> of the <span itemprop=\"printEdition\">New York edition</span> with the headline: Cancer Vaccines Get a Price Cut In Poor Nations.</h6>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<img itemprop=\"newsUsageTag\" src=\"http://analytics.apnewsregistry.com/analytics/v2/image.svc/TheNewYorkTimes/RWS/nytimes.com/CAI/100000002214964/E/prod/PC/Basic/AT/A\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"display:none;\" />\n\n</div>\t</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"shareTools shareToolsThemeClassic shareToolsThemeClassicHorizontal articleShareToolsBottom\"\n\tdata-shares=\"facebook|,twitter|,google|,save,email,showall|Share\" \n\tdata-title=\"Cancer Vaccines Get a Price Cut in Poor Nations\" \n\tdata-url=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/10/health/prices-cut-for-hpv-cervical-cancer-vaccines-for-neediest.html\" \n\tdata-description=\"Two drug companies will charge less than $5 a dose to expand protection from the virus known as HPV to millions of girls in the poorest countries.\"></div>\n<meta name=\"emailThisHash\" content=\"wXbdyfS7F4CI1JUhZyhIGQ\">\n</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"singleAd\" id=\"Bottom1\">\n<!-- ADXINFO classification=\"Text_Link\" campaign=\"nyt2013_digi_sub_memday_footer_3JY96\" priority=\"1002\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\" --><table width=\"100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"300\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=www.nytimes.com/yr/mo/day/health&pos=Bottom1&sn2=4957897f/da164ab7&sn1=550cd59a/e596af68&camp=nyt2013_digi_sub_memday_footer_3JY96&ad=memday_last_footer_3JY96&goto=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Enytimes%2Ecom%2Fsubscriptions%2FMultiproduct%2Flp3HY66%2Ehtml%3Fadxc%3D217009%26adxa%3D338881%26page%3Dwww.nytimes.com/yr/mo/day/health/prices-cut-for-hpv-cervical-cancer-vaccines-for-neediest.html%26pos%3DBottom1%26campaignId%3D3JY96\"><img src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/adx/images/ADS/33/88/ad.338881/12-0999-Footer_Icon.jpg\" height=\"27\" width=\"40\" style=\"float: left; margin-right: 5px;\" alt=\"Get Home Delivery\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\"/>Save 50% on a 16-week Times Subscription. 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The Claim: Fresh Produce Has More Nutrients Than Canned</a></h5>\n<p class=\"date\">May 27, 2013</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"story\">\n<h5><a href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/facing-cancer-together/\" target=\"_blank\">Battling Cancer Together</a></h5>\n<p class=\"date\">May 27, 2013</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"story\">\n<h5><a href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/for-a-better-smoothie-just-add-chia/\" target=\"_blank\">For a Better Smoothie, Just Add Chia</a></h5>\n<p class=\"date\">May 24, 2013</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n        \t</div>\n<!---->                    <div class=\"columnGroup \">\n\n</div>\n<!---->                    <div class=\"columnGroup \">\n\n<div class=\"singleAd\" id=\"MiddleRight\">\n<!-- ADXINFO classification=\"Big_Ad_-_Standard\" campaign=\"GoogleAdSense_ROS_INT_BA\" priority=\"1350\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" --><div class=\"clearfix\">\n<script language=\"JavaScript\">\n<!--\nif (!window.nyt_google_count) { var nyt_google_count = 0; }\nif ((!window.nyt_google_ad_channel) && (window.google_ad_channel)) { var nyt_google_ad_channel = google_ad_channel; 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}\n     NYTD.GoogleAds.getGoogleAds(\"AFC\", { \n        google_ad_client:'nytimes_article_var',\n        ad_target_list:'sponLinkA'\n     });\n\n</script>\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"columnGroup\">\n</div>\n</div>\r\n</div><!--close spanAB -->\r\n\n  <!-- start MOTH -->\n  \t<div id=\"insideNYTimes\" class=\"doubleRule nocontent\">\n            <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://js.nyt.com/js/app/moth/moth.js\"></script>\n        <div id=\"insideNYTimesHeader\">\n                    <div class=\"navigation\"><span id=\"leftArrow\"><img id=\"mothReverse\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/global/buttons/moth_reverse.gif\" /></span>&nbsp;<span id=\"rightArrow\"><img id=\"mothForward\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/global/buttons/moth_forward.gif\" /></span></div>\n                <h4>\n            Inside NYTimes.com        </h4>\n    </div>\n    \n        \n    <div id=\"insideNYTimesScrollWrapper\">\n        <table id=\"insideNYTimesBrowser\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n            <tbody>\n                <tr>\n                                                <td class=\"first\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/science/index.html\">Science &raquo;</a>                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/science/earth/storm-kings-review-where-tornadoes-dug-in-so-did-they.html\"><img src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/science/28MOTH_SCIB/28MOTH_SCIB-moth-v2.jpg\" alt=\"&lsquo;Storm Kings&rsquo; by Lee Sandlin\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/science/earth/storm-kings-review-where-tornadoes-dug-in-so-did-they.html\">&lsquo;Storm Kings&rsquo; by Lee Sandlin</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td>\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html\">Opinion &raquo;</a>                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/opinion/silencing-the-whistle-blowers.html\"><img src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/opinion/28moth_oped/28moth_oped-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Op-Ed: Silencing the Whistle-Blowers\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/opinion/silencing-the-whistle-blowers.html\">Op-Ed: Silencing the Whistle-Blowers</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td>\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/world/index.html\">World &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/world/europe/same-sex-couple-say-i-do-in-rome.html\"><img src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/world/28moth_italy/28moth_italy-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Same-Sex Couple Say, &lsquo;I Do&rsquo; as Italy Says, &lsquo;I Don&rsquo;t&rsquo;\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/world/europe/same-sex-couple-say-i-do-in-rome.html\">Same-Sex Couple Say, &lsquo;I Do&rsquo; as Italy Says, &lsquo;I Don&rsquo;t&rsquo;</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td>\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/national/index.html\">U.S. &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/us/buyer-sought-for-stalled-medieval-castle-in-arkansas.html\"><img src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/us/28moth_castle/28moth_castle-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Fixer-Upper. Ozark Views. Vassals Welcome.\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/us/buyer-sought-for-stalled-medieval-castle-in-arkansas.html\">Fixer-Upper. Ozark Views. Vassals Welcome.</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                    <td>\n            <div class=\"story\">\n                <h6 class=\"kicker\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html\">Opinion &raquo;</a></h6>\n                <h3><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/opinion/the-forgotten-amerasians.html\">Op-Ed: The Forgotten Amerasians</a></h3>\n                <p class=\"summary\">Filipinos with American fathers should have a path to U.S. citizenship.</p>\n            </div>\n        </td>\n                                                <td>\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/arts/television/index.html\">Television &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/arts/television/brooklyn-da-begins-on-tuesday-on-cbs.html\"><img src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/arts/television/28moth_brooklynda/28moth_brooklynda-moth.jpg\" alt=\"On &lsquo;Brooklyn DA,&rsquo; Never a Crime-Free Moment\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/arts/television/brooklyn-da-begins-on-tuesday-on-cbs.html\">On &lsquo;Brooklyn DA,&rsquo; Never a Crime-Free Moment</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/nyregion/index.html\">N.Y. / Region &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/nyregion/at-school-papers-the-ink-is-drying-up.html\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/nyregion/28moth_papers/28moth_papers-moth.jpg\" alt=\"At School Papers, the Ink Is Drying Up\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/nyregion/at-school-papers-the-ink-is-drying-up.html\">At School Papers, the Ink Is Drying Up</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html\">Opinion &raquo;</a>                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/gesture-writing/\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/opinion/28moth_draft/28moth_draft-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Draft: Gesture Writing\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/gesture-writing/\">Draft: Gesture Writing</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health/index.html\">Health &raquo;</a>                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/fat-talk-compels-but-carries-a-cost/\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/science/28MOTH_TALK/28MOTH_TALK-moth.jpg\" alt=\"&lsquo;Fat Talk&rsquo; Compels but Carries a Cost\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/fat-talk-compels-but-carries-a-cost/\">&lsquo;Fat Talk&rsquo; Compels but Carries a Cost</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/booming/index.html/\">Booming &raquo;</a>                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/booming/for-a-boomer-sunblocks-came-late-and-cancer-too-soon.html\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/booming/28moth_booming/28moth_booming-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Sunblocks Came Late and Cancer Too Soon\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/booming/for-a-boomer-sunblocks-came-late-and-cancer-too-soon.html\">Sunblocks Came Late and Cancer Too Soon</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                    <td class=\"hidden\">\n            <div class=\"story\">\n                <h6 class=\"kicker\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html\">Opinion &raquo;</a></h6>\n                <h3><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/27/are-americans-too-obsessed-with-cleanliness\">A Quest for Cleanliness</a></h3>\n                <p class=\"summary\">Room for Debate asks: Is it healthy to keep our bodies and homes squeaky clean, or should we relax a bit?</p>\n            </div>\n        </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/arts/index.html\">Arts &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/arts/design/jackson-pollocks-one-number-31-1950-restored-by-moma.html\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/05/28/arts/28moth_pollock/28moth_pollock-moth.jpg\" alt=\"A Pollock Restored, a Mystery Revealed\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/arts/design/jackson-pollocks-one-number-31-1950-restored-by-moma.html\">A Pollock Restored, a Mystery Revealed</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                    </tr>\n            </tbody>\n        </table>\n    </div>\n    \n    </div><!-- end #insideNYTimes -->\n\n            </div><!--close main -->\r\n<footer class=\"pageFooter\">\n<div class=\"inset\">\n<nav class=\"pageFooterNav\">\n<ul class=\"pageFooterNavList wrap\">\n<li class=\"firstItem\"><a href=\"http://www.nytco.com/\">&copy; 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'ROS_leaderboard';\n        google_hints = getMetaValue('keywords');\n// -->\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"JavaScript\" src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"></script>\n<noscript>\n\t<img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" border=\"0\" src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/imp.gif?client=ca-nytimes_display_html&event=noscript\" /> \n</noscript>\n<div style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10px; color:#004276; float: right; margin-right: 125px;\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.whsites.net/mediakit/\">Advertise on NYTimes.com</a></div></div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div id=\"main\">\r\n<div class=\"spanAB wrap closing\">\r\n<div id=\"abColumn\" class=\"abColumn\"><!--open abColumn -->\r\n<div id=\"article\">\r\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup first\">\t\t\t\t\n<h6 class=\"kicker\">Matter</h6>\n<h1 itemprop=\"headline\"  class=\"articleHeadline\"><NYT_HEADLINE  version=\"1.0\" type=\" \">17 Years to Hatch an Invasion</NYT_HEADLINE></h1>     <div class=\"articleSpanImage\"><div id=\"articleSpanVideoModule\" class=\"articleSpanVideoModule\">\n<div id=\"articleSpanVid_100000002223364\" class=\"articleSpanVideo\">\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n(function() {\n    var NYTD_videoMetaData = {\n        videoId: \"100000002223364\",\n        socialUrl: \"http://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/05/13/science/100000002223364/matter-cicadas.html\",\n        parentSection: \"science\",\n        stillOverlay: \"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/13/science/video-pod-st-matter/video-pod-st-matter-articleLarge.jpg\"    };\n    if (NYTD.ArticleSpan && NYTD.ArticleSpan.ArticleSpanVideo) {\n        NYTD.ArticleSpan.ArticleSpanVideo.prepareVideoModule(NYTD_videoMetaData);\n    }\n})();\n</script>\n</div><div id=\"articleSpanVideoByline\" class=\"byline\" style=\"display:none;\">By Jeffery DelViscio, Pedro Rafael Rosado, Robin Lindsay, Kriston Lewis and Abe Sater</div>\n<p id=\"articleSpanVideoCaption\" class=\"caption noPhotoCredit\"><strong class=\"videoIcon video\">Matter: Cicadas:</strong> \nCarl Zimmer talks about the life cycle and evolutionary adaptations of the insect.</p>\n</div>\n</div> <!--[if lt IE 8]>\n    <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n        if($$('div.articleSpanImage') != null) {\n            var articleSpanImage = $$('div.articleSpanImage')[0].getElementsByTagName(\"img\")[0];\n            var articleSpanImageSrc = articleSpanImage.getAttribute('src');\n            articleSpanImage.setAttribute('src',\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/global/backgrounds/transparentBG.gif\");\n            var filter = \"progId:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='\"+articleSpanImageSrc+\"', sizingMethod='scale' )\";\n            articleSpanImage.style.filter = filter;\n        }\n    </script>\n<![endif]--> \n<NYT_BYLINE >\n<h6 class=\"byline\">By \n<span itemprop=\"author creator\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Person\"><span itemprop=\"name\">CARL ZIMMER</span></span></h6>\n</NYT_BYLINE>\n<h6 class=\"dateline\">Published: May 9, 2013    </h6>\n<div class=\"shareTools shareToolsThemeClassic articleShareToolsTop\"\n\tdata-shares=\"facebook,twitter,google,save,email,showall|Share,print,singlepage,reprints,ad\" \n\tdata-title=\"17 Years to Hatch an Invasion\" \n\tdata-url=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/science/marvels-and-a-few-mysteries-in-cicadas-17-years.html\" \n\tdata-description=\"Billions of cicadas, the red-eyed insects renowned for their shrill mating call, are beginning to crawl out of the earth, an emergence 17 years in the making.\"></div>\n<meta name=\"emailThisHash\" content=\"v5Xj0w+Yk1BQ1BYct6wfKw\">\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n<span itemprop=\"copyrightHolder provider sourceOrganization\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Organization\" itemid=\"http://www.nytimes.com\">\n<meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"The New York Times Company\"/>\n<meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"http://www.nytco.com/\"/>\n<meta itemprop=\"tickerSymbol\" content=\"NYSE NYT\"/>\n</span>\n<meta itemprop=\"copyrightYear\" content=\"2013\"/>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<NYT_TEXT >\n\n<NYT_CORRECTION_TOP>\n</NYT_CORRECTION_TOP>\n    <p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nFrom North Carolina to Connecticut, billions of creatures with eyes the color of blood and bodies the color of coal are crawling out of the earth. Periodical cicadas are emerging en masse, clambering into trees and singing a shivering chorus that can be heard for miles.        </p> \n</div>\n<div class=\"articleInline runaroundLeft\">\n  \n<!--forceinline-->  \n<div class=\"columnGroup doubleRule\"><div class=\"story\">\n<h6 class=\"kicker\">The Learning Network</h6>\n<div class=\"thumbnail\">\n<a href=\"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/03/theyre-back-learning-about-periodical-cicadas-to-participate-in-citizen-science-projects/?ref=science\">\n<img src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com//images/blogs_v3/learning/learning75.gif\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" />\n</a>\n</div>\n<h3><a href=\"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/03/theyre-back-learning-about-periodical-cicadas-to-participate-in-citizen-science-projects/?ref=science\">\nLesson Plan | Periodical Cicadas</a></h3>\n<h6 class=\"byline\">\n</h6>\n<p class=\"summary\">\nStudents can participate in “citizen science” projects or create multimedia exhibits.</p>\n<ul class=\"refer flush\"><li><a href=\"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/\">Go to The Learning Network &raquo;</a></li>\n</ul></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"columnGroup doubleRule\">    </div></div>            <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n        if (typeof NYTDVideoManager != \"undefined\") {\n            NYTDVideoManager.setAllowMultiPlayback(false);\n        }\n        \n        function displayCompanionBanners(banners, tracking) {\n            tmDisplayBanner(banners, \"videoAdContent\", 300, 250, null, tracking);\n        }\n        </script> \n<div class=\"articleInline runaroundLeft first\">\n<div class=\"story\">  \n<div class=\"wideThumb\">\n<a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/a-century-of-cicadas.html?ref=science\">\n<img src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com//images/2013/05/08/science/190.gif\" width=\"190\" height=\"126\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" />\n<span class=\"mediaOverlay interactive\">Multimedia Feature</span>\n</a>\n</div>\n<h6><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/a-century-of-cicadas.html?ref=science\">\nA Century of Cicadas</a></h6>\n<h6 class=\"byline\">\n</h6>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"articleInline runaroundLeft\"><div class=\"articleInline runaroundLeft\"></div>\n<div class=\"doubleRule\"><div class=\"story\">\n\n<div class=\"runaroundRight\"><a href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/nytimesscience\"><img src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/11/15/science/science-twitter-logo/science-twitter-logo-thumbStandard.jpg\" height=\"75\" width=\"75\" alt=\"Science Twitter Logo.\" /></a></div>\n  <h4><a href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/nytimesscience\">Connect With Us on Social Media</a></h4>\n  <p class=\"summary\"><a href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/nytimesscience\">@nytimesscience</a> on Twitter. \n<ul><li><a href=\"https://twitter.com/nytimesscience/sci-times-reporters-eds/members\">Science Reporters and Editors on Twitter</a></li></ul></p>\n  <p class=\"summary\">Like the science desk <a href=\"http://www.facebook.com/nytimesscience\"> on Facebook.</a></p>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n<!--div class=\"columnGroup doubleRule\">\n <h3 class=\"sectionHeader\">Facebook</h3>\n  <iframe src=\"http://www.facebook.com/plugins/likebox.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnytimesscience%3Fsk%3Dwall&amp;width=190&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;show_faces=false&amp;stream=false&amp;header=true&amp;height=62\"  scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:190px; height:62px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"></iframe></div-->\n</div>   \n<div class=\"inlineImage module\">\n<div class=\"image\">\n<div class=\"icon enlargeThis\"><a href=\"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/05/08/science/zimmer-headshot.html','zimmer_headshot_html','width=424,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')\">Enlarge This Image</a></div>\n<a href=\"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/05/08/science/zimmer-headshot.html','zimmer_headshot_html','width=424,height=630,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')\">\n<span itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemid=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/08/science/zimmer-headshot/zimmer-headshot-articleInline-v2.jpg\" itemtype=\"http://schema.org/ImageObject\">\n<img itemprop=\"url\" src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/08/science/zimmer-headshot/zimmer-headshot-articleInline-v2.jpg\" width=\"190\" height=\"269\" alt=\"\">\n<meta itemprop=\"identifier\" content=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/08/science/zimmer-headshot/zimmer-headshot-articleInline-v2.jpg\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"190\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"269\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"copyrightHolder\" content=\"Earl Wilson/The New York Times\" />\n</span>\n</a>\n</div>\n<h6 class=\"credit\">Earl Wilson/The New York Times</h6>\n<p class=\"caption\">Carl Zimmer.                            </p>\n</div>\n  \n<div class=\"inlineImage module\">\n<div class=\"image\">\n<div class=\"icon enlargeThis\"><a href=\"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/05/14/science/14zimmer-span.html','14zimmer_span_html','width=720,height=513,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')\">Enlarge This Image</a></div>\n<a href=\"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/05/14/science/14zimmer-span.html','14zimmer_span_html','width=720,height=513,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes')\">\n<span itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemid=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/14/science/14zimmer-span/14zimmer-span-articleInline.jpg\" itemtype=\"http://schema.org/ImageObject\">\n<img itemprop=\"url\" src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/14/science/14zimmer-span/14zimmer-span-articleInline.jpg\" width=\"190\" height=\"112\" alt=\"\">\n<meta itemprop=\"identifier\" content=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/05/14/science/14zimmer-span/14zimmer-span-articleInline.jpg\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"190\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"112\" />\n<meta itemprop=\"copyrightHolder\" content=\"Gerry Broome/Associated Press\" />\n</span>\n</a>\n</div>\n<h6 class=\"credit\">Gerry Broome/Associated Press</h6>\n<p class=\"caption\">A 13-year cicada in Chapel Hill, N.C., in 2011. This year’s 17-year cicadas are beginning to appear.                            </p>\n</div>\n   \n</div>\n<div id=\"readerscomment\" class=\"inlineLeft\"></div>\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n <p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nWhat makes this emergence truly remarkable, however, is how long it’s been in the making. This month’s army of periodical cicadas was born in 1996. Their mothers laid their eggs in the branches of trees, where they developed for a few weeks before hatching and heading for the ground. “They just jumped out and rained down out of the trees,” said Chris Simon, a cicada biologist at the University of Connecticut.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThose Clinton-era larvae then squirmed into the dirt and spent the next 17 years sucking fluid from tree roots. Now, at last, they are ready to produce the next generation. The adult males are snapping rigid plates on their abdomens to produce their courtship song. The females are clicking their wings to signal approval. They will mate and then die shortly afterward. Their time in the sun is short, but their 17-year life span makes them the longest-lived insects known.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nAfter 17 years, we humans are just barely getting started in life. A mouse, by contrast, needs just seven weeks to become sexually mature, and it will live only a few years more. Yet mice are like Methuselah compared with the gastrotrich, a water-dwelling invertebrate the size of a poppy seed. Three days after it hatches, it’s laying eggs, and days later it’s dead.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nIn any given species, the pace of life evolves. Natural selection is constantly shaping its genes, adapting it to its environment. How long a species lives and how much of that life it takes to reach adulthood are evolving just like every other trait.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nFor periodical cicadas (usually pronounced sih-KAY-duhz), evolution favors growing up in sync. They can find protection from ravenous birds in huge numbers. There simply aren’t enough birds at any moment to eat a few billion cicadas at once.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThis strategy has worked so well, in fact, that cicadas have lost their other defenses. They even fly sluggishly. When errant cicadas emerge in the wrong year, they are quickly eradicated by birds — along with their errant genes.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nFor a fast-growing cicada, Dr. Simon suspects, natural selection favors patience. “It’s better to wait till everyone catches up,” said Dr. Simon. As a result, evolution favors a long life in cicadas.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nOnly some of the periodical cicadas in the eastern United States are emerging at the moment. They’re known collectively as Brood II. In other regions, other broods emerge in different years. Last year, for example, Brood I emerged in Virginia, West Virginia and Tennessee. All told, there are 15 broods lurking in the ground around the United States. Twelve have a 17-year cycle, and three have a 13-year cycle.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nTo study all these broods, Dr. Simon and her colleagues usually spend spring traveling around the country. (This month she’s heading to North Carolina to check out the southern edge of Brood II.) The rest of the year, they study the insects and their DNA. In a <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6919.full\">new study</a> published in April, Dr. Simon and her colleagues reported that the common ancestor of all the periodical cicadas in the United States lived four million years ago.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nIts descendants then evolved with remarkable speed. “We know that during the last half million years, periodical cicadas have switched between 13- and 17-year life cycles at least eight times,” said Dr. Simon. “There’s a lot of this life-cycle switching going on.”        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nDr. Simon suspects that the switch happens when populations of cicadas expand into territories where other cicadas are already buried in the ground. The immigrants that keep to their old schedule get wiped out, while any oddballs that happen to match the resident cicadas can blend in and survive.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\n“They just get sucked into the brood,” said Dr. Simon. That would explain how the different species in a brood always manage to follow the same timetable. To do otherwise spells doom.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nFour years is, of course, quite a change to the appointment calendar. How cicadas can make such a drastic switch remains for Dr. Simon and other cicada experts to discover. It’s possible that a minor difference in the DNA of cicadas can trigger it.        </p><p itemprop=\"articleBody\">\nThis summer, after Brood II is dead and its eggs have rained to the earth, Dr. Simon and her colleagues will be probing the genomes of cicadas for that switch, hoping to find another clue to one of the world’s great life cycles.        </p><NYT_CORRECTION_BOTTOM>\t<div class=\"articleCorrection\">\n</div>\n</NYT_CORRECTION_BOTTOM><NYT_UPDATE_BOTTOM>\n</NYT_UPDATE_BOTTOM>\n</NYT_TEXT>\n</div>\n</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"articleFooter\">\n<div class=\"articleMeta\">\n<div class=\"opposingFloatControl wrap\">\n<div class=\"element1\">\n<h6 class=\"metaFootnote\">A version of this article appeared in print on May 14, 2013, on page <span itemprop=\"printSection\">D</span><span itemprop=\"printPage\">3</span> of the <span itemprop=\"printEdition\">New York edition</span> with the headline: 17 Years to Hatch an Invasion.</h6>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<img itemprop=\"newsUsageTag\" src=\"http://analytics.apnewsregistry.com/analytics/v2/image.svc/TheNewYorkTimes/RWS/nytimes.com/CAI/100000002212861/E/prod/PC/Basic/AT/A\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"display:none;\" />\n\n</div>\t</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"shareTools shareToolsThemeClassic shareToolsThemeClassicHorizontal articleShareToolsBottom\"\n\tdata-shares=\"facebook|,twitter|,google|,save,email,showall|Share\" \n\tdata-title=\"17 Years to Hatch an Invasion\" \n\tdata-url=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/science/marvels-and-a-few-mysteries-in-cicadas-17-years.html\" \n\tdata-description=\"Billions of cicadas, the red-eyed insects renowned for their shrill mating call, are beginning to crawl out of the earth, an emergence 17 years in the making.\"></div>\n<meta name=\"emailThisHash\" content=\"v5Xj0w+Yk1BQ1BYct6wfKw\">\n</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n\n</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"embeddedCommentsTileAd\" class=\"hidden\">   \n\n</div>\n<div id=\"commentsContainer\" class=\"commentsContainer singleRule\" ></div>\n</div>\n<!--cur: prev:-->\n<div class=\"columnGroup \">\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"singleRuleDivider\"></div>\r\n<div class=\"articleBottomExtra\">\r\n<div class=\"column lastColumn\">\r\n<div class=\"emailAlertModule module\">\n<h5 class=\"sectionHeaderSm\">Get Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics</h5>\n<form action=\"https://myaccount.nytimes.com/mem/tnt.html\" method=\"GET\" enctype=\"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\">\n<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"retA\" value=\"http://www.nytimes.com//2013/05/14/science/marvels-and-a-few-mysteries-in-cicadas-17-years.html\" >\n<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"retT\" value=\"17 Years to Hatch an Invasion\">\n<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"module\" value=\"call\">\n<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"alert_context\" value=\"1\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class = \"column\">\n<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"topic1\" value=\"Cicadas+%28Insects%29\">\n<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"topic_field1\" value=\"des\">\n<a class=\"inTextReferEmail\" href=\"https://myaccount.nytimes.com/mem/tnt.html?module=call&alert_context=1&topic1=Cicadas+%28Insects%29&topic_field1=des&topic1_check=y&retA=&retT=&cskey=\" onClick=\"javascript:s_code_linktrack('Article-RelatedTopics'); 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class=\"summary\">Modern Yiddish transliteration was created by scholars who saw Judaism as a nationality based on language.</p>\n            </div>\n        </td>\n                                                <td>\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/national/index.html\">U.S. &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/us/cambridge-struggles-to-accept-marathon-bombing-link.html\"><img src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/06/05/us/05moth_cambridge/05moth_cambridge-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Cambridge Struggles to Accept Bombing Link\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/us/cambridge-struggles-to-accept-marathon-bombing-link.html\">Cambridge Struggles to Accept Bombing Link</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/nyregion/index.html\">N.Y. / Region &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/nyregion/discovered-at-64-a-brooklyn-artist-takes-his-place.html\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/06/05/nyregion/05moth_about/05moth_about-moth.jpg\" alt=\"At 64, a Brooklyn Artist Takes His Place\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/nyregion/discovered-at-64-a-brooklyn-artist-takes-his-place.html\">At 64, a Brooklyn Artist Takes His Place</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                    <td class=\"hidden\">\n            <div class=\"story\">\n                <h6 class=\"kicker\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html\">Opinion &raquo;</a></h6>\n                <h3><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/stop-playing-politics-with-college-loans.html\">Op-Ed: Playing Politics With Student Debt</a></h3>\n                <p class=\"summary\">A plan to make college loan costs more stable and affordable.</p>\n            </div>\n        </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/arts/dance/index.html\">Dance &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/arts/dance/tiffany-mills-dance-company-at-brooklyn-academy-of-music.html\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/06/05/arts/dance/05moth_mills/05moth_mills-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Attraction, Revulsion and Discussion\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/arts/dance/tiffany-mills-dance-company-at-brooklyn-academy-of-music.html\">Attraction, Revulsion and Discussion</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/national/index.html\">U.S. &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/us/politics/us-china-meetings-aim-personal-diplomacy.html\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/06/05/us/05moth_presidents/05moth_presidents-moth.jpg\" alt=\"U.S.-China Meeting&rsquo;s Aim: Personal Diplomacy\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/us/politics/us-china-meetings-aim-personal-diplomacy.html\">U.S.-China Meeting&rsquo;s Aim: Personal Diplomacy</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                                    <td class=\"hidden\">\n            <div class=\"story\">\n                <h6 class=\"kicker\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html\">Opinion &raquo;</a></h6>\n                <h3><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/06/04/an-age-limit-for-congress\">Older and Wiser?</a></h3>\n                <p class=\"summary\">Room for Debate asks whether Congress should have an age limit. Or do the most senior lawmakers pull their weight?</p>\n            </div>\n        </td>\n                                                <td class=\"hidden\">\n        <div class=\"story\">\n            <h6 class=\"kicker\">\n                                    <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/pages/dining/index.html\">Dining & Wine &raquo;</a>\n                            </h6>\n            <div class=\"mothImage\">\n                <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/dining/reviews/restaurant-review-carbone-in-manhattan.html\"><span class=\"img\" src=\"http://i1.nyt.com/images/2013/06/05/dining/05MOTH_REST/05MOTH_REST-moth.jpg\" alt=\"Restaurant Review: Carbone\" width=\"151\" height=\"151\" /></a>\n            </div>\n            <h6 class=\"headline\"><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/dining/reviews/restaurant-review-carbone-in-manhattan.html\">Restaurant Review: Carbone</a></h6>\n        </div>\n    </td>\n                                    </tr>\n            </tbody>\n        </table>\n    </div>\n    \n    </div><!-- end #insideNYTimes -->\n\n            </div><!--close main -->\r\n<footer class=\"pageFooter\">\n<div class=\"inset\">\n<nav class=\"pageFooterNav\">\n<ul class=\"pageFooterNavList wrap\">\n<li class=\"firstItem\"><a href=\"http://www.nytco.com/\">&copy; 2013 The New York Times Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://spiderbites.nytimes.com/\">Site Map</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/privacy\">Privacy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/help/privacy.html#pp\">Your Ad Choices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.whsites.net/mediakit/\">Advertise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/sale/terms-of-sale.html \">Terms of Sale</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/help/agree.html\">Terms of Service</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytco.com/careers\">Work With Us</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/rss\">RSS</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/membercenter/sitehelp.html\">Help</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/help/infoservdirectory.html\">Contact Us</a></li>\n<li class=\"lastItem\"><a href=\"https://myaccount.nytimes.com/membercenter/feedback.html\">Site Feedback</a></li>\n</ul>\n</nav>\n</div><!--close inset -->\n</footer><!--close pageFooter -->\n</div><!--close page -->\r\n</div><!--close shell -->\r\n<IMG CLASS=\"hidden\" SRC=\"/adx/bin/clientside/6e6ab197Q2FooorQ24Q7BQ7CigQ7BxoirQ7B@KQ25aTxQ27Q7BQ20fT!ErQ5Cx1r.Q2BZEexQ2BQ2B!.Z\" height=\"1\" width=\"3\">\r\n   \n\n\n</body>\n\r\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<!-- Start UPT call -->\n\t\t<img height=\"1\" width=\"3\" border=0 src=\"http://up.nytimes.com/?d=0/21/&t=6&s=0&ui=0&r=&u=www%2enytimes%2ecom%2f2013%2f05%2f14%2fscience%2fmarvels%2dand%2da%2dfew%2dmysteries%2din%2dcicadas%2d17%2dyears%2ehtml%3f%5fr%3d0%26hp%3d\">\n\t\t<!-- End UPT call -->\n\t\n\t\t\n        <script language=\"JavaScript\"><!--\n          var dcsvid=\"0\";\n          var regstatus=\"non-registered\";\n        //--></script>\n        <script src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/app/analytics/trackingTags_v1.1.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n        <noscript>\n          <div><img alt=\"DCSIMG\" id=\"DCSIMG\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"http://wt.o.nytimes.com/dcsym57yw10000s1s8g0boozt_9t1x/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&amp;WT.js=No&amp;WT.tv=1.0.7\"/></div>\n        </noscript>\n   \r\n\r\n\r\n</html>\r\n\r\n<script>\nNYTD.jQuery(window).on('load', function () {\n\n    function getMetaValue(name) {\n        var els = document.getElementsByName(name);\n        if (els && els[0]) { return els[0].content; }\n        return \"\";\n    }\n\n    var kurl = document.location.pathname;\n    var kgeoref = getMetaValue(\"geo\");\n    var ksection = getMetaValue(\"CG\");\n    var ksubsection = getMetaValue(\"SCG\");\n    var kauthor = getMetaValue(\"author\");\n    var kfacebstring = \"AUTHOR=\" + kauthor + \"&GEO_REF=\" + kgeoref + \"&SECTION=\" + ksection + \"&SUBSECTION=\" + ksubsection + \"&URL=www.nytimes.com\" + kurl;\n\n    NYTD.jQuery(\".shareToolsItemFacebook\").on('click', function () {\n        var scriptTag = document.createElement(\"script\");\n        scriptTag.src = 'http://beacon.krxd.net/event.gif?event_id=HudKM7Cc&event_type=clk&pub_id=79816aa8-435a-471a-be83-4b3e0946daf2&' + kfacebstring; \n        var firstScript = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0];\n        firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptTag, firstScript);\n    });    \n});\n</script>\n\r\n\r\n\n\n"
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id=\"js-command-bar-field\" placeholder=\"Search or type a command\" tabindex=\"1\" autocapitalize=\"off\"\n    \n  >\n\n\n  <span class=\"octicon help tooltipped downwards\" title=\"Show command bar help\">\n    <span class=\"octicon octicon-question\"></span>\n  </span>\n\n\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"ref\" value=\"cmdform\">\n\n  <div class=\"divider-vertical\"></div>\n\n</form>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n\n\n      \n\n\n        <div class=\"site clearfix\">\n          <div id=\"site-container\" class=\"context-loader-container\" data-pjax-container>\n            \n            \n\n\n\n  <div id=\"blog-main\" data-pjax-container>\n    \n  <div class=\"pagehead separation\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n      <form action=\"/blog/search\" class=\"blog-search\" data-pjax>\n        <span class=\"octicon octicon-search\"></span>\n        <input class=\"blog-search-input\" type=\"text\" name=\"q\" id=\"blog-search\" value=\"\" tabindex=\"2\">\n      </form>\n\n      <h1>\n          <a href=\"/blog\" id=\"blog-home\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-home\"></span></a><a href=\"/blog/1499-the-revolution-will-be-forked\">The Revolution Will Be Forked</a>\n      </h1>\n    </div>\n  </div><!-- /.pagehead -->\n\n  <div class=\"container\" id=\"blog-main\">\n    \n\n<div class=\"blog-aside\">\n\n  <div class=\"menu-container\" data-pjax>\n    <ul class=\"menu\">\n      <li><a href=\"/blog\" class=\"js-selected-navigation-item \" data-selected-links=\" /blog\">All Posts</a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"/blog/category/ship\" class=\"js-selected-navigation-item \" data-selected-links=\"ship /blog/category/ship\">New Features</a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"/blog/category/engineering\" class=\"js-selected-navigation-item \" data-selected-links=\"engineering /blog/category/engineering\">Engineering</a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"/blog/category/enterprise\" class=\"js-selected-navigation-item \" data-selected-links=\"enterprise /blog/category/enterprise\">Enterprise</a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"/blog/category/drinkup\" class=\"js-selected-navigation-item \" data-selected-links=\"drinkup /blog/category/drinkup\">Meetups</a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"/blog/category/watercooler\" class=\"js-selected-navigation-item selected\" data-selected-links=\"watercooler /blog/category/watercooler\">Watercooler</a></li>\n    </ul>\n  </div>\n\n  <a class=\"rss\" href=\"/blog/subscribe\" data-pjax>\n    <span class=\"octicon octicon-rss\"></span>\n    Subscribe\n  </a>\n</div>\n    <div class=\"blog-content\">\n        <ul class=\"blog-post-meta\">\n    <li>\n      <span class=\"octicon octicon-calendar\"></span>\n      May  9, 2013\n    </li>\n\n  <li class=\"vcard fn\">\n    <img class=\"author-avatar\" height=\"18\" src=\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ea353bd28baa1aefaefae736a19fcf2a?s=140&amp;d=https://a248.e.akamai.net/assets.github.com%2Fimages%2Fgravatars%2Fgravatar-user-420.png\" width=\"18\" /> <a href=\"/benbalter\">benbalter</a>\n  </li>\n\n    <li>\n      <span class=\"octicon octicon-file-directory\"></span>\n      <a href=\"/blog/category/watercooler\">Watercooler</a>\n    </li>\n\n</ul>\n\n\n  <div class=\"blog-post-body markdown-body\">\n    <p>Millions of people around the world use GitHub every day to build software together, but the GitHub Way™ isn't limited to code.</p>\n\n<p>We are humbled to see that the White House drafted and released <a href=\"http://project-open-data.github.io\">the official Open Data Policy of the United States</a>\non GitHub!  The <a href=\"http://project-open-data.github.io/policy-memo/\">Presidential Memorandum</a> calls for the creation of the aptly named <a href=\"http://github.com/project-open-data\">Project Open Data</a>,\nwith the goal of making government data \"available, discoverable, and usable – in a word, open\".</p>\n\n<p>Today's news marks the first time a government entity has published law as a living, collaborative document.\nWe're excited to see how the Open Data Policy evolves with the input of the community, and we hope this is just\nthe first of many.</p>\n\n<p>By choosing <a href=\"http://pages.github.com\">GitHub Pages</a>, government employees as well as citizens are empowered to\ncontinuously propose and discuss potential improvements, creating a living policy document to\n\"unlock the potential of government data\".</p>\n\n<p>Civic hackers and public servants at all levels are using GitHub to collaborate on everything from\n<a href=\"https://github.com/unitedstates/congress-legislators/blob/master/executive.yaml\">information about elected officials</a>\nto <a href=\"https://github.com/Chicago/osd-bike-routes\">the location of the nearest bike rack</a>. While adding a <img class=\"emoji\" title=\":+1:\" alt=\":+1:\" src=\"https://a248.e.akamai.net/assets.github.com/images/icons/emoji/+1.png\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" align=\"absmiddle\"> to a pull request isn't going to replace ballots at your local polling place any time soon, one thing's for sure: the revolution is only just beginning. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://f.cloud.github.com/assets/282759/483644/98b3c7d6-b8c3-11e2-882e-cb3a11a3de6e.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https://f.cloud.github.com/assets/282759/483644/98b3c7d6-b8c3-11e2-882e-cb3a11a3de6e.jpeg\" alt=\"687474703a2f2f6f63746f6465782e6769746875622e636f6d2f696d616765732f62617261636b746f6361742e6a7067\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"></a></p>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"blog-feedback\">\n    <h2 class=\"blog-feedback-header\">\n      Have feedback? Let <a href=\"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=@github%20&amp;related=github&amp;url=https://github.com/blog/1499-the-revolution-will-be-forked\" target=\"blank\">@github</a> know on Twitter.\n    </h2>\n    <p class=\"blog-feedback-description\">\n      We make sure to read every mention on Twitter. If you find a bug or\n      have any questions, send them to <a href=\"mailto:support@github.com\">support@github.com</a>.\n      Every email is read by a real person.\n    </p>\n  </div>\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n          </div>\n          <div class=\"modal-backdrop\"></div>\n        </div>\n      <div id=\"footer-push\"></div><!-- hack for sticky footer -->\n    </div><!-- end of wrapper - hack for sticky footer -->\n\n      <!-- footer -->\n      <div id=\"footer\">\n  <div class=\"container clearfix\">\n\n      <dl class=\"footer_nav\">\n        <dt>GitHub</dt>\n        <dd><a href=\"/about\">About us</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"/blog\">Blog</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"/contact\">Contact &amp; support</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://enterprise.github.com/\">GitHub Enterprise</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://status.github.com/\">Site status</a></dd>\n      </dl>\n\n      <dl class=\"footer_nav\">\n        <dt>Applications</dt>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://mac.github.com/\">GitHub for Mac</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://windows.github.com/\">GitHub for Windows</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://eclipse.github.com/\">GitHub for Eclipse</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://mobile.github.com/\">GitHub mobile apps</a></dd>\n      </dl>\n\n      <dl class=\"footer_nav\">\n        <dt>Services</dt>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://get.gaug.es/\">Gauges: Web analytics</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://speakerdeck.com\">Speaker Deck: Presentations</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"https://gist.github.com\">Gist: Code snippets</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://jobs.github.com/\">Job board</a></dd>\n      </dl>\n\n      <dl class=\"footer_nav\">\n        <dt>Documentation</dt>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://help.github.com/\">GitHub Help</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://developer.github.com/\">Developer API</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/\">GitHub Flavored Markdown</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://pages.github.com/\">GitHub Pages</a></dd>\n      </dl>\n\n      <dl class=\"footer_nav\">\n        <dt>More</dt>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://training.github.com/\">Training</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"/edu\">Students &amp; teachers</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://shop.github.com\">The Shop</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"/plans\">Plans &amp; pricing</a></dd>\n        <dd><a href=\"http://octodex.github.com/\">The Octodex</a></dd>\n      </dl>\n\n      <hr class=\"footer-divider\">\n\n\n    <p class=\"right\">&copy; 2013 <span title=\"0.01789s from fe1.rs.github.com\">GitHub</span>, Inc. 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	],
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selector=\".footer-inner\">\n<Variable name=\"footer.text.color\" description=\"Text Color\" type=\"color\" default=\"#333333\"/>\n<Variable name=\"footer.widget.title.text.color\" description=\"Gadget Title Color\" type=\"color\" default=\"#000000\"/>\n</Group>\n<Group description=\"Footer Links\" selector=\".footer-inner\">\n<Variable name=\"footer.link.color\" description=\"Link Color\" type=\"color\" default=\"#cc3300\"/>\n<Variable name=\"footer.link.visited.color\" description=\"Visited Color\" type=\"color\" default=\"#993322\"/>\n<Variable name=\"footer.link.hover.color\" description=\"Hover Color\" type=\"color\" default=\"#ff3300\"/>\n</Group>\n<Variable name=\"body.background\" description=\"Body Background\" type=\"background\"\ncolor=\"#c0a154\" default=\"$(color) url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/body_background_birds.png) repeat scroll top left\"/>\n<Variable name=\"body.background.overlay\" description=\"Overlay Background\" type=\"background\" color=\"#c0a154\"\ndefault=\"transparent url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/body_overlay_birds.png) no-repeat scroll top right\"/>\n<Variable name=\"body.background.overlay.height\" description=\"Overlay Background Height\" type=\"length\" default=\"121px\"/>\n<Variable name=\"tabs.background.inner\" description=\"Tabs Background Inner\" type=\"url\" default=\"none\"/>\n<Variable name=\"tabs.background.outer\" description=\"Tabs Background Outer\" type=\"url\" default=\"none\"/>\n<Variable name=\"tabs.border.size\" description=\"Tabs Border Size\" type=\"length\" default=\"0\"/>\n<Variable name=\"tabs.shadow.spread\" description=\"Tabs Shadow Spread\" type=\"length\" default=\"0\"/>\n<Variable name=\"main.padding.top\" description=\"Main Padding Top\" type=\"length\" default=\"30px\"/>\n<Variable name=\"main.cap.height\" description=\"Main Cap Height\" type=\"length\" default=\"0\"/>\n<Variable name=\"main.cap.image\" description=\"Main Cap Image\" type=\"url\" default=\"none\"/>\n<Variable name=\"main.cap.overlay\" description=\"Main Cap Overlay\" type=\"url\" default=\"none\"/>\n<Variable name=\"main.background\" description=\"Main Background\" type=\"background\"\ndefault=\"transparent none no-repeat scroll top left\"/>\n<Variable name=\"post.background.url\" description=\"Post Background URL\" type=\"url\"\ndefault=\"url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/post_background_birds.png)\"/>\n<Variable name=\"post.border.size\" description=\"Post Border Size\" type=\"length\" default=\"1px\"/>\n<Variable name=\"post.border.style\" description=\"Post Border Style\" type=\"string\" default=\"dotted\"/>\n<Variable name=\"post.shadow.spread\" description=\"Post Shadow Spread\" type=\"length\" default=\"0\"/>\n<Variable name=\"footer.background\" description=\"Footer Background\" type=\"background\"\ncolor=\"#330000\" default=\"$(color) url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/body_background_navigator.png) repeat scroll top left\"/>\n<Variable name=\"startSide\" description=\"Side where text starts in blog language\" type=\"automatic\" default=\"left\"/>\n<Variable name=\"endSide\" description=\"Side where text ends in blog language\" type=\"automatic\" default=\"right\"/>\n*/\n/* Use this with templates/1ktemplate-*.html */\n/* Content\n----------------------------------------------- */\nbody, .body-fauxcolumn-outer {\nfont: normal normal 14px Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;\ncolor: #333333;\nbackground: #c0a154 url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/body_background_birds.png) repeat scroll top left;\n}\nhtml body .content-outer {\nmin-width: 0;\nmax-width: 100%;\nwidth: 100%;\n}\n.content-outer {\nfont-size: 92%;\n}\na:link {\ntext-decoration:none;\ncolor: #cc3300;\n}\na:visited {\ntext-decoration:none;\ncolor: #993322;\n}\na:hover {\ntext-decoration:underline;\ncolor: #ff3300;\n}\n.body-fauxcolumns .cap-top {\nmargin-top: 30px;\nbackground: transparent url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/body_overlay_birds.png) no-repeat scroll top right;\nheight: 121px;\n}\n.content-inner {\npadding: 0;\n}\n/* Header\n----------------------------------------------- */\n.header-inner .Header .titlewrapper,\n.header-inner .Header .descriptionwrapper {\npadding-left: 20px;\npadding-right: 20px;\n}\n.Header h1 {\nfont: normal normal 60px Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif;\ncolor: #ffffff;\ntext-shadow: 2px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n}\n.Header h1 a {\ncolor: #ffffff;\n}\n.Header .description {\nfont-size: 140%;\ncolor: #997755;\n}\n/* Tabs\n----------------------------------------------- */\n.tabs-inner .section {\nmargin: 0 20px;\n}\n.tabs-inner .PageList, .tabs-inner .LinkList, .tabs-inner .Labels {\nmargin-left: -11px;\nmargin-right: -11px;\nbackground-color: transparent;\nborder-top: 0 solid #ffffff;\nborder-bottom: 0 solid #ffffff;\n-moz-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);\n-webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);\n-goog-ms-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);\nbox-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);\n}\n.tabs-inner .PageList .widget-content,\n.tabs-inner .LinkList .widget-content,\n.tabs-inner .Labels .widget-content {\nmargin: -3px -11px;\nbackground: transparent none  no-repeat scroll right;\n}\n.tabs-inner .widget ul {\npadding: 2px 25px;\nmax-height: 34px;\nbackground: transparent none no-repeat scroll left;\n}\n.tabs-inner .widget li {\nborder: none;\n}\n.tabs-inner .widget li a {\ndisplay: inline-block;\npadding: .25em 1em;\nfont: normal normal 20px Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif;\ncolor: #cc3300;\nborder-right: 1px solid #c0a154;\n}\n.tabs-inner .widget li:first-child a {\nborder-left: 1px solid #c0a154;\n}\n.tabs-inner .widget li.selected a, .tabs-inner .widget li a:hover {\ncolor: #000000;\n}\n/* Headings\n----------------------------------------------- */\nh2 {\nfont: normal normal 20px Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif;\ncolor: #000000;\nmargin: 0 0 .5em;\n}\nh2.date-header {\nfont: normal normal 16px Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;\ncolor: #997755;\n}\n/* Main\n----------------------------------------------- */\n.main-inner .column-center-inner,\n.main-inner .column-left-inner,\n.main-inner .column-right-inner {\npadding: 0 5px;\n}\n.main-outer {\nmargin-top: 0;\nbackground: transparent none no-repeat scroll top left;\n}\n.main-inner {\npadding-top: 30px;\n}\n.main-cap-top {\nposition: relative;\n}\n.main-cap-top .cap-right {\nposition: absolute;\nheight: 0;\nwidth: 100%;\nbottom: 0;\nbackground: transparent none repeat-x scroll bottom center;\n}\n.main-cap-top .cap-left {\nposition: absolute;\nheight: 245px;\nwidth: 280px;\nright: 0;\nbottom: 0;\nbackground: transparent none no-repeat scroll bottom left;\n}\n/* Posts\n----------------------------------------------- */\n.post-outer {\npadding: 15px 20px;\nmargin: 0 0 25px;\nbackground: transparent url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/post_background_birds.png) repeat scroll top left;\n_background-image: none;\nborder: dotted 1px #ccbb99;\n-moz-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n-webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n-goog-ms-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\nbox-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n}\nh3.post-title {\nfont: normal normal 30px Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif;\nmargin: 0;\n}\n.comments h4 {\nfont: normal normal 30px Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif;\nmargin: 1em 0 0;\n}\n.post-body {\nfont-size: 105%;\nline-height: 1.5;\nposition: relative;\n}\n.post-header {\nmargin: 0 0 1em;\ncolor: #997755;\n}\n.post-footer {\nmargin: 10px 0 0;\npadding: 10px 0 0;\ncolor: #997755;\nborder-top: dashed 1px #777777;\n}\n#blog-pager {\nfont-size: 140%\n}\n#comments .comment-author {\npadding-top: 1.5em;\nborder-top: dashed 1px #777777;\nbackground-position: 0 1.5em;\n}\n#comments .comment-author:first-child {\npadding-top: 0;\nborder-top: none;\n}\n.avatar-image-container {\nmargin: .2em 0 0;\n}\n/* Widgets\n----------------------------------------------- */\n.widget ul, .widget #ArchiveList ul.flat {\npadding: 0;\nlist-style: none;\n}\n.widget ul li, .widget #ArchiveList ul.flat li {\npadding: .35em 0;\ntext-indent: 0;\nborder-top: dashed 1px #777777;\n}\n.widget ul li:first-child, .widget #ArchiveList ul.flat li:first-child {\nborder-top: none;\n}\n.widget .post-body ul {\nlist-style: disc;\n}\n.widget .post-body ul li {\nborder: none;\n}\n.widget .zippy {\ncolor: #777777;\n}\n.post-body img, .post-body .tr-caption-container, .Profile img, .Image img,\n.BlogList .item-thumbnail img {\npadding: 5px;\nbackground: #fff;\n-moz-box-shadow: 1px 1px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);\n-webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);\n-goog-ms-box-shadow: 1px 1px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);\nbox-shadow: 1px 1px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);\n}\n.post-body img, .post-body .tr-caption-container {\npadding: 8px;\n}\n.post-body .tr-caption-container {\ncolor: #333333;\n}\n.post-body .tr-caption-container img {\npadding: 0;\nbackground: transparent;\nborder: none;\n-moz-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n-webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n-goog-ms-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\nbox-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n}\n/* Footer\n----------------------------------------------- */\n.footer-outer {\ncolor:#ccbb99;\nbackground: #330000 url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/body_background_navigator.png) repeat scroll top left;\n}\n.footer-outer a {\ncolor: #ff7755;\n}\n.footer-outer a:visited {\ncolor: #dd5533;\n}\n.footer-outer a:hover {\ncolor: #ff9977;\n}\n.footer-outer .widget h2 {\ncolor: #eeddbb;\n}\n/* Mobile\n----------------------------------------------- */\nhtml .mobile .mobile-date-outer {\nborder-bottom: none;\nbackground: transparent url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/post_background_birds.png) repeat scroll top left;\n_background-image: none;\nmargin-bottom: 10px;\n}\n.mobile .main-cap-top {\nz-index: -1;\n}\n.mobile .content-outer {\nfont-size: 100%;\n}\n.mobile .post-outer {\npadding: 10px;\n}\n.mobile .main-cap-top .cap-left {\nbackground: transparent none no-repeat scroll bottom left;\n}\n.mobile .body-fauxcolumns .cap-top {\nmargin: 0;\n}\n.mobile-link-button {\nbackground: transparent url(http://www.blogblog.com/1kt/watermark/post_background_birds.png) repeat scroll top left;\n}\n.mobile-link-button a:link, .mobile-link-button a:visited {\ncolor: #cc3300;\n}\n.mobile-index-date .date-header {\ncolor: #997755;\n}\n.mobile-index-contents {\ncolor: #333333;\n}\n\n--></style>\n<style id='template-skin-1' type='text/css'><!--\nbody {\nmin-width: 1000px;\n}\n.content-outer, .content-fauxcolumn-outer, .region-inner {\nmin-width: 1000px;\nmax-width: 1000px;\n_width: 1000px;\n}\n.main-inner .columns {\npadding-left: 180px;\npadding-right: 180px;\n}\n.main-inner .fauxcolumn-center-outer {\nleft: 180px;\nright: 180px;\n/* IE6 does not respect 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id='main'><div class='widget Blog' id='Blog1'>\n<script src=''></script>\n<div class='blog-posts hfeed'>\n<!-- google_ad_section_start(name=default) -->\n\n          <div class=\"date-outer\">\n        \n<h2 class='date-header'><span>2011-06-27</span></h2>\n\n          <div class=\"date-posts\">\n        \n<div class='post-outer'>\n<div class='post hentry'>\n<a name='4417229646097827778'></a>\n<h3 class='post-title entry-title'>\nECMAScript: ES.next versus ES 6 versus ES Harmony\n</h3>\n<div class='post-header'>\n<div class='post-header-line-1'><span class='post-labels'>\nLabels:\n<a href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/dev' rel='tag'>dev</a>,\n<a href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/esnext' rel='tag'>esnext</a>,\n<a href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/javascript' rel='tag'>javascript</a>,\n<a href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jslang' rel='tag'>jslang</a>\n</span>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='post-body entry-content'>\n<b>Update 2011-04-18:</b> Rewrote this blog post, renamed it from &#8220;A brief history of ECMAScript versions (including Harmony and ES.next)&#8221;.\n<p>\nThis blog post explains the difference between JavaScript and ECMAScript. And the differences between ECMAScript.next, ECMAScript 6 and ECMAScript Harmony.\n<a name='more'></a>\n\n<h3 class=\"countheads\">A little ECMAScript glossary</h3>\n\nYou should know the following terms related to the standardization of JavaScript.\n<ul>\n    <li><b>ECMAScript:</b> Sun (now Oracle) had a trademark on the name &#8220;Java&#8221; and therefore also on the name &#8220;JavaScript&#8221;. That led to Microsoft calling its JavaScript dialect &#8220;JScript&#8221;. Thus, when it came to standardizing the language, a different name had to be used. &#8220;ECMAScript&#8221; was chosen, because the corresponding standard is hosted by Ecma International (see below). Usually, the terms &#8220;ECMAScript&#8221; and &#8220;JavaScript&#8221; are interchangeable. If JavaScript means &#8220;ECMAScript as implemented by Mozilla and others&#8221; then ECMAScript is the standard and JavaScript its implementation. The term &#8220;ECMAScript&#8221; is also used to describe language versions (such as ECMAScript 5).</li>\n    <li><b>ECMA-262:</b> The <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma\">Ecma International</a> (a standards organization) has created the ECMA-262 standard which is the official specification of the ECMAScript language.</li>\n    <li><b>ECMAScript 5:</b> If one talks about ECMAScript 5, one means the 5th edition of ECMA-262, the current edition of this standard.</li>\n    <li><b>Ecma&#8217;s <a href=\"http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC39.htm\">Technical Committee 39</a> (TC39):</b> is the group of people (Brendan Eich and others) who develop the ECMA-262 standard.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h3>History of ECMAScript versions</h3>\n\nThe following are the most currently relevant chapters in ECMAScript&#8217;s history:\n<ul>\n    <li><b>ECMAScript 3 (December 1999).</b> This is the version of ECMAScript that most browsers support today. It introduced many features that have become an inherent part of the language:\n        <blockquote>\n            [...] regular expressions, better string handling, new control statements, try/catch exception handling, tighter definition of errors, formatting for numeric output and other enhancements. <a class=\"ptr\">[1]</a>\n        </blockquote>\n    </li>\n    <li><b>ECMAScript 4 (abandoned July 2008).</b> ECMAScript 4 was developed as the next version of JavaScript, with a prototype written in ML. However, TC39 could not agree on its feature set. To prevent an impasse, the committee met at the end of July 2008 and came to an accord, summarized in four points <a class=\"ptr\">[2]</a>:\n        <ol>\n            <li>Develop an incremental update of ECMAScript (which became ECMAScript 5).</li>\n            <li>Develop a major new release, which was to be more modest than ECMAScript 4, but much larger in scope than the version after ECMAScript 3. This version has been code-named <i>Harmony</i>, due to the nature of the meeting in which it was conceived.</li>\n            <li>Features from ECMAScript 4 that would be dropped: packages, namespaces, early binding.</li>\n            <li>Other ideas were to be developed in consensus with all of TC39.</li>\n        </ol>\n        Thus: The ECMAScript 4 developers agreed to make Harmony less radical than ECMAScript 4, the rest of TC39 agreed to keep moving things forward.\n    </li>\n    <li><b>ECMAScript 5 (December 2009).</b> This version brings several enhancements to the standard library and even updated language semantics via a <i>strict mode</i>. <a class=\"ptr\">[3]</a></li>\n    <li><b>ECMAScript.next (planned for 2013).</b> It quickly became apparent that the plans for Harmony were too ambitious, so its features were split into two groups: Group one are features that are considered for the next version after ECMAScript 5. This version has the code name ECMAScript.next and will probably become ECMAScript 6. Group two are Harmony features that are not considered ready or high-priority enough for ECMAScript.next. Those will still make it into ECMAScript, e.g. as part of ECMAScript.next.next. The current goal is to have ECMAScript.next finished by 2013, with parts of it making it into web browsers (especially Firefox) before then.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h3>Summary</h3>\n\n<b>ECMAScript versus JavaScript.</b> ECMAScript is the language standard. JavaScript is one implementation, Microsoft&#8217;s JScript is another one.\n\n<p>\n<b>Upcoming versions of ECMAScript:</b>\n<ul>\n    <li>ECMAScript.next is the code name of the next version of ECMAScript. Using that term implies that one is discussing features that may or may not be added to the final standard.\n    </li>\n    <li>ECMAScript 6 is the actual (final) name of ECMAScript.next. Using that term implies that one is talking about features that will definitely be in the standard.\n    </li>\n    <li>ECMAScript Harmony is a superset of ECMAScript.next and means &#8220;features coming up after ECMAScript 5&#8221;. Those features may be in ECMAScript.next, in ECMAScript.next.next or in even later versions.\n    </li>\n</ul>\n\n<h3>References</h3>\n\n<ol id=\"references\">\n    <li><a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecmascript'>ECMAScript - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></li>\n    <li><a href='https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/es-discuss/2008-August/003400.html'>ECMAScript Harmony</a> (archived email)</li>\n    <li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2010/12/whats-new-in-ecmascript-5.html'>What&#8217;s new in ECMAScript 5</a></li>\n    <li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/03/javascript-how-it-all-began.html'>JavaScript: how it all began</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"http://www.2ality.com/search/label/esnext\">Posts on ECMAScript.next</a>\n        <ul>\n            <li>Best overview of planned features: &#8220;<a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/esnext-txjs.html'>ECMAScript.next: the &#8216;TXJS&#8217; update by Eich</a>&#8221;</li>\n        </ul>\n    </li>\n</ol>\n<div style='clear: both;'></div>\n</div>\n<div class='post-footer'>\n<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><div class='post-share-buttons'>\n<a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=4417229646097827778&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=4417229646097827778&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, \"_blank\", \"height=270,width=475\"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=4417229646097827778&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to Twitter'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Twitter</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='http://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=4417229646097827778&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, \"_blank\", \"height=430,width=640\"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><div class='goog-inline-block dummy-container'><g:plusone source='blogger:blog:plusone' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/ecmascript.html' size='medium' width='300' annotation='inline'/></div>\n</div>\n<span class='post-comment-link'>\n</span>\n<span class='post-backlinks post-comment-link'>\n</span>\n<span class='post-icons'>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-88863769'>\n<a href='http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=4417229646097827778&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'>\n<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/>\n</a>\n</span>\n</span>\n</div>\n<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'></div>\n<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='comments' id='comments'>\n<a name='comments'></a>\n<h4>3 comments:</h4>\n<div id='Blog1_comments-block-wrapper'>\n<dl class='avatar-comment-indent' id='comments-block'>\n<dt class='comment-author ' id='c8753485404480515740'>\n<a name='c8753485404480515740'></a>\n<div class=\"avatar-image-container avatar-stock\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><img src=\"http://img1.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" title=\"Allen Wirfs-Brock\">\n\n</span></div>\nAllen Wirfs-Brock\nsaid...\n</dt>\n<dd class='comment-body' id='Blog1_cmt-8753485404480515740'>\n<p>\nA few clarify notes:<br /><br />The members of Ecma International and TC-39 are actually organizations such as Mozilla and Microsoft.&#160; Individual who attend meetings are doing so as representatives of those organizations<br /><br />Work on &quot;ES4&quot;&#160; started even before completion of ES3.&#160; It was a on-again/off-again effort and there were fairly complete &quot;ES4&quot; drafts that predated the work that was abandoned in 2008.<br /><br />The current Ecma-262 standard is actually Edition 5.1 which was published in June 2011.&#160; ES5.1 makes editorial and technical corrections to ES5 but adds no new features.&#160; The ES5.1 specification is also published as an ISO standard which is known as ISO/IEC 16262:2011.<br /><br />Microsoft seems to be de-emphasizing the JScript name and&#160; informally seems to call the language JavaScript just like everybody else.<br /><br />Whether or not ECMAScript 6 is the actual final name of the next major revisions of ECMAScript remains to be seen (note ES 4 history). We are far enough along in drafting that specification but that ES 6 seems like a safe bet nothing is sure until it is published.<br /><br />Allen Wirfs-Brock<br />Mozilla<br />Ecma-262 Project Editor\n</p>\n</dd>\n<dd class='comment-footer'>\n<span class='comment-timestamp'>\n<a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/ecmascript.html?showComment=1334776401466#c8753485404480515740' title='comment permalink'>\nApril 18, 2012 at 9:13 PM\n</a>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1189784770'>\n<a class='comment-delete' href='http://www.blogger.com/delete-comment.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=8753485404480515740' title='Delete Comment'>\n<img src='//www.blogger.com/img/icon_delete13.gif'/>\n</a>\n</span>\n</span>\n</dd>\n<dt class='comment-author ' id='c882028314562393419'>\n<a name='c882028314562393419'></a>\n<div class=\"avatar-image-container avatar-stock\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"http://rauschma.de/\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"\"><img src=\"http://img1.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" title=\"Axel Rauschmayer\">\n\n</a></span></div>\n<a href='http://rauschma.de/' rel='nofollow'>Axel Rauschmayer</a>\nsaid...\n</dt>\n<dd class='comment-body' id='Blog1_cmt-882028314562393419'>\n<p>\n&#160;Thanks Allen, much appreciated! Will work these into the post, eventually.\n</p>\n</dd>\n<dd class='comment-footer'>\n<span class='comment-timestamp'>\n<a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/ecmascript.html?showComment=1334778178226#c882028314562393419' title='comment permalink'>\nApril 18, 2012 at 9:42 PM\n</a>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1189784770'>\n<a class='comment-delete' href='http://www.blogger.com/delete-comment.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=882028314562393419' title='Delete Comment'>\n<img src='//www.blogger.com/img/icon_delete13.gif'/>\n</a>\n</span>\n</span>\n</dd>\n<dt class='comment-author ' id='c6090565456487722744'>\n<a name='c6090565456487722744'></a>\n<div class=\"avatar-image-container avatar-stock\"><span dir=\"ltr\"><img src=\"http://img1.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" title=\"Aaronfrost\">\n\n</span></div>\nAaronfrost\nsaid...\n</dt>\n<dd class='comment-body' id='Blog1_cmt-6090565456487722744'>\n<p>\nAxel, just a great explanation here. Thank you! I might come back to you one day to cite you on a few of these pieces. Thank you!\n</p>\n</dd>\n<dd class='comment-footer'>\n<span class='comment-timestamp'>\n<a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/ecmascript.html?showComment=1334949776375#c6090565456487722744' title='comment permalink'>\nApril 20, 2012 at 9:22 PM\n</a>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1189784770'>\n<a class='comment-delete' href='http://www.blogger.com/delete-comment.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&postID=6090565456487722744' title='Delete Comment'>\n<img src='//www.blogger.com/img/icon_delete13.gif'/>\n</a>\n</span>\n</span>\n</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<p class='comment-footer'>\n<a href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8100407163665430627&amp;postID=4417229646097827778' onclick=''>Post a Comment</a>\n</p>\n<div id='backlinks-container'>\n<div id='Blog1_backlinks-container'>\n<a name='links'></a><h4>\n</h4>\n<p class='comment-footer'>\n<a class='comment-link' href='' id='Blog1_backlinks-create-link' target='_blank'>\n</a>\n</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n        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collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_11_01_archive.html'>November</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_10_01_archive.html'>October</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_09_01_archive.html'>September</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_08_01_archive.html'>August</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_07_01_archive.html'>July</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_06_01_archive.html'>June</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_05_01_archive.html'>May</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_04_01_archive.html'>April</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_03_01_archive.html'>March</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_02_01_archive.html'>February</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(20)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2012_01_01_archive.html'>January</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(19)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate expanded'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy toggle-open'>&#9660;&#160;</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;max-results=50'>2011</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(380)</span>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_12_01_archive.html'>December</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_11_01_archive.html'>November</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(25)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n 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class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_07_01_archive.html'>July</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate expanded'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy toggle-open'>&#9660;&#160;</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_06_01_archive.html'>June</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(29)</span>\n<ul class='posts'>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/ecmascript.html'>ECMAScript: ES.next versus ES 6 versus ES Harmony</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/icloud.html'>Apple&#8217;s iCloud: stealing a page from Google and mo...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/prototypes-as-classes.html'>Prototypes as classes &#8211; an introduction to JavaScr...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/windows-8-apis.html'>Windows 8 will (probably) not deprecate C++ and .N...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/coffeescript-classes.html'>Translating CoffeeScript classes to JavaScript</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/constructor-property.html'>What&#8217;s up with the &#8220;constructor&#8221; property in JavaS...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/google-fathers-day.html'>Google&#8217;s lack of social sensitivity: not everyone ...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/object-literal-comma.html'>Quick JavaScript tip: trailing commas inside an ob...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/esnext-txjs.html'>ECMAScript.next: the &#8220;TXJS&#8221; update by Eich</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/facebook-html5-platform.html'>Facebook is working on a mobile HTML5-based app pl...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/passcodes.html'>15% use one of these 10 iPhone passcodes</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/erich-gamma-microsoft.html'>Erich Gamma (Eclipse) joins Microsoft to work on J...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/javascript-equality.html'>Equality in JavaScript: === versus ==</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/twitter-firefox-plugin.html'>The Twitter Firefox plugin</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/star-trek-xi.html'>A few things you might not know about &#8220;Star Trek (...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/hacker-news-effect.html'>The Hacker News (Y Combinator) effect</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/sync-audio-vlc.html'>Fixing out-of-sync audio in VLC</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/javascript-calculator.html'>Tip: use JavaScript as a calculator in Firefox and...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/ios-in-app-revision.html'>Apple quietly revises its in-app purchasing requir...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/implementing-bookmarklets.html'>Implementing bookmarklets in JavaScript</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/apple-wwdc-2011.html'>Overview and analysis: Apple&#8217;s WWDC 2011 announcem...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/google-older-browsers.html'>Google will stop supporting older browsers</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/apple-retail-lessons.html'>Lessons learned by Apple Retail during its first 1...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/winphone7-mango.html'>Windows Phone 7 Mango: the highlights</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/windows-8-opinions.html'>Is Windows 8 the right approach for tablet computi...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/spam-revenue-stream.html'>Cutting off the revenue stream of spammers</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/firefox-6-dev.html'>Firefox 6: new features for developers</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/windows-8.html'>Windows 8: Microsoft restarts its operating system...</a></li>\n<li><a href='http://www.2ality.com/2011/06/with-statement.html'>JavaScript&#8217;s with statement and why it&#8217;s deprecate...</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_05_01_archive.html'>May</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(23)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_04_01_archive.html'>April</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(33)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_03_01_archive.html'>March</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(40)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_02_01_archive.html'>February</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(47)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2011_01_01_archive.html'>January</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(77)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/search?updated-min=2010-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;updated-max=2011-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;max-results=50'>2010</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(174)</span>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_12_01_archive.html'>December</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(42)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_11_01_archive.html'>November</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(19)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_10_01_archive.html'>October</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(28)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_09_01_archive.html'>September</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_08_01_archive.html'>August</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_07_01_archive.html'>July</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_06_01_archive.html'>June</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_05_01_archive.html'>May</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_04_01_archive.html'>April</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_03_01_archive.html'>March</a>\n<span class='post-count' di",
		"r='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_02_01_archive.html'>February</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2010_01_01_archive.html'>January</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/search?updated-min=2009-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;updated-max=2010-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;max-results=50'>2009</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(69)</span>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_12_01_archive.html'>December</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_11_01_archive.html'>November</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_10_01_archive.html'>October</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_09_01_archive.html'>September</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_08_01_archive.html'>August</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_07_01_archive.html'>July</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_06_01_archive.html'>June</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_05_01_archive.html'>May</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_04_01_archive.html'>April</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_03_01_archive.html'>March</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_02_01_archive.html'>February</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2009_01_01_archive.html'>January</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/search?updated-min=2008-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;updated-max=2009-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;max-results=46'>2008</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(46)</span>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_12_01_archive.html'>December</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_11_01_archive.html'>November</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_10_01_archive.html'>October</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_06_01_archive.html'>June</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_05_01_archive.html'>May</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_04_01_archive.html'>April</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_03_01_archive.html'>March</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_02_01_archive.html'>February</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2008_01_01_archive.html'>January</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/search?updated-min=2007-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;updated-max=2008-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;max-results=12'>2007</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2007_11_01_archive.html'>November</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2007_08_01_archive.html'>August</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2007_07_01_archive.html'>July</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2007_05_01_archive.html'>May</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/search?updated-min=2006-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;updated-max=2007-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;max-results=1'>2006</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2006_06_01_archive.html'>June</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/search?updated-min=2005-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;updated-max=2006-01-01T00:00:00%2B01:00&amp;max-results=2'>2005</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2005_08_01_archive.html'>August</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul class='hierarchy'>\n<li class='archivedate collapsed'>\n<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>\n<span class='zippy'>\n\n          &#9658;&#160;\n        \n</span>\n</a>\n<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.2ality.com/2005_03_01_archive.html'>March</a>\n<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='clear'></div>\n<span class='widget-item-control'>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin'>\n<a class='quickedit' href='//www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=8100407163665430627&widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=editWidget&sectionId=sidebar-left-1' onclick='return _WidgetManager._PopupConfig(document.getElementById(\"BlogArchive1\"));' target='configBlogArchive1' title='Edit'>\n<img alt='' height='18' src='http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_wrench_allbkg.png' width='18'/>\n</a>\n</span>\n</span>\n<div class='clear'></div>\n</div>\n</div><div class='widget Label' id='Label1'>\n<h2>Labels</h2>\n<div class='widget-content list-label-widget-content'>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/dev'>dev</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(407)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/computers'>computers</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(307)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/javascript'>javascript</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(223)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/life'>life</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(191)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jslang'>jslang</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(137)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/apple'>apple</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(106)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/webdev'>webdev</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(89)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/mobile'>mobile</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(81)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/scitech'>scitech</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(50)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/hack'>hack</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(48)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/esnext'>esnext</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(44)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/mac'>mac</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(44)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/google'>google</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(37)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/java'>java</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(37)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/business'>business</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(32)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/ios'>ios</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(32)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/hci'>hci</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(27)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/video'>video</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(27)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/entertainment'>entertainment</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(26)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/firefox'>firefox</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(24)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/ipad'>ipad</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(24)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/movie'>movie</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(23)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/society'>society</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(23)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/browser'>browser</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(22)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/psychology'>psychology</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(22)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/html5'>html5</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(21)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/nodejs'>nodejs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(20)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/tv'>tv</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(18)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/android'>android</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(17)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/clientjs'>clientjs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(17)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/fun'>fun</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(17)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/social'>social</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(16)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/tablet'>tablet</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(16)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/2ality'>2ality</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(15)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/humor'>humor</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(15)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/web'>web</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(15)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/chrome'>chrome</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(14)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/cloud'>cloud</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(14)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/microsoft'>microsoft</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(14)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/hardware'>hardware</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(13)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/politics'>politics</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(13)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/software%20engineering'>software engineering</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(13)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/blogging'>blogging</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(12)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/gaming'>gaming</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(12)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/eclipse'>eclipse</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(11)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/gwt'>gwt</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(11)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/programming%20languages'>programming languages</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(11)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/app%20store'>app store</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/nature'>nature</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/photo'>photo</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/security'>security</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/semantic%20web'>semantic web</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/software'>software</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/twitter'>twitter</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/webos'>webos</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/12quirks'>12quirks</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(9)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/education'>education</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(9)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/media'>media</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(9)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/windows%208'>windows 8</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(9)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/idea'>idea</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(8)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/iphone'>iphone</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(8)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/itunes'>itunes</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(8)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jsmodules'>jsmodules</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(8)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/numbers'>numbers</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(8)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/scifi-fantasy'>scifi-fantasy</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(8)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/app'>app</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/chromeos'>chromeos</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/english'>english</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/fringe'>fringe</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jsshell'>jsshell</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/thunderbolt'>thunderbolt</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/webapp'>webapp</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(7)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/blogger'>blogger</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/bookmarklet'>bookmarklet</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/crowdsourcing'>crowdsourcing</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/latex'>latex</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/lion'>lion</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/ted'>ted</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(6)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/environment'>environment</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/gadget'>gadget</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/html'>html</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/intel'>intel</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/layout'>layout</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/light%20peak'>light peak</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/michael%20j.%20fox'>michael j. fox</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/music'>music</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/pdf'>pdf</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/shell'>shell</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/underscorejs'>underscorejs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/vlc'>vlc</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(5)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/coffeescript'>coffeescript</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/dart'>dart</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/facebook'>facebook</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/gimp'>gimp</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/googleio'>googleio</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/googleplus'>googleplus</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/health'>health</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/howto'>howto</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/hp'>hp</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/javafx'>javafx</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jstools'>jstools</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/kindle'>kindle</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/leopard'>leopard</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/macbook'>macbook</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/motorola'>motorola</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/m%C3%BCnchen'>münchen</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/occupy'>occupy</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/pl%20fundamentals'>pl fundamentals</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/series'>series</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/tc39'>tc39</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/textbook'>textbook</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/web%20design'>web design</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(4)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/__proto__'>__proto__</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/amazon'>amazon</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/back%20to%20the%20future'>back to the future</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/book'>book</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/css'>css</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/flattr'>flattr</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/food'>food</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/foreign%20languages'>foreign languages</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/house'>house</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/icloud'>icloud</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/info%20mgmt'>info mgmt</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jsfuture'>jsfuture</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jshistory'>jshistory</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jsstyle'>jsstyle</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/linux'>linux</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/mozilla'>mozilla</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/publishing'>publishing</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/python'>python</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/samsung'>samsung</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/tizen'>tizen</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/traffic'>traffic</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/unix'>unix</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/adobe'>adobe</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/angry%20birds'>angry birds</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/astronomy'>astronomy</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/audio'>audio</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/comic'>comic</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/design'>design</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/ecommerce'>ecommerce</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/eval'>eval</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/facets'>facets</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/flash'>flash</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/fluentconf'>fluentconf</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/free'>free</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/futurama'>futurama</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/guide'>guide</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/history'>history</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/hyena'>hyena</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/internet%20explorer'>internet explorer</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/journalism'>journalism</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jquery'>jquery</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jsengine'>jsengine</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/law'>law</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/lightning'>lightning</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/math'>math</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/meego'>meego</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/month'>month</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/nike'>nike</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/nokia'>nokia</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/polymer'>polymer</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/regexp'>regexp</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/repl'>repl</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/servo'>servo</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/sponsor'>sponsor</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/steve%20jobs'>steve jobs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/tmplstr'>tmplstr</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/travel'>travel</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/usb'>usb</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/webcomponents'>webcomponents</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/winphone'>winphone</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/wwdc'>wwdc</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/airbender'>airbender</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/amdefine'>amdefine</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/angularjs'>angularjs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/aol'>aol</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/app%20urls'>app urls</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/architecture'>architecture</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/asmjs'>asmjs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/async'>async</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/basic%20income'>basic income</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/biology'>biology</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/blink'>blink</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/bluetooth'>bluetooth</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/canada'>canada</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/community'>community</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/cross-platform'>cross-platform</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/deutsch'>deutsch</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/diaspora'>diaspora</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/distributed-social-network'>distributed-social-network</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/dsl'>dsl</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/dvd'>dvd</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/dzone'>dzone</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/emacs'>emacs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/emberjs'>emberjs</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/energy'>energy</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/facetator'>facetator</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/feedback'>feedback</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/firefly'>firefly</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/firefoxos'>firefoxos</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/fritzbox'>fritzbox</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/german'>german</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/git'>git</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/guice'>guice</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/h.264'>h.264</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/home%20entertainment'>home entertainment</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/hosting'>hosting</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/htc'>htc</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/ical'>ical</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jsdom'>jsdom</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jslib'>jslib</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/jsmyth'>jsmyth</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/library'>library</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/location'>location</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/markdown'>markdown</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/marketing'>marketing</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/mars'>mars</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/meta-data'>meta-data</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/middle%20east'>middle east</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/mpaa'>mpaa</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/msl'>msl</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/mssurface'>mssurface</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/netflix'>netflix</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/obama'>obama</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/openoffice'>openoffice</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/opinion'>opinion</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/oracle'>oracle</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/organizing'>organizing</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/philosophy'>philosophy</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/pixar'>pixar</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/pnacl'>pnacl</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/presenting'>presenting</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/programming'>programming</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/puzzle'>puzzle</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/raffle'>raffle</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/raspberry%20pi'>raspberry pi</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/read'>read</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/rust'>rust</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/safari'>safari</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/sponsoring'>sponsoring</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/star%20trek'>star trek</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/talk'>talk</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/theora'>theora</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/thunderbird'>thunderbird</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/typography'>typography</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/v8'>v8</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/voice%20control'>voice control</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/webkit'>webkit</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/webm'>webm</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.2ality.com/search/label/yahoo'>yahoo</a>\n<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<div class='clear'></div>\n<span class='widget-item-control'>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin'>\n<a class='quickedit' href='//www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=8100407163665430627&widgetType=Label&widgetId=Label1&action=editWidget&sectionId=sidebar-left-1' onclick='return _WidgetManager._PopupConfig(document.getElementById(\"Label1\"));' target='configLabel1' title='Edit'>\n<img alt='' height='18' src='http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_wrench_allbkg.png' width='18'/>\n</a>\n</span>\n</span>\n<div class='clear'></div>\n</div>\n</div></div>\n</aside>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='column-right-outer'>\n<div class='column-right-inner'>\n<aside>\n<div class='sidebar section' id='sidebar-right-1'><div class='widget HTML' id='HTML5'>\n<h2 class='title'>Support 2ality</h2>\n<div class='widget-content'>\n<!-- BuySellAds Zone Code -->\n<div id=\"bsap_1281691\" class=\"bsarocks bsap_4c6638b450ca5dbf136f2e95b13b8769\"></div>\n<a href=\"http://adpacks.com\" id=\"bsap_aplink\">via Ad Packs</a>\n<!-- End BuySellAds Zone Code -->\n</div>\n<div class='clear'></div>\n<span class='widget-item-control'>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin'>\n<a class='quickedit' href='//www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=8100407163665430627&widgetType=HTML&widgetId=HTML5&action=editWidget&sectionId=sidebar-right-1' onclick='return _WidgetManager._PopupConfig(document.getElementById(\"HTML5\"));' target='configHTML5' title='Edit'>\n<img alt='' height='18' src='http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_wrench_allbkg.png' 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class='title'>&#8220;My&#8221; sites</h2>\n<div class='widget-content'>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://javascriptweekly.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">JavaScript Weekly [editor]</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://groups.google.com/d/forum/js-lang\" rel=\"nofollow\">js-lang &#8211; JavaScript discussion group [founder]</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://jscentral.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\">JS Central &#8211; JavaScript news and links [creator]</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.munichjs.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\">MunichJS &#8211; JavaScript User Group Munich [organizer]</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div class='clear'></div>\n<span class='widget-item-control'>\n<span class='item-control blog-admin'>\n<a class='quickedit' href='//www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=8100407163665430627&widgetType=HTML&widgetId=HTML6&action=editWidget&sectionId=sidebar-right-1' onclick='return _WidgetManager._PopupConfig(document.getElementById(\"HTML6\"));' target='configHTML6' title='Edit'>\n<img alt='' height='18' 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class=\"videoInStoryB\">\r\n    <div id=\"emp-22466860-772\" class=\"emp\">\r\n                    \r\n\t\t\r\n        <noscript>\r\n            <div class=\"warning\">\r\n                                <img class=\"holding\" src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67503000/jpg/_67503650_67503649.jpg\" alt=\"Ariel Castro in court\" />\r\n                                <p><strong>Please turn on JavaScript.</strong> Media requires JavaScript to play.</p>\r\n            </div>\r\n        </noscript>\r\n        <object width=\"0\" height=\"0\">\r\n            <param name=\"id\" value=\"embeddedPlayer_22466860\" />\r\n                    <param name=\"width\" value=\"448\" />\r\n            <param name=\"height\" value=\"252\" />    \r\n                    <param name=\"size\" value=\"Large\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<param name=\"holdingImage\" value=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67503000/jpg/_67503650_67503649.jpg\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<param name=\"externalIdentifier\" 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class=\"caption\">Prosecutor Brian Murphy said Mr Castro had used the women &quot;in whatever self-gratifying, self-serving way he saw fit&#039;&#039;.</p>\r\n\t\t<!-- END - caption -->\r\n    \r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<!-- end of the embedded player component -->\r\n\r\n<!-- Player embedded --><div class=\"embedded-hyper\">\r\n\t<a class=\"hidden\" href=\"#story_continues_1\">Continue reading the main story</a>\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t     <div class=\"hyperpuff\">\r\n\t       \t          \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<!-- Non specific version -->\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Ohio abductions</h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\t\t  \t  <ul>\n\t  \t  \t\n\t   \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368013107816\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22446157\">Mystery of &#039;kidnap den&#039;</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\n\t\t\n\t  \t  \t\n\t   \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367979654142\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22444882\">Profile: Ariel Castro</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\n\t\t\n\t  \t  \t\n\t   \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368066883996\" href=\"/news/magazine-22441124\">Missing White Woman syndrome</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\n\t\t\n\t  \t  \t\n\t   \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367928792909\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22433057\">Profiles of women</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\n\t\t\n\t  \t  </ul>\n  \n\n\n\t\t\n\t\n\r\n\t       \t     </div>\r\n\t\r\n</div>                      <p class=\"introduction\" id=\"story_continues_1\">The man accused of imprisoning three women for about a decade in the US city of Cleveland has made his first court appearance.</p>\r\n        <p>Ariel Castro, 52, is charged with kidnap and rape. He did not enter a plea.</p>\r\n        <p>Bail was set at $8m (£5.1m), meaning in effect that he will remain in custody.</p>\r\n        <p>The women were abducted at different times and held in Mr Castro&#039;s house. One of those held, Amanda Berry, 27, escaped on Monday and raised the alarm.</p>\r\n        <p>The other women freed soon afterwards were Gina DeJesus, 23, and Michelle Knight, 32.  </p>\r\n  <span class=\"cross-head\">'Premeditated, depraved'</span>\r\n\t      <p>Mr Castro, handcuffed and dressed in blue overalls, remained silent and looked down while lawyers spoke to the judge at Cleveland Municipal Court on Thursday.</p>\r\n  <!--  Embedding the video player -->\r\n<!--  This is the embedded player component -->\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<!-- wwrights check -->\r\n<!-- Empty country is used on test environment -->\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"videoInStoryC\">\r\n    <div id=\"emp-22470579-773\" class=\"emp\">\r\n                    \r\n\t\t\r\n        <noscript>\r\n            <div class=\"warning\">\r\n                                <img class=\"holding\" src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67506000/jpg/_67506773_castro.jpg\" alt=\"Arlene Castro on Good Morning America\" />\r\n                                <p><strong>Please turn on JavaScript.</strong> Media requires JavaScript to play.</p>\r\n            </div>\r\n        </noscript>\r\n        <object width=\"0\" height=\"0\">\r\n            <param name=\"id\" value=\"embeddedPlayer_22470579\" />\r\n                    <param name=\"width\" value=\"320\" />\r\n            <param name=\"height\" value=\"180\" />    \r\n                    <param name=\"size\" value=\"Small\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<param name=\"holdingImage\" value=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67506000/jpg/_67506773_castro.jpg\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<param name=\"externalIdentifier\" value=\"p018tqdx\" />\r\n\t\t            <param name=\"playlist\" value=\"http://playlists.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22470579A/playlist.sxml\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_settings_autoPlay\" value=\"false\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_settings_showPopoutButton\" value=\"false\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_plugin_fmtjLiveStats_pageType\" value=\"eav2\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_plugin_fmtjLiveStats_edition\" value=\"International\" />\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t            <param name=\"fmtjDocURI\" value=\"/news/world-us-canada-22461506\"/>\r\n                \r\n            <param name=\"companionId\" value=\"bbccom_companion_22470579\" />\r\n        \r\n                    <param name=\"config_settings_showShareButton\" value=\"true\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_settings_showUpdatedInFooter\" value=\"true\" />\r\n        </object>\r\n        <!-- embedding script -->\r\n        \r\n        <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    //<![CDATA[\n        (function(){\n            // create a new player, but don't write it yet\n            var emp = new bbc.fmtj.av.emp.Player('emp-22470579-773');\n            // if the emps have already been loaded, we need to call the write method manually\n            if(bbc.fmtj.av.emp.loaded){\n                emp.setMediator('href', '{protocol}://{host}/mediaselector/5/select/version/2.0/mediaset/{mediaset}/vpid/{id}');\n                emp.write();\n            }\n        })();\n    //]]>\n</script>\r\n            </div>\r\n            <!-- companion banner --> \r\n          \r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-companion\",\"22470579\");</script>\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\r\n\t\t\r\n         \r\n        <!-- END - companion banner --> \r\n    \t\r\n        \t\t<!-- caption -->\r\n\t\t<p class=\"caption\">Ariel Castro&#039;s daughter breaks down as she apologises to the victims</p>\r\n\t\t<!-- END - caption -->\r\n    \r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<!-- end of the embedded player component -->\r\n\r\n<!-- Player embedded -->      <p>County prosecutor Brian Murphy told the court: &quot;The charges against Mr Castro are based on premeditated, deliberate, depraved decisions to snatch three young ladies from Cleveland West Side streets to be used in whatever self-gratifying, self-serving way he saw fit.&quot;</p>\r\n        <p>He is charged with four counts of kidnapping, covering the three initial abduction victims and Jocelyn, Ms Berry&#039;s six-year-old daughter, who was apparently conceived and born in captivity. </p>\r\n        <p>The former school bus driver also faces three counts of rape, one against each woman. More charges may be added, officials have said.</p>\r\n        <p>Two of Mr Castro&#039;s brothers, Pedro and Onil, were also arrested, but police found no evidence they were involved in the crime. </p>\r\n        <p>They appeared in court alongside Ariel Castro on unrelated minor charges. Pedro Castro was fined $100 for public drinking, while two charges against Onil Castro were dropped.</p>\r\n  <span class=\"cross-head\">Death penalty possible</span>\r\n\t      <p>Prosecutor Tim McGinty said on Thursday he would to seek aggravated murder charges against Mr Castro, and could even seek the death penalty against the former school bus driver.</p>\r\n        <p>He told a news conference that murder charges would be based on evidence from one of the women held captive in Mr Castro&#039;s house that he had impregnated her, then physically abused and starved her in order to induce miscarriages.</p>\r\n  <div class=\"story-feature wide \">\r\n\t<a class=\"hidden\" href=\"#story_continues_2\">Continue reading the main story</a>\t\t<h2>At the scene</h2>\r\n\t\t<!-- pullout-items-->\r\n\t<div class=\"byline\">\r\n\t\t<span class=\"byline-picture\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/48378000/jpg/_48378746_pauladams.jpg\" alt=\"image of Paul Adams\" /></span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"byline-name\">Paul Adams</span>\r\n\t<span class=\"byline-title\">BBC News</span>\r\n\t<hr />\r\n</div>\r\n\t<!-- pullout-body-->\r\n\t      <p>Ariel Castro came into the Cleveland courtroom with his head down, as if trying to bury his face in the collar of his blue prison jumpsuit. </p>\r\n        <p>The small, wood-panelled courtroom was crowded and hot as a phalanx of cameras focused on the man accused of a litany of horrors. Ariel Castro never looked up as the prosecutor described the terrible crimes he is accused of.</p>\r\n        <p>Three days ago, he casually went to mow his mother&#039;s lawn before drinking with his brother. Now, long before his trial, lurid accounts of the crimes he&#039;s accused of perpetrating on his three victims have flashed across the world. His home is a house of horrors and he, as the cover of a Cleveland magazine puts it, is already a &quot;monster&quot;.</p>\r\n  \r\n\t<!-- pullout-links-->\r\n\t</div>      <p id=\"story_continues_2\">&quot;This child kidnapper operated a torture chamber and private prison in the heart of our city,&quot; Mr McGinity said.</p>\r\n        <p>Ariel Castro has been put on suicide watch and will be kept in isolation, his court-appointed lawyer Kathleen DeMetz told reporters.</p>\r\n        <p>The three women were all abducted after accepting rides from Mr Castro, according to a police report leaked to the media.</p>\r\n        <p>On Thursday, Mr Castro&#039;s daughter, Arlene, who was one of the last people to see Gina DeJesus before she disappeared in 2004 aged 14, wept during a TV interview.</p>\r\n        <p>Describing herself as &quot;disappointed, embarrassed, mainly devastated&quot;, she apologised to Ms DeJesus.</p>\r\n        <p>The women told officials they could only remember being outside twice during their time in captivity. </p>\r\n        <p>Cleveland City Councilman Brian Cummins said the women had told police they had only gone as far as a garage on the property, disguised in wigs and hats.</p>\r\n        <p>Mr Cummins, citing police information, said the victims had been kept apart inside the house until their captor felt he had enough control to allow them to mingle.</p>\r\n        <p>A source told the BBC that one of the women was forced to help Ms Berry deliver her daughter, and was threatened with death if the child did not survive.</p>\r\n  <!--  Embedding the video player -->\r\n<!--  This is the embedded player component -->\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<!-- wwrights check -->\r\n<!-- Empty country is used on test environment -->\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"videoInStoryC\">\r\n    <div id=\"emp-22474674-774\" class=\"emp\">\r\n                    \r\n\t\t\r\n        <noscript>\r\n            <div class=\"warning\">\r\n                                <img class=\"holding\" src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67513000/jpg/_67513059_67513058.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy Ruiz, Gina DeJesus&#039;s mother\" />\r\n                                <p><strong>Please turn on JavaScript.</strong> Media requires JavaScript to play.</p>\r\n            </div>\r\n        </noscript>\r\n        <object width=\"0\" height=\"0\">\r\n            <param name=\"id\" value=\"embeddedPlayer_22474674\" />\r\n                    <param name=\"width\" value=\"320\" />\r\n            <param name=\"height\" value=\"180\" />    \r\n                    <param name=\"size\" value=\"Small\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<param name=\"holdingImage\" value=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67513000/jpg/_67513059_67513058.jpg\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<param name=\"externalIdentifier\" value=\"p018ts8s\" />\r\n\t\t            <param name=\"playlist\" value=\"http://playlists.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22474674A/playlist.sxml\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_settings_autoPlay\" value=\"false\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_settings_showPopoutButton\" value=\"false\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_plugin_fmtjLiveStats_pageType\" value=\"eav2\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_plugin_fmtjLiveStats_edition\" value=\"International\" />\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t            <param name=\"fmtjDocURI\" value=\"/news/world-us-canada-22461506\"/>\r\n                \r\n            <param name=\"companionId\" value=\"bbccom_companion_22474674\" />\r\n        \r\n                    <param name=\"config_settings_showShareButton\" value=\"true\" />\r\n            <param name=\"config_settings_showUpdatedInFooter\" value=\"true\" />\r\n        </object>\r\n        <!-- embedding script -->\r\n        \r\n        <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    //<![CDATA[\n        (function(){\n            // create a new player, but don't write it yet\n            var emp = new bbc.fmtj.av.emp.Player('emp-22474674-774');\n            // if the emps have already been loaded, we need to call the write method manually\n            if(bbc.fmtj.av.emp.loaded){\n                emp.setMediator('href', '{protocol}://{host}/mediaselector/5/select/version/2.0/mediaset/{mediaset}/vpid/{id}');\n                emp.write();\n            }\n        })();\n    //]]>\n</script>\r\n            </div>\r\n            <!-- companion banner --> \r\n          \r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-companion\",\"22474674\");</script>\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\r\n\t\t\r\n         \r\n        <!-- END - companion banner --> \r\n    \t\r\n        \t\t<!-- caption -->\r\n\t\t<p class=\"caption\">Nancy Ruiz, Gina DeJesus&#039;s mother: &quot;We just grabbed each other and held on&quot;</p>\r\n\t\t<!-- END - caption -->\r\n    \r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<!-- end of the embedded player component -->\r\n\r\n<!-- Player embedded -->      <p>Her baby was born in a plastic inflatable children&#039;s swimming pool on Christmas day 2006, according to a police report.</p>\r\n        <p>Police said more than 200 pieces of evidence had been taken from the home where the three women were held captive.</p>\r\n        <p>They said interviews with the women had yielded enough information to charge Mr Castro.</p>\r\n        <p>Police said he had been co-operating with them, waiving his right to silence and agreeing to a test to establish Jocelyn&#039;s paternity.</p>\r\n        <p>On Wednesday hundreds of cheering people welcomed home Ms DeJesus and Ms Berry and her daughter.</p>\r\n        <p>Ms Berry, whose disappearance in 2003 the day before her 17th birthday was widely publicised in the local media, escaped on Monday evening by kicking the door and screaming for help, while her alleged captor was out.</p>\r\n        <p>Ms Knight, who was 20 when she disappeared in 2002, remains in hospital. </p>\r\n        <p>The Cleveland Plain Dealer reports she had complained of chest pains during her rescue, but she is listed as in good condition.</p>\r\n  <div class=\"caption full-width\">\r\n  <img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67454000/jpg/_67454738_cleveland_abductions_624.jpg\" width=\"624\" height=\"470\" alt=\"Map of Cleveland showing location of last sightings and house that the women were rescued from\" />\r\n\r\n  </div>\r\n           \n\t\n\t</div><!-- / story-body -->\n  \n  <div>\n \t<!--Related hypers and stories -->\n\t<div class=\"story-related\">\r\n\t<h2>More on This Story</h2>\r\n\t              \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t     <div class=\"hyperpuff\">\r\n\t       \t             \r\n<div class=\"hyper-container-title\">\r\n      \r\n      \t      <h3 class=\"hyper-depth-header\">Ohio abductions\r\n\t      </h3>\r\n            \r\n            \n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t<!-- Non specific version -->\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<div id=\"group-title-1\" class=\"hyper-related-assets\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368013107816\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22446157\">Mystery of &#039;kidnap den&#039;</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367979654142\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22444882\">Profile: Ariel Castro</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368066883996\" href=\"/news/magazine-22441124\">Missing White Woman syndrome</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367928792909\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22433057\">Profiles of women</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368109061819\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22466166\">Dealing with media spotlight</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368055702955\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22457795\">Quiet street, unthinkable crime</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367985621762\" href=\"/news/magazine-22408038\">Captives&#039; future</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\" hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367977758327\" href=\"/news/magazine-22408037\">What about unhappy endings?</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"hyper-related-assets\",\"group-title-1\");</script>\n\n\t \n\r\n      \n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t<!-- Non specific version -->\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<div id=\"group-title-2\" class=\"hyper-related-assets\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368137476853\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22441123\">Disbelief on &#039;Kidnap Street&#039;<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368132238356\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22472066\">&#039;Torture chamber operator&#039;<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368113148685\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22470579\">Castro&#039;s daughter &#039;devastated&#039;<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368128067402\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22474674\">&#039;We hugged, kissed and cried&#039;<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t",
		"\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368104118871\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22466860\">Ariel Castro in court<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-1 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368040933442\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22456230\">Gina DeJesus goes home<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368035145721\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22441122\">Cleveland children react<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368038555167\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22448414\">Other kidnap victims talk<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1368029675976\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22456223\">Amanda&#039;s sister speaks<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367972517691\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22441119\">What the neighbours saw<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367928517210\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22436315\">&#039;I saw girl going nuts&#039;<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"column-2 \">\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"has-icon-boxedwatch hyper-story-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1367896215815\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22430285\">Amanda Berry&#039;s call to police<span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-boxedwatch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h5>\r\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"hyper-related-assets\",\"group-title-2\");</script>\n\n\t \n\r\n  </div>\r\n\r\n\t       \t     </div>\r\n\t\r\n      \r\n\t\r\n\t<!-- Newstracker -->\r\n<div class=\"puffbox\">\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<!-- newstracker puffbox news 22461506 -->\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<!-- Newstracker - End -->\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"page-newstracker\",\"ID\");</script> \r\n\r\n\t</div>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"page-related-items\",\"ID\");</script>\r\n\n  </div>\n\n      \n  <div class=\"share-body-bottom\">\n\t<div id=\"page-bookmark-links-foot\" class=\"share-help\">\r\n  <h3>Share this page</h3>\r\n  <ul>  \t\r\n    <li class=\"delicious\">\r\n      <a title=\"Post this story to Delicious\" href=\"http://del.icio.us/post?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22461506&amp;title=BBC+News+-+Cleveland+kidnap+accused+Ariel+Castro+in+court\">Delicious</a>\r\n    </li>\r\n    <li class=\"digg\">\r\n      <a title=\"Post this story to Digg\" href=\"http://digg.com/submit?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22461506&amp;title=BBC+News+-+Cleveland+kidnap+accused+Ariel+Castro+in+court\">Digg</a>\r\n    </li>\r\n    <li class=\"facebook\">\r\n      <a title=\"Post this story to Facebook\" href=\"http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22461506&amp;t=BBC+News+-+Cleveland+kidnap+accused+Ariel+Castro+in+court\">Facebook</a>\r\n    </li>\r\n    <li class=\"reddit\">\r\n      <a title=\"Post this story to reddit\" href=\"http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22461506&amp;title=BBC+News+-+Cleveland+kidnap+accused+Ariel+Castro+in+court\">reddit</a>\r\n    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section include -->\n        \r\n\r\n<div class=\"top-index-stories\">\r\n\t<h2 class=\"top-index-stories-header\"><a href=\"/news/world/us_and_canada/\">More US &amp; Canada stories</a></h2>\r\n        <a href=\"http://feeds.bbci.co.uk/news/world/us_and_canada/rss.xml\" class=\"rss\">RSS</a>\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<!-- Non specific version -->\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<li class=\"first-child medium-image\">\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370431877446\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22783877\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67993000/jpg/_67993679_67989799.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Rice. File photo\" />Rice gets US national security role</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Susan Rice, the US permanent representative to the UN, is to be appointed President Barack Obama&#039;s new national security adviser, officials say.</p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<li class=\"column-1\">\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370422723565\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22779879\">Protester interrupts Michelle Obama </a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<li class=\"column-2\">\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370383857534\" href=\"/news/world-us-canada-22776804\">US college head quits after gaffe</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t</ul>\r\n\r\n\t \r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\n \n</div><!-- / layout-block-a -->\n\n<div class=\"layout-block-b\">\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t     <div class=\"hyperpuff\">\r\n\t       \t         \r\n<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-mpu-high\");</script>\r\n</div>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\r\n\r\n\t       \t         \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div id=\"range-top-stories\" class=\"top-stories-range-module\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"top-stories-range-module-header\">Top Stories</h2>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<!-- Non specific version -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li class=\" first-child medium-image\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370414931971\" href=\"/news/world-middle-east-22778310\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67987000/jpg/_67987807_67987015.jpg\" alt=\"Syrian soldiers carrying the national flag walk through Qusair (5 June 2013)\" />Syrian army retakes town of Qusair</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370430592544\" href=\"/news/world-europe-22783127\">Demand for Turkey police dismissals</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\r\n  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370438015462\" href=\"/news/technology-22780640\">Wi-fi signal used to detect gestures</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\r\n  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370425000040\" href=\"/news/world-asia-22779669\">Sharif urges end to drone strikes</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\r\n  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370431076601\" href=\"/news/business-22781146\">Latvia to be 18th eurozone member</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</li>\r\n\r\n  \t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t \r\n\t\r\n</div>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"range-top-stories\",\"range-top-stories\");</script>\r\n      \t\r\n\r\n\t       \t         \r\n<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-mpu-low\");</script>\r\n</div>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\r\n\r\n\t       \t         \r\n\r\n\t<div id=\"features\" class=\"feature-generic\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"features-header\">Features &amp; Analysis</h2>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t<ul class=\"feature-main\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<!-- Non specific version -->\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<li class=\"medium-image\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\" feature-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370421770130\" href=\"/news/magazine-22764986\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67985000/jpg/_67985745_146202654.jpg\" alt=\"Jesus Navas\" />Extreme homesickness</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The adults who can&#039;t bear to be away from home \t\r\n\t\t\t\t  <span id=\"dna-comment-count___CPS__22764986\" class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-comment comment-count\"></span></p>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<li class=\"medium-image\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\" feature-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370392016878\" href=\"/news/magazine-22766888\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67992000/jpg/_67992636_pool_twyman320.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Twyman in the ruins of a swimming pool which belonged to Saddam Hussein\" />Polls apart</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Brit who took public opinion surveys to war-torn Iraq \t\r\n\t\t\t\t  <span id=\"dna-comment-count___CPS__22766888\" class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-comment comment-count\"></span></p>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<li class=\"medium-image\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\" feature-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370392499107\" href=\"/news/magazine-22772391\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67982000/jpg/_67982255_comp2_624.jpg\" alt=\"Man with limes in his moustache\" />Only 3% pay tax</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>And nine other surprising things about India \t\r\n\t\t\t\t  <span id=\"dna-comment-count___CPS__22772391\" class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-comment comment-count\"></span></p>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<li class=\"medium-image\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\" feature-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370430314886\" href=\"/news/in-pictures-22780793\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67989000/jpg/_67989135_67988021.jpg\" alt=\"A boy rides his skateboard at Punta Lobos beach in Chile\" />Day in pictures</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Twenty-four hours of news photos from around the world \t\r\n\t\t\t\t  <span id=\"dna-comment-count___CPS__22780793\" class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-comment comment-count\"></span></p>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\r\n\t \r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t</ul>\r\n\t</div>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"feature-generic\",\"features\");</script> \r\n\r\n\r\n\t       \t         \r\n<div id=\"most-popular\" class=\"livestats livestats-tabbed tabbed range-most-popular\">\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"livestats-header\">Most Popular</h2>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"tab \"><a href=\"#\">Shared</a></h3>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t<div class=\"panel \">\r\n      \t\t<ol>\r\n\t      \t\t<li\r\n  class=\"first-child ol1\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22772391\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-1\">1: </span>10 things you might not know about India</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol2\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22770064\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-2\">2: </span>Fixed fines for middle-lane hoggers</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol3\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22751415\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-3\">3: </span>Why Finnish babies sleep in boxes</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol4\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22774496\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-4\">4: </span>Woman, 102, base jumps off bridge</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol5\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22764986\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-5\">5: </span>The adults who suffer extreme homesickness</a>\r\n</li>\r\n      \t\t</ol>\r\n      \t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"tab open\"><a href=\"#\">Read</a></h3>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t<div class=\"panel open\">\r\n      \t\t<ol>\r\n\t      \t\t<li\r\n  class=\"first-child ol1\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22772391\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-1\">1: </span>10 things you might not know about India</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol2\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22751415\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-2\">2: </span>Why Finnish babies sleep in boxes</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol3\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22780812\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-3\">3: </span>Pianist storms out over phone clips</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol4\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22764986\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-4\">4: </span>The adults who suffer extreme homesickness</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol5\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22780640\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-5\">5: </span>Wi-fi signal used to detect gestures</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol6\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22781644\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-6\">6: </span>Bollywood's Jiah Khan's funeral held</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol7\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22783127\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-7\">7: </span>Turkey police chiefs' sacking sought</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol8\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22778310\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-8\">8: </span>Syrian army retakes town of Qusair</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol9\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22763342\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-9\">9: </span>Bollywood's Jiah Khan found dead</a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"ol10\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-22779523\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-10\">10: </span>Man dies after crane falls onto M25</a>\r\n</li>\r\n      \t\t</ol>\r\n      \t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"tab \"><a href=\"#\">Video/Audio</a></h3>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t<div class=\"panel \">\r\n      \t\t<ol>\r\n\t      \t\t<li\r\n  class=\"first-child has-icon-watch ol1\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22775435\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-1\">1: </span>Emma: I'm not doing Fifty Shades<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol2\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22774501\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-2\">2: </span>Who are Turkey's protesters?<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol3\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22774496\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-3\">3: </span>Woman, 102, base jumps off bridge<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol4\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/video_and_audio/\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-4\">4: </span>One-minute World News<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol5\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22784321\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-5\">5: </span>New Zealand's 105-year-old driver<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol6\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22778956\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-6\">6: </span>Syrian army retakes town of Qusair<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol7\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22774499\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-7\">7: </span>Thought-powered helicopter takes off<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol8\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22777993\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-8\">8: </span>Czech towns 'under water' after floods<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol9\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22775434\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-9\">9: </span>Bizet gets the Bollywood treatment<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n<li\r\n  class=\"has-icon-watch ol10\">\r\n  <a\r\n    href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22778959\"\r\n    class=\"story\">\r\n    <span\r\n      class=\"livestats-icon livestats-10\">10: </span>Demand for Turkey police dismissals<span\r\n      class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-watch\"> Watch</span></a>\r\n</li>\r\n      \t\t</ol>\r\n      \t</div>\r\n\t\t \r\n\t<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\r\n\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-sponsor-module\",\"range-most-popular\",\"most-popular\");</script>\r\n\t</div>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\r\n\t\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"most-popular\",\"most-popular\");</script>\r\n\r\n\t       \t     </div>\r\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t     <div class=\"hyperpuff\">\r\n\t       \t         <div id=\"promotional-content\" class=\"hyper-promotional-content\">\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<h2>Elsewhere on the BBC</h2>\r\n\t\r\n\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"large-image first-child\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370424602757\" href=\"http://www.bbc.com/travel/video/my-city/20130603-havana\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67987000/jpg/_67987102_67987101.jpg\" alt=\"Havana\" />My City: Havana</a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What is life like in the colourful and character-filled capital of Cuba?</p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t</ul>\r\n\t\r\n\t<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\r\n\t      <script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-sponsor-module\",\"hyper-promotional-content\",\"my-city-havana\");</script>\r\n\t</div>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\r\n \r\n</div>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"hyper-promotional-content\",\"promotional-content\");</script>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t       \t     </div>\r\n\t\n\t\t\n\t \t\n\t<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\n \t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-partner-button\");</script>\n\t</div>\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t     <div class=\"hyperpuff\">\r\n\t       \t             \t\t  \t\t    \t\r\n    \t\t    \t\t  \r\n\r\n<div id=\"container-programme-promotion\" class=\"container-programme-promotion\">\r\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"programmes-header\">Programmes</h2>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n<ul class=\"programme-breakout\">\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t<li class=\"first-child large-image\">\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\" programme-header\">\r\n\t<a class=\"story\" rel=\"published-1370420432378\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p019z1gm\"><img src=\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67985000/jpg/_67985579_footballers2_640.jpg\" alt=\"Young people playing football\" />Fast Track<span class=\"gvl3-icon-wrapper\"><span class=\"gvl3-icon gvl3-icon-invert-watch\"> Watch</span></span></a>\r\n\r\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t\t<p>Rajan Datar visits the Chota Valley where many of Ecuador’s best footballers are born</p>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\r\n\t      \t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-sponsor-module\",\"programme-breakout\",\"fast-track\");</script>\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\r\n\t     \r\n\t</li>\r\n</ul>\t\t\r\n\t</div>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"container-programmes-promotion\",\"container-programme-promotion\");</script>\r\n\t\r\n\t       \t     </div>\r\n\t\n\t\t\n\t \t\n\t<div class=\"bbccom_advert_placeholder\">\n\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert\",\"advert-mpu-bottom\");</script>\n\t</div>\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\">$render(\"advert-post-script-load\");</script>\n\t\n\t\t\n</div>\n\n\t<!-- END #MAIN-CONTENT & CPS_ASSET_TYPE CLASS: story -->\r\n\t</div>\r\n<!-- END CPS_AUDIENCE CLASS: international -->\r\n\t\r\n</div> \r\n<div id=\"related-services\" class=\"footer\">\r\n   <div id=\"news-services\">\r\n      <h2>Services</h2>\r\n      <ul>\r\n         <li id=\"service-mobile\" 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		"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<script>var __pbpa = true;</script><script>var translated_warning_string = 'Warning: Never enter your Tumblr password unless \\u201chttps://www.tumblr.com/login\\u201d\\x0ais the address in your web browser.\\x0a\\x0aYou should also see a green \\u201cTumblr, Inc.\\u201d identification in the address bar.\\x0a\\x0aSpammers and other bad guys use fake forms to steal passwords.\\x0a\\x0aTumblr will never ask you to log in from a user\\u2019s blog.\\x0a\\x0aAre you absolutely sure you want to continue?';</script><script type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\" src=\"http://assets.tumblr.com/assets/scripts/pre_tumblelog.js?_v=289ca146962d7f79251f9df647c84ce1\"></script>\n<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html id=\"showlines\">\r\n<head prefix=\"og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb# blog: http://ogp.me/ns/blog#\">\r\n  <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"http://static.izs.me/css/style.css\">\r\n  <script>;(function () {\r\n    if (+\"'49797044559'\" === 8811997887) { // && location.hash === \"#rev\") {\r\n      var l = document.createElement(\"link\")\r\n      l.rel = \"stylesheet\"\r\n      l.type = \"text/css\"\r\n      l.href = \"http://static.izs.me/css/reverse.css\"\r\n      document.head.appendChild(l)\r\n    }\r\n  })()</script>\r\n  <title>blog.izs.me: Curiosity and The Practice</title>\r\n  <meta name=\"description\" content=\"Curiosity and The Practice All too often, people do good things for the wrong reasons, and find it&rsquo;s not sustainable. Compare the differences between these statements: &ldquo; I want to develop software. I...\">\r\n  <meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\">\r\n  <link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"application/rss+xml\" href=\"http://blog.izs.me/rss\">\r\n  <link rel=\"pavatar\" href=\"http://static.izs.me/img/pavatar.png\">\r\n  <link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"http://static.izs.me/favicon.ico\">\n<!-- BEGIN TUMBLR FACEBOOK OPENGRAPH TAGS -->\n<!-- If you'd like to specify your own Open Graph tags, define the og:url and og:title tags in your theme's HTML. -->\n<!-- Read more: http://ogp.me/ -->\n<meta property=\"fb:app_id\" content=\"48119224995\" />\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Curiosity and The Practice\" />\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http://blog.izs.me/post/49797044559/curiosity-and-the-practice\" />\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"All too often, people do good things for the wrong reasons, and find it&rsquo;s not sustainable. Compare the differences between these statements:\n&ldquo; I want to develop software.\nI want to be a software...\" />\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"tumblr-feed:entry\" />\n<!-- END TUMBLR FACEBOOK OPENGRAPH TAGS -->\n\n\n<!-- TWITTER TAGS -->\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n            <meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"All too often, people do good things for the wrong reasons, and find it&amp;#8217;s not sustainable.  Compare the differences between these statements:\n\n\n  I want to develop software. \n  I want to be a software developer.\n  \n  I want to write a novel. \n  I want to be a novelist.\n  \n  I want to do yoga. \n  I want to be a yogi.\n\n\n The first statement is &amp;#8220;I want to do a thing&amp;#8221;, and the second is &amp;#8220;I want to be a person who has done a thing&amp;#8221;.\n\n Once you&amp;#8217;ve written your first story, or software program, or done to your first yoga session, that box is checked, and you&amp;#8217;re done.  Where is the motivation to continue The Practice?\n\n There is no way to maintain velocity without lightness, and there is no way to maintain lightness without curiosity.\n\n Curiosity is not a state of &amp;#8220;wanting to be curious&amp;#8221;, but rather a state of &amp;#8220;wanting to find out&amp;#8221;. There is a tremendous difference!  &amp;#8220;Wanting to be&amp;#8221; is attainment of status, whereas &amp;#8220;wanting to do&amp;#8221; is desire and motion.\n\n These days, I try to catch myself saying &amp;#8220;I want to be XYZ&amp;#8221;, and instead translate that into what it really means.  Sometimes, I find that it quickly disabuses me of a mistaken desire.\n\n If you want to be a writer, write.  That&amp;#8217;s all that it takes, but it takes that forever, so if you don&amp;#8217;t want to write, perhaps reevaluate your desire to be a writer.\n\n If you want to be a programmer, program.  That&amp;#8217;s all that it takes, but it takes that forever, so if you don&amp;#8217;t want to program, perhaps reevaluate your desire to be a programmer.\n\n If you want to be a yogi, do yoga.  That&amp;#8217;s all that it takes, but it takes that forever, so if you don&amp;#8217;t want to do yoga, perhaps reevaluate your desire to be a yogi.\n\n Often, when we say, &amp;#8220;I want to be XYZ&amp;#8221;, what we actually mean is not &amp;#8220;I want to do the thing that XYZ does&amp;#8221;, but rather, &amp;#8220;I want the respect and self-esteem that comes with the skills that come from doing what XYZ does.&amp;#8221;  I want people to read something, and admire it, and then admire me because of it.  I want people to use software, and recognize that I create it, and think I&amp;#8217;m smart.  I want people to think I&amp;#8217;m spiritual and wise, and admire my healthy body and calmness.\n\n I want other people to wish they could be me.\n\n They all find the frightening reality that there is no end to be attained.  You will never finish writing all the software, or all the words, or find that you&amp;#8217;ve learned all that yoga practice can teach you.  If your goal is at the end, you will find only discouragement and disappointment, and no amount of duty or discipline will keep you on the path.\n\n So the writer buys a beret, and a moleskine, and sits in cafes sipping espresso.  The programmer wears an appropriately nerdy T-shirt, and plays video games, and says snarky things on Hacker News.  The yogi puts on stretchy pants and carries a rubber mat around.  If any of them do attain some shred of the respect they crave, they know in their heart that it is empty, and it never satisfies the longing.\n\n On the other hand, if your goal is the continual curious fire of &amp;#8220;Oh, neat!  What&amp;#8217;s next!?&amp;#8221;, then each challenge along the path only makes you hungrier for more, and every step is light.  The challenge becomes not &amp;#8220;How do I stay motivated?&amp;#8221; but rather, &amp;#8220;How do I keep my motivation in check, so that it does not consume me entirely?&amp;#8221;\n\n Even, upon reading this, if you find yourself thinking &amp;#8220;I want to be curious&amp;#8221;, stop and unpack that!  Don&amp;#8217;t just be a person who was curious once, and got the merit badge!  Be actively curious right now, in the present, and let that fire keep you going!\n\n So, what is it you&amp;#8217;d like to learn?\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Curiosity and The Practice\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:url\" content=\"http://blog.izs.me/post/49797044559/curiosity-and-the-practice\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"tumblr\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:name:iphone\" content=\"Tumblr\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:name:ipad\" content=\"Tumblr\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:name:googleplay\" content=\"Tumblr\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:id:iphone\" content=\"305343404\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:id:ipad\" content=\"305343404\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:id:googleplay\" content=\"com.tumblr\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:url:iphone\" content=\"tumblr://x-callback-url/blog?blogName=izs&amp;postID=49797044559&amp;referrer=twitter-cards\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:url:ipad\" content=\"tumblr://x-callback-url/blog?blogName=izs&amp;postID=49797044559&amp;referrer=twitter-cards\" />\n            <meta name=\"twitter:app:url:googleplay\" content=\"tumblr://x-callback-url/blog?blogName=izs&amp;postID=49797044559&amp;referrer=twitter-cards\" />\n    \n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://assets.tumblr.com/assets/scripts/tumblelog.js?_v=5e66f09b4ee7ff8930714f37392186ee\"></script><meta http-equiv=\"x-dns-prefetch-control\" content=\"off\"/></head>\r\n<body>\r\n<div id=\"wrapper\" class=\"hfeed\">\r\n\r\n  <div id=\"header\">\r\n    <h1 id=\"blog-title\">\r\n      <a href=\"/\" rel=\"home\">blog.izs.me</a>\r\n    </h1>\r\n    <div id=\"blog-description\">Writing from Isaac Z. Schlueter</div>\r\n  </div>\r\n\r\n  <div id=\"container\">\r\n    <div id=\"content\">\r\n\r\n      \r\n\r\n      \r\n      <div id=\"nav-above\" class=\"navigation\">\r\n        \r\n        <div class=\"nav-previous\"><a href=\"http://blog.izs.me/post/48281998870\">Older</a></div>\r\n        \r\n        \r\n        <div class=\"nav-next\"><a href=\"http://blog.izs.me/post/51599977551\">Newer</a></div>\r\n        \r\n      </div>\r\n      \r\n\r\n      \r\n\r\n      \r\n\r\n      \r\n\r\n      <div class=\"hentry \" id=\"post-49797044559\">\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n        <div class=\"text\">\r\n          <h2 class=\"entry-title text-title\">Curiosity and The Practice</h2>\r\n          <div class=\"entry-content\"><p>All too often, people do good things for the wrong reasons, and find it&#8217;s not sustainable.  Compare the differences between these statements:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>I want to develop software.<br/>\n  I want to be a software developer.</p>\n  \n  <p>I want to write a novel.<br/>\n  I want to be a novelist.</p>\n  \n  <p>I want to do yoga.<br/>\n  I want to be a yogi.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The first statement is &#8220;I want to do a thing&#8221;, and the second is &#8220;I want to be a person <em>who has done</em> a thing&#8221;.</p>\n\n<p>Once you&#8217;ve written your first story, or software program, or done to your first yoga session, that box is checked, and you&#8217;re done.  Where is the motivation to continue The Practice?</p>\n\n<p>There is no way to maintain velocity without lightness, and there is no way to maintain lightness without curiosity.</p>\n\n<p>Curiosity is not a state of &#8220;wanting to be curious&#8221;, but rather a state of &#8220;wanting to find out&#8221;. There is a tremendous difference!  &#8220;Wanting to be&#8221; is attainment of status, whereas &#8220;wanting to do&#8221; is desire and motion.</p>\n\n<p>These days, I try to catch myself saying &#8220;I want to be XYZ&#8221;, and instead translate that into what it really means.  Sometimes, I find that it quickly disabuses me of a mistaken desire.</p>\n\n<p>If you want to be a writer, write.  That&#8217;s all that it takes, but it takes that forever, so if you don&#8217;t want to write, perhaps reevaluate your desire to be a writer.</p>\n\n<p>If you want to be a programmer, program.  That&#8217;s all that it takes, but it takes that forever, so if you don&#8217;t want to program, perhaps reevaluate your desire to be a programmer.</p>\n\n<p>If you want to be a yogi, do yoga.  That&#8217;s all that it takes, but it takes that forever, so if you don&#8217;t want to do yoga, perhaps reevaluate your desire to be a yogi.</p>\n\n<p>Often, when we say, &#8220;I want to be XYZ&#8221;, what we actually mean is not &#8220;I want to do the thing that XYZ does&#8221;, but rather, &#8220;I want the respect and self-esteem that comes with the skills that come from doing what XYZ does.&#8221;  I want people to read something, and admire it, and then admire me because of it.  I want people to use software, and recognize that I create it, and think I&#8217;m smart.  I want people to think I&#8217;m spiritual and wise, and admire my healthy body and calmness.</p>\n\n<p>I want other people to wish they could be me.</p>\n\n<p>They all find the frightening reality that there is no end to be attained.  You will never finish writing all the software, or all the words, or find that you&#8217;ve learned all that yoga practice can teach you.  If your goal is at the end, you will find only discouragement and disappointment, and no amount of duty or discipline will keep you on the path.</p>\n\n<p>So the writer buys a beret, and a moleskine, and sits in cafes sipping espresso.  The programmer wears an appropriately nerdy T-shirt, and plays video games, and says snarky things on Hacker News.  The yogi puts on stretchy pants and carries a rubber mat around.  If any of them do attain some shred of the respect they crave, they know in their heart that it is empty, and it never satisfies the longing.</p>\n\n<p>On the other hand, if your goal is the continual curious fire of &#8220;Oh, neat!  What&#8217;s next!?&#8221;, then each challenge along the path only makes you hungrier for more, and every step is light.  The challenge becomes not &#8220;How do I stay motivated?&#8221; but rather, &#8220;How do I keep my motivation in check, so that it does not consume me entirely?&#8221;</p>\n\n<p>Even, upon reading this, if you find yourself thinking &#8220;I want to be curious&#8221;, stop and unpack that!  Don&#8217;t just be a person who was curious once, and got the merit badge!  Be actively curious right now, in the present, and let that fire keep you going!</p>\n\n<p>So, what is it you&#8217;d like to learn?</p></div>\r\n        </div>\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        \r\n\r\n        <div class=\"entry-meta\">\r\n          <span class=\"published\">\r\n            <a rel=\"bookmark\" href=\"http://blog.izs.me/post/49797044559/curiosity-and-the-practice\">\r\n              Mon\r\n              2013-05-06\r\n              13:44:00\r\n            </a>\r\n          </span> |\r\n                    <!-- <span class=\"comments-link\">\r\n                        <a href=\"http://blog.izs.me/post/49797044559/curiosity-and-the-practice#comments\">Comment</a>\r\n                    </span> | -->\r\n          <span class=\"notes-link\">\r\n            <a href=\"http://blog.izs.me/post/49797044559/curiosity-and-the-practice#notes\">12 notes</a>\r\n          </span>\r\n          \r\n 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                <span class=\"action\" data-post-url=\"http://michaelmcneil.com/post/50732924157\">\n                                                    \n                                                                                                                                                                                    <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://michaelmcneil.com/\" class=\"tumblelog\" title=\"console.blog()\">monoclemike</a> reblogged this from <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://blog.izs.me/\" class=\"source_tumblelog\" title=\"blog.izs.me\">izs</a>                                                                                                                                                                                    </span>\n                    <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n\n                                    \n                        \n        </li>\n                            \n                                                        \n        \n        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class=\"tumblelog\" title=\"[life,coding,social]@greelgorke\">greelgorke</a> reblogged this from <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://blog.izs.me/\" class=\"source_tumblelog\" title=\"blog.izs.me\">izs</a> and added:                                                                                                                                                                                    </span>\n                    <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n\n                                            <blockquote>\n                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://greelgorke.tumblr.com/post/49841676500\" title=\"View post\">\n                                it&rsquo;s about doing things instead of being or becoming a thing, a title or some kind of notion. A nice post.                            </a>\n                        </blockquote>\n                                    \n                        \n        </li>\n                            \n                                                        \n        \n        \n        <li class=\"note like tumblelog_ddemaree without_commentary\">\n\n                                                                                <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"avatar_frame\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://log.demaree.me/\" title=\"David Demaree \" rel=\"nofollow\"><img src=\"http://24.media.tumblr.com/avatar_7f7597c57fb7_16.png\" class=\"avatar \" alt=\"\" /></a>\n                \n                <span class=\"action\">\n                    \n                                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://log.demaree.me/\" title=\"David Demaree\" rel=\"nofollow\">ddemaree</a> likes this                                    </span>\n\n                <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n\n   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href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/\">Science News</a></li></ol>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"cl\"></div>\r\n\t</div>\r\n</div>\n\n<!-- googleon: all -->\r\n<div id=\"tmglBody\" >\r\n\t<div class=\"access\"><a name=\"article\"></a></div>\r\n\r\n\t<div class=\"twoThirdsThird2 gutterUnder\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"twoThirds gutter\" >\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"storyHead\">\r\n\r\n\t<h1>Women's immune systems hold the secret to longer life </h1>\r\n\t\t<h2>\nWomen may live longer, healthier lives than men because their immune systems \n  age more slowly, researchers have found. \n\n</h2>\r\n\t<div class=\"artIntro\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"storyEmbSlide\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"slideshow ssIntro\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"nextPrevLayer\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ssImg\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02562/lymphocytes_2562654b.jpg\" width=\"620\" height=\"387\" alt=\"Women's immune systems hold the secret to longer life \"/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"artImageExtras\" >\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ingCaptionCredit\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"caption\">The number of T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes decline faster in men</span>&nbsp;<span class=\"credit\">Photo: Alamy</span></div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t</div>\t\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n<div class=\"oneHalf gutter\">\r\n\t\t\t <div class=\"story\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cl\"> </div>\r\n\t\t<!-- remove the whitespace added by escenic before end of </a> tag -->\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bylineComments\">\r\n\t\t<div >\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"bylineImg\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/\" ><img src=\"http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01770/Gray_60_1770661j.jpg\" alt=\"Richard Gray\" border=\"0\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" ></a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"bylineBody\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBy <a rel=\"author\" title=\"Richard Gray\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/richard-gray/\" >\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRichard Gray</a>, <span >Science Correspondent</span></p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t<p class=\"publishedDate\">7:01AM BST 15 May 2013</p>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t<div class=\"bylineSocialButtons\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe class=\"bylineSocialButtonTwitter\" allowtransparency=\"true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/follow_button.html?show_screen_name=false&show_count=true&screen_name=chalkmark\"></iframe>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t<p class=\"comments\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<img src=\"/template/ver1-0/i/share/comments.gif\" alt=\"Comments\" /><a href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10056901/Womens-immune-systems-hold-the-secret-to-longer-life.html#disqus_thread\" dsqid=\"10056901\">Comments</a>\r\n\t\t\t</p>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"cl\"> </div>\r\n\t</div>\r\n\t<div id=\"mainBodyArea\" >\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t  \t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"firstPar\"><p>\nA new study has shown that levels of key white blood cells, which are \n  responsible for fighting off infections, become lower in men as they get \n  older compared to women. \n</p></div><div class=\"secondPar\">\n<p>\nThe average life expectancy for men in the UK is 79 years old, while for women \n  it is 82 years old. In some parts of the world, such as Japan, the gap is \n  even larger, with women living on average nearly six years longer. \n</p></div><div class=\"thirdPar\">\n<p>\nThere have been a number of theories for why this may be, including a recent \n  finding that the tiny &ldquo;power cells&rdquo; that produce energy for their cells <a href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9448608/Why-women-live-longer-than-men.html\">tend \n  to have fewer faults than in men</a>. \n</p></div><div class=\"fourthPar\">\n<p>\nScientists in Japan have now uncovered another reason after finding that the \n  levels of white blood cells and other parts of the immune system called \n  cytokines decline faster in men. \n</p></div><div class=\"fifthPar\">\n<p>\nThey believe this might be because female sex hormones such as oestrogen can \n  boost the immune system&rsquo;s response to infections. \n</p></div><div id=\"tmg-related-links\" class=\"related_links_inline\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"headerOne styleOne\"><h2><span>Related Articles</span></h2></div>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"bullet\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\t\r\n\t\t\t<a  href=\"/technology/social-media/10065472/We-need-to-relearn-the-art-of-dying.html\">We need to relearn the art of dying</a>\n\t\t</p>\r\n\r\n\t<span class=\"relContDate\">18 May 2013</span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"bullet\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\t\r\n\t\t\t<a  href=\"/health/healthnews/9448608/Why-women-live-longer-than-men.html\">Why women live longer than men</a>\n\t\t</p>\r\n\r\n\t<span class=\"relContDate\">03 Aug 2012</span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"bullet\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\t\r\n\t\t\t<a  href=\"/health/8566594/Why-do-men-die-younger-than-women.html\">Why do men die younger than women?</a>\n\t\t</p>\r\n\r\n\t<span class=\"relContDate\">13 Jun 2011</span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"bullet\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\t\r\n\t\t\t<a  href=\"/health/men_shealth/5426895/Men-live-longer-if-they-marry-a-younger-woman.html\">Men 'live longer' if they marry younger woman</a>\n\t\t</p>\r\n\r\n\t<span class=\"relContDate\">02 Jun 2009</span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t<div class=\"body\">\n<p>\nThe work could now help scientists predict the \"biological age\" of \n  people based on the state of their immune system. \n</p>\n<p>\nProfessor Katsuiku Hirokawa, who led the research at Tokyo Medical &amp; \n  Dental University, said: \"Because people age at different rates, a \n  person's immunological parameters could be used to provide an indication of \n  their true biological age.\" \n</p>\n<p>\nThe scientists, whose research is published in the journal <i><a href=\"http://www.immunityageing.com/\">Immunity \n  and Ageing</a></i>, examined the blood of 356 men and women aged between 20 \n  and 90 years old. \n</p>\n<p>\nThey looked at levels of white blood cells and cytokines, which help to carry \n  messages in the immune system. \n</p>\n<p>\nIn both sexes the number of white blood cells decreased with age, but two key \n  elements &ndash; known as the T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes, declined faster in \n  men. \n</p>\n<p>\nBoth of these white blood cells are involved in fighting off bacterial \n  infections. \n</p>\n<p>\nThey also found that another type of cell that tackles viruses and tumours \n  increased with age, with women having a higher rate of increase than men. \n</p>\n<p>\nThey also found that men showed a decline in two types of cytokines that help \n  to keep the immune system under control and prevent inflammation from \n  damaging surrounding tissue. \n</p>\n<p>\nProfessor Hirokawa added: &ldquo;It is well known that ageing is associated with a \n  decline in the normal function of the immune system, leading to increased \n  susceptibility to various diseases and shortened longevity. \n</p>\n<p>\n&ldquo;However, specific dysfunctions in the immune system directly responsible for \n  this have yet to be identified. \n</p>\n<p>\n&ldquo;Among the important factors, T cells are central to the immune response, and \n  their function is significantly altered with increasing age.\" \n</p>\n</div>\r\n\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t<div class=\"cl\"></div>\r\n</div></div>\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n\r\n           <div class=\"oneSixth\">\r\n\t<!-- googleoff: all -->\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"shareSideContainer\" class=\"loading\">\n\t\t<div class=\"print invisible\"><a href=\"javascript:print()\" alt=\"Print\" title=\"Print\">&nbsp;</a></div>\n\t\t<div id=\"shareSide\" class=\"storyFunc nobord\"></div>\n\t\t<div class=\"cl\"></div>\n\t</div>\n<div class=\"storyfct\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"storyMoreOnFucntion\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"secLinks\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"section\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div 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href=\"/science/picture-galleries/9945372/Amazon-CEO-Jeff-Bezos-recovers-Apollo-11-engines-from-the-ocean-floor.html\">Apollo 11 engines recovered</a>\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t<div class=\"summary \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"summarySmall\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"piccentre containerdiv \">\r\n\t\t<a  href=\"/culture/culturepicturegalleries/9940462/Designs-of-the-Year-2013.html\"><img src=\"http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02513/designs-of-the-yea_2513846g.jpg\" alt=\"Designs of the Year\" border=\"0\" width=\"140\" height=\"87\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cornerimagephotocentre\">&nbsp;</span></a>\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\r\n<h3>\t\r\n\t\t\t<a  href=\"/culture/culturepicturegalleries/9940462/Designs-of-the-Year-2013.html\">Designs of the Year 2013</a>\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t<div class=\"summary \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"summarySmall\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"piccentre containerdiv \">\r\n\t\t<a  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Millimetre/Submillimetre Array (ALMA) project in the desert in Chile\" border=\"0\" width=\"140\" height=\"87\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cornerimagephotocentre\">&nbsp;</span></a>\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\r\n<h3>\t\r\n\t\t\t<a  href=\"/science/picture-galleries/9927023/ALMA-the-Atacama-Large-Millimetre-Array-telescope-project-in-Chile.html\">ALMA telescope project</a>\n\t\t</h3>\r\n\r\n\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t<div class=\"summary \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"summarySmall\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"piccentre containerdiv \">\r\n\t\t<a  href=\"/science/picture-galleries/9922605/Life-on-Mars-Scientists-live-together-in-Utah-desert-to-simulate-life-on-red-planet.html\"><img src=\"http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02506/life-on-mars_2506213g.jpg\" alt=\"Life on Mars\" border=\"0\" width=\"140\" height=\"87\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cornerimagephotocentre\">&nbsp;</span></a>\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\r\n<h3>\t\r\n\t\t\t<a  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\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div id=\"header\" class=\"clearfix smallLogo\">\r\n    <div id=\"homepageLink\"><a href=\"/\" alt=\"Home\" title=\"chicagotribune.com\">&nbsp;</a></div>\r\n    <div id=\"logo\" >\r\n        \r\n            <a href=\"/\" alt=\"Home\" title=\"chicagotribune.com\">\r\n        \r\n        <img src=\"/images/triblocal-sm.png\" alt=\"chicagotribune.com\" />\r\n        </a>\r\n    </div>\r\n    \r\n    \r\n    \r\n        <span id=\"sectionBreadcrumb\"><span class=\"stack\"><a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen\">Orland Park & Homer Glen</a><span class=\"subhed\">With news from Orland Hills</span></span></span>\r\n    \r\n    \r\n</div>\r\n\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div id=\"navigation\" class=\"clearfix\">\n  <div id=\"layerOne\">\n\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"root\">\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  first\">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Home\"  ><span>Home</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"https://members.chicagotribune.com/learn-more/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Member Center\"  >Member Center</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Weather\"  >Weather</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.traffic.com/Chicago-Traffic/Chicago-Traffic-Reports.html?AWOPARTNER=CHICAGOTRIBUNE\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Traffic\"  >Traffic</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/chicagotribune/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Death Notices\"  >Death Notices</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"https://myaccount2.chicagotribune.com/dssSubscribe.aspx?pid=125\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Subscribe\"  >Subscribe</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://touch.chicagotribune.com\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Mobile\"  >Mobile</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"https://members.chicagotribune.com/eedition/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Digital copy\"  >Digital copy</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/plus\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Digital Plus\"  >Digital Plus</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://community.chicagotribune.com/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=From the community\"  >From the community</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/newsletters\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Newsletters & Alerts\"  >Newsletters & Alerts</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/photo/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Photos\"  >Photos</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/videogallery/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Video\"  >Video</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Classified\"  >Classified</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagoshopping.com\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Shopping\"  >Shopping</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://flyers.chicagoshopping.com\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Weekly Ads\"  target=\"_blank\">Weekly Ads</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/advertiser/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Place an Ad\"  target=\"_blank\">Place an Ad</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://tribunemediagroup.com/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Media Kit\"  >Media Kit</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/news/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=News\"  ><span>News</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/local/breaking\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Breaking\"  >Breaking</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/local/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Chicagoland\"  >Chicagoland</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/suburbs\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=TribLocal\"  >TribLocal</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/nationworld/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Nation & World\"  >Nation & World</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/watchdog/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Watchdog\"  >Watchdog</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/clout\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Local Politics\"  >Local Politics</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/politicsnow\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=National Politics\"  >National Politics</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/obituaries/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Obituaries\"  >Obituaries</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/education\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Schools\"  >Schools</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://crime.chicagotribune.com\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Chicago crime\"  >Chicago crime</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/data/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Maps & Apps\"  >Maps & Apps</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/tribnation\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Trib Nation\"  >Trib Nation</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/columnists\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Columns\"  >Columns</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/business/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Business\"  ><span>Business</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/business/breaking/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Breaking\"  >Breaking</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/business/technology\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Technology\"  >Technology</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/business/yourmoney/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Money\"  >Money</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/business/careers\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Work Life\"  >Work Life</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://markets.chicagotribune.com/custom/tribune-interactive/localmktscreener/html-localmktscreener-full.asp?siteid=chicagotribune\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Chicago Stocks\"  >Chicago Stocks</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/business/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Columns\"  >Columns</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/sports/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Sports\"  ><span>Sports</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/breaking/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Breaking\"  >Breaking</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/football/bears/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Bears & NFL\"  >Bears & NFL</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/basketball/bulls/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Bulls & NBA\"  >Bulls & NBA</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/hockey/blackhawks/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Blackhawks & NHL\"  >Blackhawks & NHL</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/baseball/cubs/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Cubs & MLB\"  >Cubs & MLB</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/baseball/whitesox/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=White Sox & MLB\"  >White Sox & MLB</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/college/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Colleges\"  >Colleges</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/highschool/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=High Schools\"  >High Schools</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/soccer\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Soccer\"  >Soccer</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/golf/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Golf\"  >Golf</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/international/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=International\"  >International</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/horseracing/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Horse racing\"  >Horse racing</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/scoresstats/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Scores\"  >Scores</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Columns\"  >Columns</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/entertainment/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=A&E\"  ><span>A&E</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/breaking\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Breaking\"  >Breaking</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/movies\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Movies\"  >Movies</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/music\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Music\"  >Music</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/theaterloop/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Theater\"  >Theater</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://graphics.chicagotribune.com/mormon/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Book of Mormon\"  >Book of Mormon</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/tv\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Television\"  >Television</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/celebrity/aboutlastnight/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Celebrities\"  >Celebrities</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://games.chicagotribune.com/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Games\"  >Games</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/events/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Events\"  >Events</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/cityscapes/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Architecture\"  >Architecture</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/art\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Arts\"  >Arts</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/funstuff/comics/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Comics\"  >Comics</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Columns\"  >Columns</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/features/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Lifestyles\"  ><span>Lifestyles</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/travel/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Travel\"  >Travel</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/health/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Health\"  >Health</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/features/food\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Food & Dining\"  >Food & Dining</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/features/books\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Books\"  >Books</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/home\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Home & Garden\"  >Home & Garden</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/religion\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Religion\"  >Religion</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/life/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Life Lessons\"  >Life Lessons</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/tribu/askamy/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Ask Amy\"  >Ask Amy</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/tribnation/events/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Trib Nation Events\"  >Trib Nation Events</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/features/horoscopes/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Horoscopes\"  >Horoscopes</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-lottery,0,3718200.htmlstory\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Lottery numbers\"  >Lottery numbers</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Columns\"  >Columns</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ccGreen\">\n<a href=\"http://www.empowereddoctor.com/chicagotribune/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Cancer Central\"  >Cancer Central</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/news/opinion/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Opinion\"  ><span>Opinion</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/opinion/editorials/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Editorials\"  >Editorials</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/opinion/commentary/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Guest Commentary\"  >Guest Commentary</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/opinion/letters/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Letters\"  >Letters</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/opinion/chi-stantis-cartoongallery,0,2807119.cartoongallery\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Stantis Cartoons\"  >Stantis Cartoons</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/columnists/today/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Today's Columns\"  >Today's Columns</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/columnists/all/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=All Columns\"  >All Columns</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/news/columnists\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=News\"  >News</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/sports/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Sports\"  >Sports</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/business/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Business\"  >Business</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/entertainment/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=A&E \"  >A&E </a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/features/columnists/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Lifestyles\"  >Lifestyles</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Real Estate\"  ><span>Real Estate</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/buy/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Buy a Home\"  >Buy a Home</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/advertiser/category/real-estate/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Sell Your Home\"  >Sell Your Home</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/transactions/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Latest Sales\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Latest Sales</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/apartments\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Apartments & Condos\"  >Apartments & Condos</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/communities/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Neighborhoods & Suburbs\"  >Neighborhoods & Suburbs</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/foreclosure\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Foreclosure News\"  >Foreclosure News</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/realestate/luxury/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Luxury Real Estate\"  >Luxury Real Estate</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/classified/automotive/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Cars\"  ><span>Cars</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/automotive/dealers/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Buy a Car\"  >Buy a Car</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/advertiser/category/auto/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Sell Your Car\"  >Sell Your Car</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"http://cars.chicagotribune.com/fuel-efficient/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Fuel-Efficient Cars\"  >Fuel-Efficient Cars</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/automotive/new/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Car Reviews\"  >Car Reviews</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/automotive/used/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Car Care\"  >Car Care</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li class=\"navLink  \">\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"/classified/jobs/\" class=\"mainNav\" name=\"&lpos=Main&lid=Jobs\"  ><span>Jobs</span></a>\n<ul class=\"level2\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/classified/jobs/search/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Find a Job\"  >Find a Job</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/advertiser/category/jobs/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=List Your Job\"  >List Your Job</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<li>\n<a href=\"/business/careers/topworkplaces2012/\" name=\"&lpos=Sub&lid=Top Workplaces\"  >Top Workplaces</a>\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n</li>\n\n\n\n\n\n</ul>\n\n\t\n\t\n        \n            <div id=\"targetWeeklyAd\" onclick=\"window.location.href='/shopping/circular/target';\">\n                <div id=\"targetWeeklyAdLogo\"><a href=\"/shopping/circular/target\"><img src=\"/images/target_weekly_ad_animated.gif\"/></a></div>\n            </div>\n        \n\t\n    \n  </div> \n</div>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n\n\n\n\n  eraseCookie(\"mainPage\");\n  createCookie(\"mainPage\",\"/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community\",\"1\");\n\n  jQuery(document).ready( function() {\n    menuFix();\n    tribHover();\n  });\n\n\n\n</script>\n\t\t</div>\n        \n\n\n\r\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n    \n    \n    \n    \n\n    <div id=\"hotTopic\" class=\"clearfix\">\n      <ul class=\"level1\" id=\"rootTopic\">\n        <li class=\"hot-link-begin\" >\n          \n        </li>\n        \n      </ul>\n      \n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<style type=\"text/css\">  /*OVERWRITES*/\n\t.adv_search { background-color: #fff; }\n\t#adv_search { background-color: #e2ebf3; }\n\t#adv_search .adv_search_head,\n\t#adv_help .adv_search_head { background-color: #32659b; }\n\t#search_overlay { background-color: #e2ebf3; }\n\t#search-results ul.advTabs { background-color: #32659b; }\n\t#search-results ul.advTabs li a { background-color: #32659b; }\n\t#search-results ul.advTabs li.advCurrTab a { background-color: #fff; color: #32659b; }\n\tdiv.panelTab { background: url(\"/images/adv_search/adv_panel_bg.png\") no-repeat; }\n\t#adv_keywords_head { background-color: #32659b; }\n\t#adv_results .clearfix {display:block;}\n</style>\n\n\t<div id=\"basicsearch\">\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<form class=\"tribForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"/search/dispatcher.front\" onSubmit=\"javascript:return checkForm(this,'Query')\">\t\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t    <li class=\"horiz\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" id=\"searchText\" class=\"adv_search_input\" onblur=\"if (this.value=='') this.value = 'Search'\" onfocus=\"if (this.value=='Search') this.value = ''\" name=\"Query\" value=\"Search\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t<input name=\"target\" value=\"adv_article\" type=\"hidden\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"submit\" class=\"adv_submit\" alt=\"Search\" value=\"\" />\n\t\t\t\t    </li>\n\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t</form>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n<div id=\"search_overlay\">\n    <form class=\"tribForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"/search/dispatcher.front\" onSubmit=\"javascript:return checkForm(this,'Query')\">\n        <ul>\n            <li class=\"horiz\">\n\t\t        <input type=\"text\" id=\"searchText\" maxlength=\"100\" class=\"adv_search_input\" name=\"Query\" />\n\t\t        <input name=\"target\" value=\"adv_article\" type=\"hidden\" />\n\t\t        \n\t\t        <input type=\"submit\" class=\"adv_submit\" alt=\"Search\" value=\"\"/>\n\t\t    </li>\n\t\t</ul>\n    </form>\n    <a id=\"adv_search_open\" href=\"/\">Advanced Search</a>\n</div>\n\n<div id=\"adv_search\">\n    <div class=\"adv_search_head\">\n    \t<h3>Advanced Search</h3>\n    \t<a href=\"/\" id=\"adv_search_close\">X</a>\n    </div>\n    <form class=\"tribForm\" method=\"get\" name=\"adv_search_form\" action=\"/search/dispatcher.front\" onSubmit=\"return advSearch.checkAdvForm(this);\">\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"Query\" name=\"Query\" value=\"\"/>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date\" name=\"date\" value=\"\"/>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"target\" name=\"target\" value=\"adv_article\"/>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"srchType\" value=\"advSearch\"/>\n\t\t\n\t    <ul>\n\t        <li><label for=\"include_all\">include all of these words: <input type=\"text\" id=\"include_all\" maxlength=\"100\"/></label></li>\n\t        <li><label for=\"include_any\">include any of these words: <input type=\"text\" id=\"include_any\" maxlength=\"100\"/></label></li>\n\t        <li><label for=\"include_exact\">include this exact phrase: <input type=\"text\" id=\"include_exact\" maxlength=\"100\"/></label></li>\n\t        <li><label for=\"exclude\">exclude: <input type=\"text\" id=\"exclude\" maxlength=\"100\"/></label></li>\n            \n            <li class=\"fixed_date\">\n            \t<label class=\"inline\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"top_date_range_pre\" name=\"range\" value=\"pre\" checked=\"checked\" /> Select a date range</label>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"top_date_range_pre_div\">\n\t            \t<select id=\"date_range_predefined\">\n\t                    <option value=\"\">this week</option>\n\t                    <option value=\"\" selected=\"selected\">past 30 days</option>\n\t                    <option value=\"\">past 3 months</option>\n\t                    <option value=\"\">past year</option>\n\t                    \n\t            \t</select>\n            \t</div>\n\t\t\t</li>\n            <li class=\"custom_date\">\n            \t<label><input type=\"radio\" id=\"top_date_range_cust\" name=\"range\" value=\"cust\" /> Create a custom date range</label>\n\t            <div id=\"top_date_range_cust_div\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"inline custom_from\">From: <input type=\"text\" id=\"date_range_custom_from\" disabled=\"disabled\" class=\"inline disabled\" /></label>\n\t            \t<label class=\"inline\">To: <input type=\"text\" id=\"date_range_custom_to\" disabled=\"disabled\" class=\"inline disabled\" /></label>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n            </li>\n            <li>\n            \t<input class=\"submit\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\"/>\n            </li>\n        </ul>\n    </form>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n    </div>\n\n\n           \n         \n        <img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" src=\"http://view.atdmt.com/action/MSFT_Tribune_AE_ExtData/v3/atc1.ChicagoTribune/atc2.News/atc3.Local/atc4.Suburbs/atc5.Orland_park_homer_glen/atc6.Community\"/>\n\t\t\n   </div>\n\n\n\n   \n\t    \n\t   <div id=\"leaderboard_ad_div\" class=\"ad centerAd topLeaderboard\">\n\t\t\t<script language=\"JavaScript\" src=\"http://ad.doubleclick.net/adj/trb.chicagotribune/triblocal/orlandpark;rs=D70040;rs=D70074;rs=D70098;rs=D70105;rs=D70113;rs=D70010;rs=D70094;rs=D70620;rs=D70755;rs=D70758;rs=D72008;rs=B10210;rs=B0;;ptype=s;slug=chi-ugc-article-palos-medical-groups-dr-kanesha-bryant-prov-2-2013-05-15;rg=ur;pos=T;dcopt=ist;sz=728x90;tile=1;at=DiseasesandIllnesses;at=BreastCancer;at=MedicalProceduresandTests;at=OvarianCancer;at=Mammogram;iab=heal;iab=ent;u=ptype|s!pos|T!sz|728x90!asl|D70040^D70074^D70098^D70105^D70113^D70010^D70094^D70620^D70755^D70758^D72008^B10210^B0;ord=2708481?\" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n        <noscript><a href=\"http://ad.doubleclick.net/jump/trb.chicagotribune/triblocal/orlandpark;rs=D70040;rs=D70074;rs=D70098;rs=D70105;rs=D70113;rs=D70010;rs=D70094;rs=D70620;rs=D70755;rs=D70758;rs=D72008;rs=B10210;rs=B0;;ptype=s;slug=chi-ugc-article-palos-medical-groups-dr-kanesha-bryant-prov-2-2013-05-15;rg=ur;pos=T;sz=728x90;tile=1;at=DiseasesandIllnesses;at=BreastCancer;at=MedicalProceduresandTests;at=OvarianCancer;at=Mammogram;iab=heal;iab=ent;u=ptype|s!pos|T!sz|728x90!asl|D70040^D70074^D70098^D70105^D70113^D70010^D70094^D70620^D70755^D70758^D72008^B10210^B0;ord=2708481?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img src=\"http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/trb.chicagotribune/triblocal/orlandpark;rs=D70040;rs=D70074;rs=D70098;rs=D70105;rs=D70113;rs=D70010;rs=D70094;rs=D70620;rs=D70755;rs=D70758;rs=D72008;rs=B10210;rs=B0;;ptype=s;slug=chi-ugc-article-palos-medical-groups-dr-kanesha-bryant-prov-2-2013-05-15;rg=ur;pos=T;dcopt=ist;sz=728x90;tile=1;at=DiseasesandIllnesses;at=BreastCancer;at=MedicalProceduresandTests;at=OvarianCancer;at=Mammogram;iab=heal;iab=ent;u=ptype|s!pos|T!sz|728x90!asl|D70040^D70074^D70098^D70105^D70113^D70010^D70094^D70620^D70755^D70758^D72008^B10210^B0;ord=2708481?\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\" border=\"0\" alt=\"\"></a></noscript>\n\t\t</div>\n\t   \n   \n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\n   \n   \t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n    \r\n\r\n    \r\n        <!-- BREAKING NEWS AND LIVE VIDEO CONTENT GOES BELOW. REMOVE THE COMMENT TAGS THAT WRAP THE CONTENT BELOW IN ORDER TO TURN LIVE. -->\r\n\r\n<!--\r\n\r\n<div id=\"breakingNewsFull\" class=\"layoutB clearfix\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"label\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Breaking news</div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"contentarea\">\r\n\r\n<h4>Jury in Donald Trump condo lawsuit trial reaches verdict</h4></div></div>\r\n\r\n\r\n-->\r\n<!-- DON'T TOUCH. -->\r\n\r\n<div id=\"google-search-box\">\n    <form action=\"/search_results/\" method=\"get\">\n        <input type=\"text\" name=\"q\" autocomplete=\"off\" class=\"placeholder\"\n            onfocus=\"jQuery(this).removeClass('placeholder');\"\n            onblur=\"if ( jQuery(this).val() == '' ) jQuery(this).addClass('placeholder');\" />\n        <button type=\"submit\"><span>Search</span></button>\n    </form>\n</div>\n\n<style type=\"text/css\">\n    #topRightNarrow div.headColumn2 div.headlineItem img.headlineThumb, #rail.narrow div.headColumn2 div.headlineItem img.headlineThumb, .twoColumnSplit td.right div.headColumn2 div.headlineItem img.headlineThumb { max-width: 140px; }\n    *:first-child+html .trb_dss_premiumIcon { background-repeat:no-repeat; }\n    div#section { width:960px; clear:both; }\n    \n    /* Slider Billboard Area Styles */\n    \n    div.slidingbillboard div {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;}\n    \n    div.slidingbillboard { margin: 10px 0 10px -5px; }\n    \n    /* Hide companion cube billboard styles in case we reuse them. */\n    /*div.slidingbillboard div.blurb.premium-content,\n    div.topLeaderboard div.blurb.premium-content {\n        z-index: 100;\n    }\n    div.topLeaderboard.premium-content img,\n    div.slidingbillboard.premium-content img { margin: 0; }\n    \n    div.slidingbillboard div[id*=\"adx\"] { margin-right: 0; }*/\n\n    div.mezzanine.premium-content .mezzitem h3:after,\n    table.premium-content .headline:after{\n        content: '';\n        width: 0;\n        height: 0;\n    }\n    div#navigation { z-index:99999999; }\n\n    /* Moving Today's Forecast into the Header */\n    div#container div#section div.todaysForecast { position: absolute; top: 4px; }\n    div.todaysForecast .radar_map { width: 100px; }\n    div.todaysForecast .radar_map img { height: 75px; }\n    div.todaysForecast .weather_behavior { display: none; }\n    div.todaysForecast .todays_header { display: none; }\n    div.todaysForecast .conditional { width: 90px; }\n    div.todaysForecast .cond { font-size: 14px; font-variant: small-caps; position: absolute; top: 40px; text-align: left; left: 0px;  }\n    div.todaysForecast .cond:after { content: none; }\n    div.todaysForecast .current_temp { font-size: 20px; }\n    div.todaysForecast .temp { font-size: 13px; width: 125px; text-align: left; }\n\n    /* Premium rail headlines module v2 */\n    div.threeColumnSplit h2.sectiontitle.premium-headlines { margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-transform: none; border-top: none; }\n    h2.premium-headlines span.digitalPlus-digital { font-weight: bold; color: #005596; text-transform: lowercase; }\n    h2.premium-headlines span.digitalPlus-plus { font-weight: bold; color: #1A1A1A; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; }\n    div.premium-headlines div.headlineItem { margin: 0; }\n    div.premium-headlines img.headlineThumb { max-width: 100px; }\n    div.premium-headlines h2.headline a, div.premium-headlines h3.headline a, div.premium-headlines h4.headline a { font-size: 15px; }\n    div.premium-headlines .sectionlink-head a { font-weight: bold; }\n\n    /*Cancer Central */\n    ul#root li.navLink ul.level2 li.ccGreen a { background-color: #ECF6FE; font-weight: bold; text-shadow: none; }\n\n    /*Fixes for video/photo rail module*/\n    #topRightNarrow div.headlines.frontpage-vids .headline,\n    div.headlines.frontpage-vids .headline { clear: both; }\n\n    #topRightNarrow div.headlines.frontpage-vids img.headlineThumb,\n    div.headlines.frontpage-vids img.headlineThumb { max-width: 300px; }\n\n    #topRightNarrow div.headlines.frontpage-vids table.hasContent,\n    div.headlines.frontpage-vids table.hasContent { width: 300px; }\n\n    #topRightNarrow div.headlines.frontpage-galleries table.hasContent,\n    div.headlines.frontpage-galleries table.hasContent { width: 150px; }\n\n    .centerpiece div.headlines.frontpage-galleries .briefBelow img.headlineThumb { max-width: 140px; }\n\n\n    /*Breaking news*/\n    #breakingNewsFull { width: 960px; border: solid 1px #a00; margin: 0px 0px 10px 10px; padding: 0px; background-color: #a00; }\n\n    #breakingNewsFull .label { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; position: relative; float: left; width: 190px; padding: 5px; clear: both; margin: 0 0 0 -12px; }\n\n    #breakingNewsFull .contentarea { position: realtive; float: right; background-color: #fff; width: 760px; color: #000; font-size: 20px; padding: 5px; }\n\n    #breakingNewsFull .contentarea h4 { float: left; margin: 3px 3px; }\n\n    #breakingNewsFull .contentarea h4 a { color: #a00; }\n\n    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ul.feedMasherList a, div#topRightNarrow ul.feedMasherList a { font-size: 1em; }\nul.feedMasherList span { color: #757575; display: block; font-family: 'Helevetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; }\n\ndiv#container {z-index:auto;}\nbody {z-index:1;}\n\n/* Partner Mezz updates for home page */\n\n.twoColumnSplit td.right .partner-stories .headlineThumb { max-width: 101px; }\n\ndiv.headlines.partner-stories .headlineItem p { left: 116px; margin: 5px 0;  }\n\n/* Fix for puppy in FireFox, and other puppy changes */\n\n@-moz-document domain(chicagotribune.com) {\n.twoColumnSplit.puppy.seventy-thirty td.right { width: 34%; }\n.twoColumnSplit.puppy.seventy-thirty td.left { width: 70.5%; }\n}\n.puppy ul.relatedHeadline { clear: none; }\n.puppy p.defaultHeadlinesBrief, .puppy .update-source { float: none; width: auto; }\n.puppy .cutline { clear: none; width: 400px !important; float: left; }\n.puppy div.headlineItem .headline, .puppy div.headlineItem 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href=\"/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community\">Orland Park, Orland Hills, Homer Glen Community</a> \r\n                        \r\n                    \r\n                \r\n            \r\n        \r\n    \r\n\r\n    \r\n</div>\r\n </div>\r\n <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n\n                \n                \n            \n                \n            \n                \n            \n                \n                                \n                \n\n                \n                \n                \n\n                <div class=\"story\">\n                    \n\n                    <h1>Palos Medical Group's Dr. Kanesha Bryant provides insight on genetic testing for breast cancer</h1>\n\n                    \n                    \n                    \n                    \n                    <div class=\"shareTop\">\n                    \n                    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"nextgen-share-tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"nextgen-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href='/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community/chi-ugc-article-palos-medical-groups-dr-kanesha-bryant-prov-2-2013-05-15,0,5501680,print.story' rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"print\" class=\"nextGenPrint\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"/hive/images/icons/printicon_boxed.png\" alt=\"print\" class=\"icon\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"nextgen-right\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  <div id=\"componentDiv_top\"></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  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src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-5193e0c6/turbine/chi-ugc-relatedphoto-palos-medical-groups-dr-kanesha-bryant-prov-2-2013-05-15/400/400x304\" alt=\"Palos Medical Group's Dr. Kanesha Bryant provides insight on genetic testing for breast cancer\" border=\"0\" width=\"400\" height=\"304\" title=\"Palos Medical Group's Dr. Kanesha Bryant provides insight on genetic testing for breast cancer\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n                                    \n                                    \n                                    \n                                    \n\n                                    \n                                        <p class=\"small\">\n                                            Palos Medical Group Breast Surgeon Dr. Kanesha Bryant discusses whether BRACAnalysis genetic testing for breast cancer is right for you. \n                                                <span class=\"credit\">(<span class=\"photographer\">Posted By paloscommunityhospital, <a href=\"http://community.chicagotribune.com/\">Community Contributor</a></span> / <span class=\"dateMonth\">May </span><span class=\"dateDay\">15</span><span class=\"dateYear\">, 2013</span>)</span>\n                                        </p>\n                                    \n                                    \n                                        </td></tr></table>\n                                    </div>\n                                </div>\n                        \n                        \n                        \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n                        \n                           \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n                        \n\n                        \n                        \n                        \n\n                        \n                                <div class=\"articlerail\">\n                                    <div id=\"pmAd\"></div>\n                                </div>\n                                \n                        \n                        \n                        \n\n                        \n                        \n                            \n                            <span class=\"toolSet\" style=\"width: 270px;\">\n                        \n                                \n                                    <div class=\"byline\">\n                                        \n                                             \n                                            <span class=\"byline\">By paloscommunityhospital, <a href=\"http://community.chicagotribune.com/\">Community Contributor</a></span>\n                                        \n                                        \n\n                                        \n                                        \n                                        \n                                        \n                                            \n                                            \n                                            \n                                            \n                                            \n                                            \n                                            \n                                            \n                                                    \n                                                    \n                                                \n                                                        \n                                                    \n                                            <p class=\"date\"><span class=\"timeString\">2:22 p.m. CDT</span><span class=\"dateTimeSeparator\">, </span><span class=\"dateString\">May 15, 2013</span></p>\n                                        \n                                        \n                                    </div>\n                                \n                                \n                                <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </span>\n                            \n                            \n                            <div id=\"story-body-text\">\n                                \n                                \n                                \n                                \n                                \n                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n                                            <p>Angelina Jolie&#8217;s decision to have a double mastectomy sheds light on a weapon being used in the fight against breast cancer &#8211; BRACAnalysis genetic testing.<br />Jolie, who recently shared her announcement with the New York Times, carries an inherited gene mutation &#8211; BRCA1 &#8211; increasing her risk for breast and ovarian cancer. The double mastectomy reduced her chance of developing breast cancer from 87 percent to less than 5 percent, according to her doctors.<br />While all cancers are the result of gene abnormalities, for as many as 20 percent of the 200,000 women who are diagnosed with breast cancer each year, their disease can be linked directly to a genetic defect that they inherited from their mother or father. Women who are born with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation have the highest &#8211; as high as 87 percent &#8211; lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. The odds of passing that risk on to their children: 50/50.<br />In addition to the high risk, tumors caused by BRCA abnormalities are more difficult to treat. Breast cancers found in women with one of these mutations most likely will be detected at an earlier age and more advanced stage, which means more aggressive treatments and lower survival rates. For women with an inherited risk, breast cancer can affect their families for generations to come.<br />BRACAnalysis has the potential to prevent each and every one of those 40,000 cases of hereditary breast cancer.<br />The first step in doing so is to find out if you or someone in your family carries a BRCAmutation. With insight from Palos Community Hospital Breast Surgeon Kanesha Bryant, M.D., we&#8217;ll help you determine if BRACAnalysis is right for you.<br />What is BRACAnalysis genetic testing?<br />BRACAnalysis is a simple blood test designed &#8220;to determine whether someone has one of the two genetic mutations &#8211; BRCA1 or BRCA2 &#8211; that can increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer,&#8221; says Dr. Bryant. &#8220;This will help the person decide on medical options that could reduce her risk and assist other family members in deciding if they want to take further action to understand their own risks.&#8221;<br />If a person has a mother, sister, aunt or grandmother who has been diagnosed with breast cancer, does that person have an inherited risk?<br />&#8220;Possibly,&#8221; Dr. Bryant explains. &#8220;If a person has any family history of breast cancer, it could be associated with a genetic abnormality. However, not all breast cancers that run in families are caused by a BRCA mutation. When considering the possibility of a genetic link, we look for those with more than one first-generation relative who has had breast cancer, those with multiple generations of disease and those who develop breast cancer under the age of 50.&#8221;<br />If a woman has a BRCA mutation, what is her risk of developing breast cancer?<br />Women who test positive for a BRCA1 mutation have between a 50 and 70 percent chance of developing the disease by age 70, and those who carry the BRCA2 mutation have between a 40 and 60 percent risk. Any risk over 20 percent is considered high. Both abnormalities also increase a woman&#8217;s risk of ovarian cancer by between 30 and 60 percent, versus 1.4 percent for the general population.<br />Who should consider BRACAnalysis?<br />&#8220;The first person who should be tested is the person who has actually had breast cancer,&#8221; says Dr. Bryant. &#8220;After someone tests positive, then other family members can decide if they want to be tested.&#8221; If a first-degree relative with breast cancer dies before she can undergo genetic testing, the next closest relative to that person should consider BRACAnalysis.<br />Why is it important for some people to find out if they have an inherited genetic mutation for breast cancer?<br />&#8220;Awareness is key,&#8221; Dr. Bryant explains. &#8220;You don&#8217;t have to make any radical decisions now, but having the information can help you be proactive about the rest of your life. Knowing whether you have a BRCA mutation can give you a plan for preventing breast cancer, not only for yourself but for generations to come.&#8221;<br />But you need to take the first step towards finding out. If you believe you are at high risk for breast cancer, talk to a breast specialist about a breast cancer risk assessment. Even if you decide not to undergo BRACAnalysis, there are still steps you can take to reduce your and your family&#8217;s risk of breast cancer.<br />For a woman who carries a BRCA mutation, what steps can she take to prevent breast cancer?<br />Keep in mind that if you have a BRCA mutation, you have not inherited breast cancer, but rather you have inherited a higher risk of developing the disease.<br />Breast cancer is not inevitable. There are several steps you can take to reduce that risk and even prevent breast cancer altogether. If you believe you are at high risk, talk to a physician who specializes in breast cancer about which of these prevention options may be right for you:<br />&#8226;\tMammography is still the first line of defense against breast cancer. Annual digital mammograms, along with more advanced screenings using MRI, can start as early as age 25. You can request an appointment for your annual mammogram here: http://bit.ly/mammo2013 <br />&#8226;\tChemo-prevention drugs, such as Tamoxifen, have been proven to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA mutations by more than half.<br />&#8226;\tA preventive bilateral mastectomy can reduce breast cancer risk by 90 percent, and a prophylactic hysterectomy with ovary removal can lower the risk of ovarian cancer by 96 percent and breast cancer by 50 percent.<br />&#8220;Nothing is 100 percent,&#8221; says Dr. Bryant, &#8220;But for someone who carries a BRCA mutation and takes these preventive measures, the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer could actually be reduced to less than that of the general population.&#8221;<br />If you have any of the following risk factors for breast cancer, you should talk to a physician about genetic testing:<br />&#8226;\tBreast cancer in two or more relatives, or in a male relative;<br />&#8226;\tBreast cancer under age 50;<br />&#8226;\tBreast cancer in both breasts or twice in the same breast;<br />&#8226;\tAshkenazi or Eastern European<br />&#8226;\tJewish ancestry with breast or ovarian cancer at any age;<br />&#8226;\tOvarian cancer at any age; or<br />&#8226;\tBreast and ovarian cancer in the same person.</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Learn more about Dr. Kanesha Bryant and her philosophy of care by visiting http://bit.ly/vidbryant or go to http://bit.ly/pmgbreast to request an appointment with a Palos Medical Group Breast Surgeon.<br /></p>\n                                            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n                                    \n                                \n                                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n                            </div>\n                            <script type=\"text/javascript\">textSize()</script>\n                        </div>\n\n                          \n                            \n                        \n\n                        \n\n                         \n                        \n                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n                        <div id=\"subFooter\" class=\"clearfix\">\n                            \n                        \n                            \n                        </div>\n                        \n                        \n                            \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n                        \n                        \n                        \n                            \n\n\n \n\n\n                        \n                       \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"shareBtm\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"nextgen-share-tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"nextgen-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href='/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community/chi-ugc-article-palos-medical-groups-dr-kanesha-bryant-prov-2-2013-05-15,0,5501680,print.story' rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"print\" class=\"nextGenPrint\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"/hive/images/icons/printicon_boxed.png\" alt=\"print\" class=\"icon\" />\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"nextgen-right\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  <div id=\"componentDiv_bottom\"></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t  <script>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t    i$.require('http://cdn.gigya.com/js/socialize.js?apiKey=2_4_F4IdtCdvuR2rCu5QTvu9iyF7shgNflXt9OC9CZCGkdNBZxTv6bQxpYge4Mlva-', function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      var act = new gigya.socialize.UserAction(),\n\t\t\t\t\t\t          showShareBarUI_params = { \n\t\t\t\t\t\t            containerID: 'componentDiv_bottom',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t            shareButtons: [{ provider:'Email'}, { provider:'Share'}, { provider:'twitter-tweet'}, { provider:'facebook-like', action:'recommend'}],\n\t\t\t\t\t\t            userAction: act,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t            moreEnabledProviders: 'facebook,email,pinterest,twitter,linkedin,tumblr,delicious,digg,blogger,google,stumbleupon,reddit'\n\t\t\t\t\t\t          };\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      act.setTitle(\"Palos Medical Group's Dr. Kanesha Bryant provides insight on genetic testing for breast cancer\");\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      act.setLinkBack(\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community/chi-ugc-article-palos-medical-groups-dr-kanesha-bryant-prov-2-2013-05-15,0,3152151.story\");\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      act.setDescription(\"Angelina Jolie&#8217;s decision to have a double mastectomy sheds light on a weapon being used in the fight against breast cancer &#8211; 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href=\"/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community/chi-ugc-article-lemonts-chris-giatras-to-play-football-at-au-2013-05-24,0,2330216.story\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Lemont&amp;#8217;s Chris Giatras to play football at Augustana College\">Lemont&#8217;s Chris Giatras to play football at Augustana College</a></h3>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                    \n                                      <span>\n                                    \n                                            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n                                    \n                                       </span>\n                                    \n                                    \n                                </span>\n                              \n                              \n                                \n                              \n                              \n                              \n                              <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </div>\n            \n                <div class=\"headlineItem rightHeadlinePos inLine  briefRight \">\n                              \n                                \n                                <h4 class=\"headline  \"><a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community/chi-ugc-article-lemonts-nick-urban-again-finishes-among-top-2013-05-24,0,4372410.story\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Lemont&amp;#8217;s Nick Urban again finishes among top 32 at IHSA Boys&amp;#8217; Tennis State Finals\">Lemont&#8217;s Nick Urban again finishes among top 32 at IHSA Boys&#8217; Tennis State Finals</a></h4>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                    \n                                      <span>\n                                    \n                                            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n                                    \n                                       </span>\n                                    \n                                    \n                                </span>\n                              \n                              \n                                \n                              \n                              \n                              \n                              <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </div>\n            \n\n\n    <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n    \n        <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n       </div>\n  </div>\n    <div class=\"curvedBottom\">\n      <div></div>\n    </div>\n</div>\n\n    \n        \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"sectiontitle \" style=\"\">Photos from the community</h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"clear\"></div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\n    \n        \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n     \n\n\n\n<div class=\"module headlines defaultHeadlines  headColumn1   noHeadlineBGImage\" style=\";\">\n  <div class=\"curvedTop\">\n  <div class=\"openCurve\"></div>\n  <div class=\"curvedContent\">\n    \n\n    \n\n    \n  \n                <div class=\"headlineItem rightHeadlinePos   briefRight \">\n                              \n                                <a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community/chi-ugc-orland-park-homer-glen-community-photos-20130123,0,4729425.photogallery\" target=\"_top\"><img src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-5183ecf2/turbine/chi-ugc-orland-park-homer-glen-community-photos-20130123/399/399x225\" alt=\"Your photos: Orland Park and Homer Glen\" width=\"399\" height=\"225\" class=\"headlineThumb\" title=\"Your photos: Orland Park and Homer Glen\" /></a>\n                                <h2 class=\"headline  \"><a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/orland_park_homer_glen/community/chi-ugc-orland-park-homer-glen-community-photos-20130123,0,4729425.photogallery\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Your photos: Orland Park and Homer Glen\">Your photos: Orland Park and Homer Glen</a></h2>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                    \n                                    \n                                </span>\n                              \n                              \n                                \n                              \n                              \n                              \n                              <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </div>\n            \n\n\n    <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n    \n        <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n       </div>\n  </div>\n    <div class=\"curvedBottom\">\n      <div></div>\n    </div>\n</div>\n\n    \n        \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n     \n\n\n\n<div class=\"module headlines defaultHeadlines  headColumn1   noHeadlineBGImage\" style=\";\">\n  <div class=\"curvedTop\">\n  <div class=\"openCurve\"></div>\n  <div class=\"curvedContent\">\n    \n\n    \n\n    \n  \n                <div class=\"headlineItem rightHeadlinePos inLine  briefBelow \">\n                              \n                                <a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-photos-of-pets-20130115,0,7185971.photogallery\" target=\"_top\"><img src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-519f6843/turbine/chi-ugc-photos-of-pets-20130115/187/187x105\" alt=\"Your photos: Pets across Chicagoland\" width=\"187\" height=\"105\" class=\"headlineThumb\" title=\"Your photos: Pets across Chicagoland\" /></a>\n                                <h2 class=\"headline  \"><a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-photos-of-pets-20130115,0,7185971.photogallery\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Your photos: Pets\">Your photos: Pets</a></h2>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                    \n                                      <span>\n                                    \n                                            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n                                    \n                                       </span>\n                                    \n                                    \n                                </span>\n                              \n                              \n                                \n                              \n                              \n                              \n                              <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </div>\n            \n                <div class=\"headlineItem rightHeadlinePos inLine  briefBelow \">\n                              \n                                <a href=\"/features/chi-chicago-tribune-photo-challenge,0,1637728.story\" target=\"_top\"><img src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51965fac/turbine/chi-chicago-tribune-photo-challenge/186/186x105\" alt=\"Chicago Tribune photo challenge\" width=\"186\" height=\"105\" class=\"headlineThumb\" title=\"Chicago Tribune photo challenge\" /></a>\n                                <h3 class=\"headline  \"><a href=\"/features/chi-chicago-tribune-photo-challenge,0,1637728.story\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Photo challenge: Flowers\">Photo challenge: Flowers</a></h3>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                    \n                                      <span>\n                                    \n                                            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n                                    \n                                       </span>\n                                    \n                                    \n                                </span>\n                              \n                              \n                                \n                              \n                              \n                              \n                              <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </div>\n            \n                <div class=\"headlineItem rightHeadlinePos inLine  briefBelow \">\n                              \n                                <a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-backyard-wildlife-photos-20130412,0,2440684.photogallery\" target=\"_top\"><img src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-519cdabd/turbine/chi-ugc-backyard-wildlife-photos-20130412/187/187x105\" alt=\"Your photos: Backyard wildlife\" width=\"187\" height=\"105\" class=\"headlineThumb\" title=\"Your photos: Backyard wildlife\" /></a>\n                                <h3 class=\"headline  \"><a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-backyard-wildlife-photos-20130412,0,2440684.photogallery\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Your photos: Backyard wildlife\">Your photos: Backyard wildlife</a></h3>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                    \n                                      <span>\n                                    \n                                            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n                                    \n                                       </span>\n                                    \n                                    \n                                </span>\n                              \n                              \n                                \n                              \n                              \n                              \n                              <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </div>\n            \n                <div class=\"headlineItem rightHeadlinePos inLine  briefBelow \">\n                              \n                                <a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-youth-sports-suburbs-20130115,0,5684283.photogallery\" target=\"_top\"><img src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51965ff0/turbine/chi-ugc-youth-sports-suburbs-20130115/187/187x105\" alt=\"Your photos: Youth sports in Chicagoland\" width=\"187\" height=\"105\" class=\"headlineThumb\" title=\"Your photos: Youth sports in Chicagoland\" /></a>\n                                <h3 class=\"headline  \"><a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-youth-sports-suburbs-20130115,0,5684283.photogallery\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Your photos: Youth sports\">Your photos: Youth sports</a></h3>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                    \n                                      <span>\n                                    \n                                            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n                                    \n                                       </span>\n                                    \n                                    \n                                </span>\n                              \n                              \n                                \n                              \n                              \n                              \n                              <div class=\"clear\"></div>\n                            </div>\n            \n                <div class=\"headlineItem rightHeadlinePos inLine  briefBelow \">\n                              \n                                <a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-suburban-school-photos-20130115,0,7641092.photogallery\" target=\"_top\"><img src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51965f68/turbine/chi-ugc-suburban-school-photos-20130115/186/186x105\" alt=\"Your photos: Chicagoland schools\" width=\"186\" height=\"105\" class=\"headlineThumb\" title=\"Your photos: Chicagoland schools\" /></a>\n                                <h4 class=\"headline  \"><a href=\"/news/local/suburbs/community/chi-ugc-suburban-school-photos-20130115,0,7641092.photogallery\" target=\"_top\" title=\"Your school photos\">Your school photos</a></h4>\n                              \n\n                              \n\n                              \n                                <span class=\"update-source\">\n                                   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		"<!--[if !IE]> This has NOT been served from cache <![endif]-->\n<!--[if !IE]> Request served from apache server: S264630NJ2XSF01 <![endif]-->\n<!--[if !IE]> token: bd8196cc-5109-4f20-b81b-129ced857ac1 <![endif]-->\n<!--[if !IE]> App Server /S264630NJ2XSF48/ <![endif]-->\r\n\r\n\r\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\"\r\n    \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">\r\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">\r\n<head>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"//nexus.ensighten.com/reuters/Bootstrap.js\"></script>\r\n\r\n<title>\r\n      U.S. sets $1 billion healthcare innovation initiative\n| Reuters\n\n</title>\r\n\t\t<meta name=\"DCSext.ChannelList\" content=\"newsOne;politicsNews;healthNews;Honda;treasuryMarkets;JPMorgan;jpGambaroPeople;trending-hp;samsung;newsproHome;ernstyoung\">\r\n\r\n\r\n<META name=\"description\" content=\"WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The Obama administration on Wednesday announced a $1 billion initiative to 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         <li><a href=\"/politics\">Politics &#187;</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href=\"/news/health\">Health &#187;</a></li>\r\n                </ul>\r\n        </div>\r\n    </div>\r\n</div></div><div class=\"columnRight\"><div class=\"relatedRail gridPanel grid2\"><div id=\"thirdPartyLinkbackNews\"></div></div></div><div class=\"columnRight\"><div class=\"relatedRail gridPanel grid2\"></div></div><div class=\"columnRight\"><div id=\"relatedInteractive\" class=\"relatedRail gridPanel grid2\"></div></div><div class=\"columnRight\"><div class=\"relatedRail gridPanel grid2\">\n</div></div><script type=\"text/javascript\">\r\nif(typeof Reuters.info.skipSlideshow == 'undefined'&& document.getElementById(\"displayFrame\")) {Reuters.utils.addLoadEvent(function() { Reuters.utils.loadScript('sJSON','/assets/multimediaJSON?articleId=USBRE94E0P320130515&setImage=300&view=100&startNumber=1') });}</script>\r\n<div class=\"relatedPhoto landscape\" id=\"articleImage\">\r\n\t\t\t<img\r\n        \t\tsrc=\"http://s1.reutersmedia.net/resources/r/?m=02&d=20130515&t=2&i=732065862&w=460&fh=&fw=&ll=&pl=&r=CBRE94E13BP00\"\r\n        \t\tborder=\"0\" alt=\"U.S. President Barack Obama speaks at a Democratic Party fundraiser at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York, May 13, 2013. REUTERS/Jason Reed\"\r\n        \t\t />\n     \t<div class=\"rolloverCaption\" id=\"captionContent\">\r\n            \t<div class=\"rolloverBg\">\r\n                    <div class=\"captionText\">\r\n                        <p>U.S. President Barack Obama speaks at a Democratic Party fundraiser at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York, May 13, 2013. </p>\r\n                        <p class=\"credit\">Credit: Reuters/Jason Reed</p>\r\n                    </div>  \r\n                </div>\r\n            </div></div>\r\n\t<div id=\"relatedInlineVideo\"><script src=\"https://www.google.com/jsapi\" language=\"javascript\"></script>\n<script language=\"javascript\" src=\"/resources_v2/js/rcom-tv.js\"> </script>\n<script language=\"javascript\" src=\"/resources_v2/js/widget-videoexpansion.js\"> </script></div><span id=\"articleText\">\r\n<span id=\"midArticle_start\"></span>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"articleInfo\">\r\n        <p>\r\n        <span class=\"location\">WASHINGTON</span> | \r\n        <span class=\"timestamp\">Wed May 15, 2013 3:27pm EDT</span>\r\n        </p>\r\n    </div>\r\n<span class=\"focusParagraph\"><p><span class=\"articleLocation\">WASHINGTON</span> (Reuters) - The Obama administration on Wednesday announced a $1 billion initiative to fund innovations in federal healthcare programs aimed at cutting costs while improving the health results.</p>\n</span><span id=\"midArticle_0\"></span><p>The Department of Health and Human Services said the money will be used to award and evaluate projects that test new payment and delivery models for federal programs including Medicare, Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program.</p><span id=\"midArticle_1\"></span><p>The announcement marks the second round of innovation initiatives for the administration under President Barack Obama's 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.</p><span id=\"midArticle_2\"></span><p>The government is looking for models that can quickly cut costs in outpatient or post-acute settings, improve care for people with special needs, transform healthcare providers' financial and clinical models or improve health conditions by clinical category, geographic area or socioeconomic class.</p><span id=\"midArticle_3\"></span><p>The application period runs from June 14 to August 15.</p><span id=\"midArticle_4\"></span><p>(Reporting by David Morgan; Editing by Gerald E. McCormick and Vicki Allen)</p><span id=\"midArticle_5\"></span></span>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"relatedTopicButtons\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"actionButton\"><a href=\"/politics\">Politics</a></div>\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"actionButton\"><a href=\"/news/health\">Health</a></div>\r\n\t\t\t</div><div class=\"facebookRec\" tns=\"no\">\r\n\t\t<iframe src=\"http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fus-usa-healthcare-innovation-idUSBRE94E0P320130515&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=false&amp;width=450&amp;action=recommend&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=35\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:450px; height:35px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"></iframe>\r\n        </div>\r\n<div class=\"module shareLinks horizontal\">\r\n\t     <div class=\"moduleBody\">\r\n\t        <ul>\r\n\r\n                <li class=\"twitter \" tns=\"no\">\r\n                   \t\t<span class=\"hrefClone\" onclick=\"Reuters.tns.retweet();\">Tweet this</span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\r\n                <li class=\"linkedIn \" tns=\"no\">\r\n                       \t<span class=\"hrefClone\" onclick=\"Reuters.utils.popup('http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&source=Reuters&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fus-usa-healthcare-innovation-idUSBRE94E0P320130515&title=U.S.+sets+%241+billion+healthcare+innovation+initiative&summary=WASHINGTON+%28Reuters%29+-+The+Obama+administration+on+Wednesday+announced+a+%241+billion+initiative+to+fund+innovations+in+federal+healthcare+programs+aimed+at+cutting+costs+while+improving+the+health+results.%0AThe+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services...', 520, 570, 1, 'shareArticle');\">Link this</span>\r\n                 \t</li>\r\n\t            <li class=\"facebook\" tns=\"no\"><span class=\"hrefClone\" onclick=\"Reuters.utils.popup('http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fus-usa-healthcare-innovation-idUSBRE94E0P320130515&t=U.S.+sets+%241+billion+healthcare+innovation+initiative', 626, 436, 1, 'shareArticle');\">Share this</span></li>\r\n\t            <li class=\"digg \" tns=\"no\">\r\n                       \t<span class=\"hrefClone\" onclick=\"Reuters.utils.popup('http://digg.com/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fus-usa-healthcare-innovation-idUSBRE94E0P320130515&bodytext=U.S.+sets+%241+billion+healthcare+innovation+initiative', 1062, 570, 1, 'shareArticle');\">Digg this</span>\r\n\t                </li>\r\n\t            <li tns=\"no\" class=\"email\"><span class=\"hrefClone\" onclick=\"Reuters.utils.popup('/do/emailArticle?articleId=USBRE94E0P320130515', 580, 735, 1, 'emailArticle');\">Email</span></li>\r\n\t\t\t<li tns=\"no\" class=\"reprints\"><a href=\"http://www.reutersreprints.com\">Reprints</a></li>\r\n            </ul>\r\n\t    </div>\r\n\t</div>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://widget.perfectmarket.com/reuters/load.js\"></script><div class=\"linebreak\"></div>\n\t<div class=\"section\">\n\t<div class=\"sectionContent\">\n<div class=\"sectionColumns\">\n\n<div class=\"gridPanel grid12\">\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\r\n\tReuters.namespace(\"info\");\r\n\tReuters.info.outbrain_env = 'produsx';\r\n</script>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\ndocument.write('<div class=\"OUTBRAIN\" data-src=\"http://www.reuters.com' + Reuters.info.articleUrl + '?env' + Reuters.info.outbrain_env +'=0\" data-widget-id=\"AR_2\" data-ob-template=\"reuters\" ></div>');\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://widgets.outbrain.com/outbrain.js\"></script>\n<div class=\"linebreak\"></div>\n\t</div>\n\n</div>\n\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"section\">\n\t<div class=\"sectionContent\">\n<div class=\"sectionColumns\">\n\n<div class=\"gridPanel grid12\">\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\r\n\tReuters.namespace(\"info\");\r\n\tReuters.info.outbrain_env = 'produsx';\r\n</script>\r\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\ndocument.write('<div class=\"OUTBRAIN\" data-src=\"http://www.reuters.com' + Reuters.info.articleUrl + '?env' + Reuters.info.outbrain_env +'=0\" data-widget-id=\"AR_3\" data-ob-template=\"reuters\" ></div>');\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://widgets.outbrain.com/outbrain.js\"></script>\n<div class=\"linebreak\"></div>\n\t</div>\n\n</div>\n\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"> \n    (function() { \n        var params = \n        { \n            id: \"da568cfd-fd3d-4053-b1dc-82535e4148bb\", \n            d: \"cmV1dGVycy5jb20=\", \n            wid: \"5301\" \n        }; 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If you see a comment that you believe is irrelevant or inappropriate, you can flag it to our editors by using the report abuse links. Views expressed in the comments do not represent those of Reuters. For more information on our comment policy, see <a href=\"http://blogs.reuters.com/fulldisclosure/2010/09/27/toward-a-more-thoughtful-conversation-on-stories/\">http://blogs.reuters.com/fulldisclosure/2010/09/27/toward-a-more-thoughtful-conversation-on-stories/</a></div>\r\n<div class=\"articleComments\">\r\n<div class=\"commentsHeader\">Comments (11)</div>\r\n<div class=\"singleComment\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"commentAuthor\">\r\n        <a href=\"/profile/unionwv\">unionwv</a> wrote:\r\n        </div>\r\n   \t\t<div class=\"commentsBody\" <p>&#8220;Models&#8221; will become &#8220;Edicts&#8221;, ossified and opressive &#8211; typical governmental evolution of &#8220;service&#8221; to the people.</p>\n<p>Healthcare innovation and flecibility will be available only to those wealthy enough to escape the U.S. communistic dragnet.</p>\n</div>\r\n    <div class=\"timestamp\">May 15, 2013&nbsp;10:53am EDT&nbsp;&nbsp;--&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:Reuters.utils.reportAsAbuse(830696)\">Report as abuse</a></div>\r\n    </div>\r\n    <div class=\"singleComment\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"commentAuthor\">\r\n        <a href=\"/profile/Inertia\">Inertia</a> wrote:\r\n        </div>\r\n   \t\t<div class=\"commentsBody\" <p>Wasn&#8217;t the Gov program in general based on its ability to grant better coverage for less money?  Now, after it&#8217;s set into law and turning out to be a financial nightmare, there&#8217;s a contest to get a piece of $1B to find a way to make this system work.  </p>\n<p>Is that a way to say &#8220;we screwed up&#8221; without saying it outright?</p>\n</div>\r\n    <div class=\"timestamp\">May 15, 2013&nbsp;10:58am EDT&nbsp;&nbsp;--&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:Reuters.utils.reportAsAbuse(830701)\">Report as abuse</a></div>\r\n    </div>\r\n    <div class=\"singleComment\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"commentAuthor\">\r\n        <a href=\"/profile/Ron4Sure\">Ron4Sure</a> wrote:\r\n        </div>\r\n   \t\t<div class=\"commentsBody\" <p>Yes, instead of wasting time creating Obamacare, what they should have been doing was creating a single payer system.  Now, seeing the error of its ways, and acknowledging massive overcharging and bloating of healthcare costs, they are going to throw more taxpayer money at finding alternatives.  Things get ever more ridiculous in Washington.  Our legislators need to get to work actually doing something to fix the healthcare system &#8212; like, for instance, getting the insurance companies out of it completely and letting the government deliver healthcare.  And yes, the government should cap procedures.</p>\n</div>\r\n    <div class=\"timestamp\">May 15, 2013&nbsp;11:07am EDT&nbsp;&nbsp;--&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:Reuters.utils.reportAsAbuse(830714)\">Report as abuse</a></div>\r\n    </div>\r\n    <div class=\"commentPrompt\">This discussion is now closed. 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In a climate of aggressive public health policy trying to cut down on formula use and encourage new moms to give infants only breast milk, the study results are likely to be controversial, and they may seem counterintuitive, the authors said.  [...] for a select group of new mothers who are eager to breast-feed, small doses of formula, given for a short and carefully monitored time, may alleviate some of the stress associated with breast-feeding and, in turn, give them confidence to stick with it, said Dr. Valerie Flaherman, lead author of the study, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.  Breast-feeding is widely supported by doctors and public health authorities, and groups like the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that women breast-feed babies for at least one year, and give infants nothing but breast milk for the first six months.  The study authors said they all are proponents of exclusive breast-feeding, and that the idea behind their study was to find creative ways to help women breast-feed longer.  Mothers in the first group were instructed to keep breast-feeding, about eight to 12 times a day, and give their infants about two teaspoons of formula from a syringe after each feeding.  First few daysThe formula supplementation lasted only for the first few days after birth, when mothers aren't yet producing regular breast milk.  [...] lactation experts not involved in the study said they were wary that mothers might get the message that formula is always an acceptable alternative to breast milk.\" />\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://contribute.sfgate.com/ver1.0/Content/ua/scripts/pluckApps.js\"></script>\n<!-- This replaces collected.js we could remove these js if pluck provides code (json.app call) to submit comment to twitter -->\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://contribute.sfgate.com/ver1.0/content/direct/scripts/yahoo-min.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://contribute.sfgate.com/ver1.0/content/direct/scripts/json-min.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://contribute.sfgate.com/ver1.0/content/direct/scripts/pork.iframe.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://contribute.sfgate.com/ver1.0/content/direct/scripts/requestbatch.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://contribute.sfgate.com/ver1.0/content/direct/scripts/requesttypes.js\"></script>\n<!-- /This replaces collected.js -->\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://contribute.sfgate.com/ver1.0/Direct/SocialProxy.js\"></script>\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n<!--\n// define common vars (with templates values) known by functions\n\n  var HDNPluck = HDNPluck || {};\n\n  HDNPluck['serverUrl_host']  = 'http://contribute.sfgate.com';\n  HDNPluck['serverUrl']       = HDNPluck['serverUrl_host']+'/ver1.0/Direct/Process';\n  var serverUrl               = HDNPluck['serverUrl'];  \n  HDNPluck['file']            = 'sfgate-article-4510136';\n  HDNPluck['file_pag']        = HDNPluck['file'];\n  HDNPluck['isActive']        = '1';\n  HDNPluck['full_filepath']   = '/health/article/Tiny-bit-of-formula-promotes-breast-feeding-4510136.php';\n  HDNPluck['success_page']    = '/health/articleComments/Tiny-bit-of-formula-promotes-breast-feeding-4510136.php';\n  HDNPluck['artcontxt']       = 'article';\n  HDNPluck['artsec']          = 'article';\n  HDNPluck['categories']      = 'News,Health'.split(',');\n  HDNPluck['categories'].unshift('article');\n// -->\n</script>\n\n\n<!-- templates/hearst/home/pluckHeadJS.tpl -->\t\t\r\n\t\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"/external/js/global.header.3.13.0.25015.js\"></script>\r\n\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t<title>Tiny bit of formula promotes breast-feeding - SFGate</title>\r\n\r\n\t\t<link rel=\"SHORTCUT ICON\" href=\"/favicon.ico\" />\r\n\t\t<link rel=\"apple-touch-icon\" href=\"/apple-touch-icon.png\"/>\r\n\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Tiny-bit-of-formula-promotes-breast-feeding-4510136.php\" />\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Giving a little bit of formula - the equivalent of a single bottle over several days - to a newborn who's losing too much weight after birth might actually increase the likelihood that the baby will be breast-feeding three months later, according to a small Bay Area study.  In a climate of aggressive public health policy trying to cut down on formula use and encourage new moms to give infants only breast milk, the study results are likely to be controversial, and they may seem counterintuitive, the authors said.  [...] for a select group of new mothers who are eager to breast-feed, small doses of formula, given for a short and carefully monitored time, may alleviate some of the stress associated with breast-feeding and, in turn, give them confidence to stick with it, said Dr. Valerie Flaherman, lead author of the study, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.  Breast-feeding is widely supported by doctors and public health authorities, and groups like the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that women breast-feed babies for at least one year, and give infants nothing but breast milk for the first six months.  The study authors said they all are proponents of exclusive breast-feeding, and that the idea behind their study was to find creative ways to help women breast-feed longer.  Mothers in the first group were instructed to keep breast-feeding, about eight to 12 times a day, and give their infants about two teaspoons of formula from a syringe after each feeding.  First few daysThe formula supplementation lasted only for the first few days after birth, when mothers aren't yet producing regular breast milk.  [...] lactation experts not involved in the study said they were wary that mothers might get the message that formula is always an acceptable alternative to breast milk.\" />\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"formula,formula supplementation,study authors,baby,public health,breast milk,tiny bit,study,daysThe formula supplementation,differenceThe study authors,women,public health authorities,mother,public health policy,health benefits,group,baby formula,infants,study results,reasons women,mothers attempt,author,formula group,women stick,milk,staff writer,lactation experts,birth,feeding cycle,supplementation,nipple confusion,birth weight,hospital,follow-up research,health,producing regular,small-scale trial,weight,aggressive public health,lead author,option,lactation,acceptable alternative,creative ways,pediatrician,Distinct resultsAt,medical director,exclusive,dichotomous thinking,breast,single bottle,stanford,viable option,key complaint,results,bottle,rubber nipple,doctors,control group,lower risks,teaspoons,managed formula,feeding\" />\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"author.name\" content=\"Erin Allday\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"author.title\" content=\"\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"date.release\" content=\"2013/13/05\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"time.release\" content=\"0:01\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"publisher\" content=\"San Francisco Chronicle\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"sections\" content=\"News,Health\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"subject\" content=\"children,preventative medicine,health organisations,family,infants\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"ICBM\" content=\"37.7632498, -122.4579294\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<meta name=\"ICBM\" content=\"37.424106, -122.1660756\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t                \r\n                \r\n\r\n                \t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\n\n    <meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tiny bit of formula promotes breast-feeding\" />\n            <meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Giving a little bit of formula - the equivalent of a single bottle over several days - to a newborn who&#039;s losing too much weight after birth might actually increase the likelihood that the baby will be breast-feeding three months later, according to a small Bay Area study.  In a climate of aggressive public health policy trying to cut down on formula use and encourage new moms to give infants only breast milk, the study results are likely to be controversial, and they may seem counterintuitive, the authors said.  [...] for a select group of new mothers who are eager to breast-feed, small doses of formula, given for a short and carefully monitored time, may alleviate some of the stress associated with breast-feeding and, in turn, give them confidence to stick with it, said Dr. Valerie Flaherman, lead author of the study, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.  Breast-feeding is widely supported by doctors and public health authorities, and groups like the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that women breast-feed babies for at least one year, and give infants nothing but breast milk for the first six months.  The study authors said they all are proponents of exclusive breast-feeding, and that the idea behind their study was to find creative ways to help women breast-feed longer.  Mothers in the first group were instructed to keep breast-feeding, about eight to 12 times a day, and give their infants about two teaspoons of formula from a syringe after each feeding.  First few daysThe formula supplementation lasted only for the first few days after birth, when mothers aren&#039;t yet producing regular breast milk.  [...] lactation experts not involved in the study said they were wary that mothers might get the message that formula is always an acceptable alternative to breast milk.\" />\n        <meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" />\n    <meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Tiny-bit-of-formula-promotes-breast-feeding-4510136.php#src=fb\" />\n    <meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/21/47/10/4616764/6/150x150.jpg\" />\n    <meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SFGate\" />\n\n            \n                    <meta property=\"og:latitude\" content=\"37.7632498\"/>\n                            <meta property=\"og:longitude\" content=\"-122.4579294\"/>\n                            <meta property=\"og:street-address\" content=\"UCSF, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA\"/>\n                            <meta property=\"og:locality\"content=\"San 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                                          <h5 class=\"timestamp updated\" title=\"2013-05-13T00:02:25Z\">\n                Published 12:02&nbsp;am, Monday, May 13, 2013\n            </h5>\n        </div>\n\n<!-- e src/business/templates/hearst/article/types/standard_title.tpl -->\n\n    <!-- design/gallery/main.tpl -->\n\n    <div class=\"hst-galleryitem clearfix\">\n      <div class=\"header clearfix\">\n      \n      \n      \n    </div>\n    <ul class=\"clearfix\">\n           <li id=\"hst_galleryitem_index1\">\n                           <a><img id=\"sfgate-photo-4616764\" src=\"http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/21/47/10/4616764/6/628x471.jpg\" alt=\"BOTTLES09_19593.JPG  Glass baby bottles, long considered an anachronism, are making such a comeback that parents can't get their hands on them. 16 mo old Lucina Lippman from Berkeley holds a new glass bottle with organic formula. Photo: Lance Iversen, The Chronicle\" /></a>\n         \n         \n<!-- src/business/templates/design/gallery/caption.tpl -->\n\n\t\n\t\t<div class=\"caption\">\n\t\t\t<p>BOTTLES09_19593.JPG  Glass baby bottles, long considered an anachronism, are making such a comeback that parents can't get their hands on them. 16 mo old Lucina Lippman from Berkeley holds a new glass bottle with organic formula.</p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhoto: Lance Iversen, The Chronicle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div><div id=\"sfgate-photo-4616764-caption\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>BOTTLES09_19593.JPG Glass baby bottles, long considered an...</p>\n</div>\n\n\t\n<!-- /src/business/templates/design/gallery/caption.tpl -->\n\n              </li>\n      </ul>\n\n  \n   </div><!--/.hst-galleryitem-->\n\n                        <p>&nbsp;</p>\n        \n    <!-- e design/gallery/main.tpl -->    \n    <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    jQuery(function($) {\n        $.storySlideshow(354);\n    });\n    </script>\n    \n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"/js/hdn/slideshow/refresh.js?3.13.0.25015\"></script>\n<iframe style=\"display:none;\" id=\"galleryrefresher\" name=\"galleryrefresher\" src=\"/tmpl/slideshow_empty.html\"></iframe>\n<iframe style=\"display:none;\" id=\"gallery_pos_refresher\" name=\"gallery_pos_refresher\" src=\"/tmpl/slideshow_empty.html\"></iframe>\n<script>HDN.doRefresh = 1;</script>\n  <div class=\"hst-articlebox\">\n        \n    \r\n\r\n<!-- temporary inline style, don't judge me! -->\r\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"http://static.ak.fbcdn.net/connect.php/css/share-button-css\" media=\"all\" />\r\n<style type=\"text/css\">\r\n.fb_share_count_wrapper {\r\n  width: 52px;\r\n}\r\n.FBConnectButton_Small .FBConnectButton_Text {\r\n  padding:2px 2px 3px 3px;\r\n}\r\n.FBConnectButton_Small, .FBConnectButton_RTL_Small {\r\n  font-size:9px;\r\n  line-height:10px;\r\n}\r\n.print_link {\r\n  height: 25px;\r\n}\r\n</style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"hst-articletools\">\r\n    <div id=\"tweetmeme_1\" style=\"float: left;\">\r\n        <a href=\"http://twitter.com/share\" class=\"twitter-share-button\" data-url=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Tiny-bit-of-formula-promotes-breast-feeding-4510136.php?cmpid=twitter\" data-count=\"vertical\" data-via=\"SFGate\">Tweet</a><script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\"></script>\r\n    </div>\r\n    <div style=\"float: left; 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return false;\"><img src=\"http://www.newstimes.com/img/pages/article/tools_dropdown.gif\" alt=\"\" />Font</a></div></td>\r\n            <td class=\"ad\">\r\n                <div class=\"hst-microbar\">\n\t<div id=\"A88\" class=\"ad_deferrable\"><script type=\"text/javascript\"> /*<![CDATA[*/ hearstPlaceAd(\"A88\"); /*]]>*/ </script></div>\n</div>            </td>\r\n        </tr>\r\n    </table>\r\n <div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\r\n</div><!--/.hst-articletools-->\r\n            \n\n        \n  </div>\n\n<div class=\"hst-articlepager-report\" id=\"articlepagerreport\">Page 1 of 1</div>\n<div class=\"hst-articletext\"><div id=\"fontprefs_top\" class=\"georgia md\">\n\n  <div id=\"text\" class=\"entry-content\">\n        <p>Giving a little bit of formula - the equivalent of a single bottle over several days - to a newborn who's losing too much weight after birth might actually increase the likelihood that the baby will be breast-feeding three months later, according to a small Bay Area study.</p><p>In a climate of aggressive public health policy trying to cut down on formula use and encourage new moms to give infants only breast milk, the study results are likely to be controversial, and they may seem counterintuitive, the authors said.</p><p>But for a select group of new mothers who are eager to breast-feed, small doses of formula, given for a short and carefully monitored time, may alleviate some of the stress associated with breast-feeding and, in turn, give them confidence to stick with it, said Dr. <a href=\"/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=health&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22Valerie+Flaherman%22\">Valerie Flaherman</a>, lead author of the study, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.</p><p>\"This study does not mean that all babies should get formula or that formula is better than breast-feeding. It's my strong belief that most babies do not need formula,\" said Flaherman, a pediatrician at UCSF Benioff <a href=\"/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=health&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22Children%27s+Hospital%22\">Children's Hospital</a>. \"But it does raise the possibility that some babies may benefit from a little bit of carefully managed formula.\"</p><p>Breast-feeding is widely supported by doctors and public health authorities, and groups like the World Health Organization and the <a href=\"/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=health&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention%22\">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> recommend that women breast-feed babies for at least one year, and give infants nothing but breast milk for the first six months.</p><p>Babies who are breast-fed have lower risks of developing infections and allergies in their infancy, and the longer they're breast-fed, the greater the health benefits, studies have shown. Increasingly, U.S. hospitals have been developing policies to discourage any formula use for new mothers and babies, and to make sure mothers have at least attempted to breast-feed before they go home.</p><h3 class=\"subhead\" style=\"subhead\">Many give up</h3><p>But in the United States, while roughly three-quarters of mothers attempt to breast-feed, only 30 percent of them are breast-feeding exclusively at three months, and less than a quarter are breast-feeding at all by the time the baby is a year old.</p><p>The reasons women stop breast-feeding are varied and complicated and not always well understood. One possibility that the study authors wanted to address was the idea that for babies who are struggling to gain or maintain weight, mothers may worry about not producing enough milk and turn to formula use.</p><p>\"In the first three days or so, the key complaint we hear is 'I'm concerned I don't have enough milk. I'm worried my baby is starving,' \" said Dr. <a href=\"/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=health&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22Janelle+Aby%22\">Janelle Aby</a>, a pediatrician at Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford and an author of the study. \"Then we do daily weighs and it's dropping and dropping, and that's very stressful. Some moms, they get to a place where they can't take it anymore and they give the baby formula.\"</p><h3 class=\"subhead\" style=\"subhead\">Bottle-feeding effects</h3><p>But using formula can create a feeding cycle that makes breast-feeding more difficult. Babies who finish an entire bottle of formula, for example, may adapt to feeding in longer cycles, instead of every two to three hours for breast-feeding. Babies may also experience nipple confusion, where they get used to the rubber nipple of a bottle and not their mother's breast.</p><p>The study authors said they all are proponents of exclusive breast-feeding, and that the idea behind their study was to find creative ways to help women breast-feed longer.</p><p>The study of 40 infants was a small trial, and it will need to be replicated in follow-up research among larger, more diverse groups of mothers, the authors said. All of the infants had lost at least 5 percent but less than 10 percent of their birth weight in the first 36 hours of life, which is considered a high drop in weight, but not dangerously so. </p><p>The infants - who were all born at either UCSF or Stanford - were randomly assigned to a group that would receive formula supplementation or a group that would breast-feed without formula. Mothers in the first group were instructed to keep breast-feeding, about eight to 12 times a day, and give their infants about two teaspoons of formula from a syringe after each feeding.</p><h3 class=\"subhead\" style=\"subhead\">First few days</h3><p>The formula supplementation lasted only for the first few days after birth, when mothers aren't yet producing regular breast milk. Once they produced milk, the mothers in the study were told to stop using any formula.</p><p>All of the infants in both groups were still breast-feeding after one week. By the end of that week, only 10 percent of infants in the formula group were still using formula. But among infants assigned to the exclusive breast-feeding group, nearly half were using formula.</p><h3 class=\"subhead\" style=\"subhead\">Distinct results</h3><p>At three months, 79 percent of the babies in the formula group and 42 percent of babies in the control group were breast-feeding exclusively.</p><p>The results, while promising as an option for helping some women stick with breast-feeding, are probably not applicable to all new mothers in the United States. And lactation experts not involved in the study said they were wary that mothers might get the message that formula is always an acceptable alternative to breast milk.</p><p>\"Just looking over the study very cursorily, you could get the impression that it's OK to give your kid a little formula. But without the specific need for supplementation, and without a specific plan, that's probably not going to be true,\" said Dr. <a href=\"/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=health&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22David+Lee%22\">David Lee</a>, medical director of the lactation support program at <a href=\"/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=health&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22California+Pacific+Medical+Center%22\">California Pacific Medical Center</a>, who was not involved in the study.</p><h3 class=\"subhead\" style=\"subhead\">Bay Area difference</h3><p>The study authors agreed that their results may not apply across the country, and they noted that Bay Area women in general are much more eager to breast-feed than women in other parts of the country. At UCSF, 98 percent of women who give birth there leave the hospital at least having started to breast-feed.</p><p>Suggesting any amount of formula supplementation, if only a couple of teaspoons at a time, to women who aren't interested in breast-feeding in the first place may only discourage them further, the authors said. But their study at least suggests that formula may be a viable option - even for women who are inclined to dismiss it, said Aby at Stanford.</p><p>\"Formula is kind of demonized,\" Aby said. \"I certainly don't want all of our kids raised on formula, and I do think breast milk is a lot better.</p><p>\"But we have this dichotomy where we want people to breast-feed, but when that's not successful, people just switch over to bottle-feeding the baby with formula,\" she said. \"We need to get away from the dichotomous thinking. Hopefully this opens a dialogue.\"</p><p class=\"dtlcomment\">Erin Allday is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. E-mail: <a href=\"mailto:eallday@sfchronicle.com\">eallday@sfchronicle.com</a></p>\n  \t  \t\n  </div>\n  \n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  jQuery(function($) {\n    $('#text').paginator('.hst-articlepager', $('.hst-articlebox').height());\n  });\n  </script>\n  \n\n\n      </div></div><!--/.hst-articletext-->\n</div>\n<div class=\"hst-articlefooter\">\n\n\n    <!-- temporary inline style below, don't judge me! -->\n    <div class=\"hst-articletools2\">\n        <div class=\"arbox print first\">\n            <a href=\"javascript:hst_print();\"><img src=\"/img/pages/article/tools_print.gif\" alt=\"\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /> Printable Version</a>\n        </div>\n        <div class=\"arbox print\">\n          <a href=\"mailto:?subject=Tiny bit of formula promotes breast-feeding&body=http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Tiny-bit-of-formula-promotes-breast-feeding-4510136.php\" /><img src=\"http://www.newstimes.com/img/pages/article/tools_mail.gif\" alt=\"\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" /> Email This</a>\n          <!-- RM 20174\n        \t<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"popup('/?controllerName=emailThis&sitename=sfgate&object=article&objectid=4510136&site=19&title=Tiny+bit+of+formula+promotes+breast-feeding&url=http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Tiny-bit-of-formula-promotes-breast-feeding-4510136.php'); 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img=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/22/03/30/4732453/3/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/news/slideshow/Britain-fetes-60-years-of-the-Queen-63834.php\">Britain fetes 60 years of the Queen</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                                \n                                                                        <li class=\"item\" img=\"http://ww4.hdnux.com/photos/21/56/65/4648299/11/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/news/slideshow/San-Francisco-Housing-Authority-62689.php\">San Francisco Housing Authority</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n 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Focus</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                                \n                                                                        <li class=\"item\" img=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/21/54/13/4637409/5/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/news/slideshow/Chris-Kluwe-signs-with-the-Raiders-62512.php\">Chris Kluwe signs with the Raiders</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                                \n                                                                        <li class=\"item last\" img=\"http://ww4.hdnux.com/photos/22/02/46/4729267/5/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/news/slideshow/Pie-63800.php\">Pie</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                                                                        </div>\n                                        <div class=\"tab hidden\">\n                                \n                                                                        <li class=\"item\" img=\"http://ww4.hdnux.com/photos/22/02/40/4728847/3/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/entertainment/slideshow/Chime-for-Change-Concert-63796.php\">Chime for Change Concert</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                           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img=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/22/02/34/4728581/3/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/news/slideshow/Chanel-Dinner-For-NRDC-63791.php\">Chanel Dinner For NRDC</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                                \n                                                                        <li class=\"item last\" img=\"http://ww4.hdnux.com/photos/22/02/17/4727775/3/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/news/slideshow/Protests-in-Turkey-turn-violent-63777.php\">Protests in Turkey turn violent</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                       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bonanza</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                                                        \n\n                                                                        </div>\n                                        <div class=\"tab hidden\">\n                                \n                                                                        <li class=\"item\" img=\"http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/21/70/46/4688270/7/square_horiz_promo.jpg\">\n                                                <h4><a   href=\"/news/slideshow/Larry-Ellison-039-s-quest-for-the-America-039-s-63253.php\">Larry Ellison&#039;s quest for the America&#039;s Cup</a></h4>\n                                        </li>\n                                                                                                            </div>\n  </ul>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    //<![CDATA[\n        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class=\"mostcommented\" href=\"#\"><span>Most Commented</span></a></li>\n                               \n        </ul>\n<!-- e /templates/hearst/home/most_commented_header.tpl -->\r\n\r\n    \r\n                <div class=\"content-tab\"><ol>\r\n\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"/news/politics/article/Protester-interrupts-Michelle-Obama-at-fundraiser-4577341.php\" title=\"Protester interrupts Michelle Obama at fundraiser\">Protester interrupts Michelle Obama at fundraiser</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"/news/crime/article/CHP-Man-arrested-who-abandoned-injured-son-on-I-5-4577656.php\" title=\"CHP: Man arrested who abandoned injured son on I-5\">CHP: Man arrested who abandoned injured son on I-5</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2013/06/04/why-zynga-is-failing-in-basic-napkin-math/\" title=\"Why Zynga is failing — in basic napkin math\">Why Zynga is failing — in basic napkin math</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/hottopics/2013/06/04/navy-seal-warrior-princess-comes-out-in-new-memoir/\" title=\"Ex-Navy SEAL ‘Warrior Princess’ comes out in new memoir\">Ex-Navy SEAL ‘Warrior Princess’ comes out in new memoir</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"/giants/article/Tim-Lincecum-tames-Jays-2-1-4577602.php\" title=\"Tim Lincecum tames Jays, 2-1\">Tim Lincecum tames Jays, 2-1</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"/news/texas/article/100-students-ejected-from-NYC-to-Atlanta-flight-4576124.php\" title=\"100 students ejected from NYC-to-Atlanta flight\">100 students ejected from NYC-to-Atlanta flight</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li class=\"last\">\r\n                    <a href=\"/technology/businessinsider/article/The-Stunning-Image-Of-The-Lady-In-Red-Will-4575353.php\" title=\"The Stunning Image Of 'The Lady In Red' Will Endure Even After The Turkey Protests End\">The Stunning Image Of 'The Lady In Red' Will Endure Even After The Turkey Protests End</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n            \r\n        </ol></div>\r\n            \r\n                <div class=\"content-tab\"><ol>\r\n\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/100-students-ejected-from-NYC-to-Atlanta-flight-4576124.php\" title=\"100 students ejected from NYC to Atlanta flight\">100 students ejected from NYC to Atlanta flight</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/hottopics/2013/06/04/navy-seal-warrior-princess-comes-out-in-new-memoir/\" title=\"Ex-Navy SEAL %u2018Warrior Princess%u2019 comes out in new memoir\">Ex-Navy SEAL %u2018Warrior Princess%u2019 comes out in new memoir</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Crime-up-in-Oakland-much-of-Bay-Area-4573391.php\" title=\"Crime up in Oakland, much of Bay Area\">Crime up in Oakland, much of Bay Area</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2013/06/04/internet-billionaires-lavish-wedding-put-threatened-species-at-risk/\" title=\"Internet billionaire's lavish wedding put threatened species at risk\">Internet billionaire's lavish wedding put threatened species at risk</a>\r\n                </li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <a href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/cityinsider/2013/06/04/audit-housing-authority-left-millions-on-the-table/\" title=\"Audit: Housing Authority left millions on the table\">Audit: Housing Authority left 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hdnce-collection-14679-blockstates_tab_alt\">\n<!-- collections/blockstates_tab.tpl -->\n<!-- collection.blockstates_tab_alt.14679 -->\n<ul>\n\n                            <li class=\"item first hnews hentry item\">\n                                        <p class=\"illo\"><a   href=\"/jobs/slideshow/Game-of-Thrones-characters-in-the-workplace-63833.php\"><img src=\"http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/22/03/25/4732276/9/blockstates2.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></a>\n                                </p>\n                                                            <h4><a class=\"entry-title \"  href=\"/jobs/slideshow/Game-of-Thrones-characters-in-the-workplace-63833.php\">Who would rule the office?</a></h4>\n                    <div class=\"detail entry-summary\">How would 'Game of Thrones' characters cope in today's workplace?</div>\n\n                \n                </li>\n        </ul>\n<!-- e blockstates_tab.tpl --></div>                                        </div>\r\n                                                        <div class=\"tabcontent\">\r\n                        \r\n                                                    <div class=\"hide-rss-link hdnce-e hdnce-collection-14678-blockstates_tab_alt\">\n<!-- collections/blockstates_tab.tpl -->\n<!-- collection.blockstates_tab_alt.14678 -->\n<ul>\n\n                            <li class=\"item first hnews hentry item\">\n                                        <p class=\"illo\"><a   href=\"/realestate/walkthrough/article/Mediterranean-style-home-in-San-Ramon-4576644.php\"><img src=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/22/02/32/4728501/3/blockstates2.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></a>\n                                <br /><span class=\"credit\">AllAccessPhoto.com</span></p>\n                                                                                                            \n                                <!-- src/business/templates/hearst/article/news_registry/hidden.tpl -->\n\n<!-- e src/business/templates/hearst/article/news_registry/hidden.tpl -->\n                                            <h4><a class=\"entry-title \"  href=\"/realestate/walkthrough/article/Mediterranean-style-home-in-San-Ramon-4576644.php\">Spacious Mediterranean</a></h4>\n                    <div class=\"detail entry-summary\">Four-bedroom San Ramon home features a courtyard and custom kitchen. Asking $1.599M.</div>\n\n                \n                </li>\n        </ul>\n<!-- e blockstates_tab.tpl --></div>                                        </div>\r\n                                                        <div class=\"tabcontent last\">\r\n                        \r\n                                                    <div class=\"hide-rss-link hdnce-e hdnce-collection-17000-blockstates_tab_alt\">\n<!-- collections/blockstates_tab.tpl -->\n<!-- collection.blockstates_tab_alt.17000 -->\n<ul>\n\n                            <li class=\"item first hnews hentry item\">\n                                        <p class=\"illo\"><a class=\"hdnce-e hdnce-blogPost-959725\"  href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2013/06/04/internet-billionaires-lavish-wedding-put-threatened-species-at-risk/\"><img src=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/22/04/06/4735369/9/blockstates2.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></a>\n                                </p>\n                                                            <h4><a class=\"entry-title hdnce-e hdnce-blogPost-959725\"  href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2013/06/04/internet-billionaires-lavish-wedding-put-threatened-species-at-risk/\">Sean Parker&#039;s Big Sur &#039;set&#039;</a></h4>\n                    <div class=\"detail entry-summary\">See the wedding structures that drew $2.5M in fines, despite the Internet mogul's green spin.</div>\n\n                \n                </li>\n        </ul>\n<!-- e blockstates_tab.tpl --></div>                                        </div>\r\n                                \r\n</div></div></div></div><!--/.hst-blockstates-vertical -->\r\n<!-- e blockstates_vertical_alt.tpl -->\r</div>        \n<!-- e src/business/widgets/hearst/collection/widget.tpl -->\n\t\n</div><!--/.span-10-->\n\n<!-- e templates/hearst/article/types/story_right.tpl  --></div><!--/.faux-21-->\n<!-- e templates/design/article/story_page.tpl -->                            \r\n    </div><!--/.content-->\r\n    \r\n\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n    var HDN = HDN || {};\r\n  \r\n    HDN.ping( {\r\n        \"id\": 4510136,\r\n        \"site\": \"sfgate\",\r\n        \"type\": \"article\"\r\n    });\r\n    $(document).ready(function () {\r\n        return hst_get_fprefs(this);\r\n    });\r\n</script>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<!-- src/business/templates/hearst/common/footer.tpl -->\n    <!-- src/business/templates/hearst/common/site_footer.tpl -->\n\n    <div class=\"hst-sitefooter clearfix\">\n\n    \n\n\n\n\t    <!-- hearst/item/standalone.tpl -->\n<div class=\"hdnce-e hdnce-item-4249\"><!-- mid:freeform.4249 -->\n<div id=\"footernav\">\r\n<ul class=\"main\">\r\n<li><a href=\"/\">Home</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/news/\">News</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/sports/\">Sports</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/business/\">Business</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/entertainment/\">Entertainment</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/food/\">Food</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/living/\">Living</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/travel/\">Travel</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://shopping.sfgate.com\">Shopping</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://jobsearch.local-jobs.monster.com/Search.aspx?wt.mc_n=hjnpsearch&ch=sanfranchron&q=&where=San%20Francisco,%20CA&re=130&cy=us&brd=1\">Find Bay Area Jobs</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/realestate/\">Real Estate</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/cars/\">Cars</a></li>\r\n<li class=\"last\"><a href=\"/index/\">Site Index</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<div class=\"sub\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"footeritem\">Company Info:</div>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"/chronicle-contacts/\">Contact Us</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hearst.com/\">Hearst</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/privacy-policy/\">Privacy Policy</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/privacy-policy/#caprivacyrights\">Your California Privacy Rights</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/termsandconditions/\">Terms & Conditions</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/chronicle/hr/\">Work for Us</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://cie.sfchron.com/sfc_nes_portal/\">Chron in Education</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/chronicle/events/\">Events &amp; Promotions</a></li>\r\n<li class=\"last\"><a href=\"/submissions/\">Submissions</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"footeritem\">Advertising Services:</div>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"/chronicle/adsite/\">Advertise with us</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://sfgate.kaango.com//\">Place a Classified</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/privacy/\">About Our Ads</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://www.legalnotice.org/pl/SFGate/landing1.aspx\">Public Notices</a></li>\r\n<li class=\"last\"><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com\">Local Businesses: Business Directory</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"footeritem\">Reader Services:</div>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://myaccount.sfchronicle.com/dsssubscribe.aspx?pid=95\">Home Delivery</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://myaccount.sfchronicle.com\">Subscribers</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/ipad/\">iPad</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://eedition.sfchronicle.com\">E-Edition</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/mobile/\">Mobile</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/rss/\">RSS Feeds</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/cgi-bin/newsletter/services/main\">Newsletters</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/feedback/\">Feedback</a></li>\r\n<!-- <li><a href=\"/gallery/buyphotos/\">Buy Photos</a></li> -->\r\n<li><a href=\"/faq/\">FAQ</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"/corrections/\">Corrections</a></li>\r\n<li class=\"last\"><a href=\"/getus\">Get Us</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"footeritem\">Local Services:</div>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/airconditioningcontractors.html\">Air Conditioning Contractors</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/cardealerships.html\">Car Dealerships</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/cleaningservice.html\">Cleaning Services</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/familydoctor.html\">Family Doctors</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/furniturestores.html\">Furniture Stores</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/injuryattorney.html\">Injury Attorneys</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/restaurants.html\">Local Restaurants</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/newcardealer.html\">New Car Dealers</a></li>\r\n<li><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/realestateagents.html\">Real Estate Agents</a></li>\r\n<li class=\"last\"><a href=\"http://local.sfgate.com/realestateattorney.html\">Real Estate Attorneys</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\n</div>\n\t\t </div><!--/.hst-sitefooter--></div><!--/.container--> \t    \n\t\t<!-- ux/sfgate footer_branding.tpl -->\n<p id=\"sitecopyright\">\n\t<a href=\"/chronicle/info/copyright/\">&copy; 2013 Hearst Communications Inc.</a>\n\t<br />\n\t<img src=\"http://imgs.sfgate.com/graphics/utils/hearst_logo.gif\" alt=\"Hearst Newspapers\" />\n</p>\n<!-- ux/sfgate footer_branding.tpl -->\n\n\t\t\n\t\n\n\n<!-- cmf/sites/sfgate/tmpl/analytics_footer.php -->\n\n<!-- BEGIN Tynt Script -->\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\nif(document.location.protocol=='http:'){\n    var Tynt=Tynt||[];Tynt.push('ad1_AICmWr3PaXab7jrHtB');Tynt.i={\"ap\":\"Read more:\"};\n    (function(){var s=document.createElement('script');s.async=\"async\";s.type=\"text/javascript\";s.src='http://tcr.tynt.com/ti.js';var h=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];h.parentNode.insertBefore(s,h);})();\n}\n</script>\n<!-- END Tynt Script -->\n\n<!-- e cmf/sites/sfgate/tmpl/analytics_footer.php -->\n<!-- /src/business/templates/hearst/common/opengraph_load.tpl -->\n  \n<!-- /src/business/templates/hearst/common/outbrain_silent_tag.tpl -->\n\n\n\n\n<!-- src/business/templates/hearst/common/footer_bottom.tpl -->\n<!-- CMP tracking code-->\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">window.IC={};(function(){var p,s;p=document.createElement('script');p.type='text/javascript';p.async=true;p.src=document.location.protocol+'//c4.iclive.com/pixel-js/c4-pixel.js';s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(p,s);})();</script>\n\n<!-- e CMP tracking code-->\n\n<!-- Buzzfeed partner code -->\n<div id=\"BF_WIDGET_1\">&nbsp;</div>\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n(function( ){\nBF_WIDGET_JS=document.createElement(\"script\"); 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	],
	[
		"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN\"\n\"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd\">\n<html prefix=\"og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#\">\n<head>\n\n\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html;charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"description\"\n      content=\"Washington state study found a nearly tripled risk, with younger adults most vulnerable\" />\n<meta name=\"keywords\"\n      content=\"Collections: Health; HealthDay; insurance; health insurance; health  ; economics; skin cancer; prostate cancer; cancer; lung cancer; breast cancer\" />\n\n\n<meta name=\"social_id\" content=\"http://t.usnews.com/a1CD201\" />\n<meta name=\"site\" content=\"news\" />\n<meta name=\"zone\" content=\"health/articles\" />\n<meta name=\"usn-content-type\" content=\"article\" />\n<meta name=\"usn-comments-mode\" content=\"facebook\" />\n\n<meta http-equiv=\"imagetoolbar\" content=\"no\" />\n<meta name=\"google-site-verification\" content=\"owJBuFHD3VHcTSsnPSOYizmUcs3GSBjbx09vBbBi1MM\" />\n<meta name=\"msvalidate.01\" content=\"A8E47FA91124063A4A9C78AD5273DC0F\" />\n\n<meta property=\"fb:app_id\" content=\"130063997038366\" />\n<meta property=\"fb:page_id\" content=\"5834919267\" />\n\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\">\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@usnews\">\n\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\">\n<meta property=\"og:title\"\n      content=\"Cancer Patients May Face Higher Bankruptcy Odds\" />\n\n\n\n  \n  \n  \n    \n  \n\n\n\n  <title>Cancer Patients May Face Higher Bankruptcy Odds - US News and World Report</title>\n\n\n\n  \n\n\n\n  <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" media=\"all\"\n        href=\"http://static.usnews.com/css/swt-global.css\" />\n\n\n\n  \n<!-- AUDIENCE SCIENCE AD TAG CODE -->\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" charset=\"utf-8\"\n        src=\"http://static.usnews.com/scripts/revsci.js\"></script>\n\n<!-- END AUDIENCE SCIENCE AD TAG CODE -->\n\n\n  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function() {\n    FB.init({\n      appId      : '130063997038366', // App ID\n      channelUrl : '//' + location.hostname + '/static/channel.html', // Channel File\n      status     : true, // check login status\n      cookie     : true, // enable cookies to allow the server to access the session\n      xfbml      : true  // parse XFBML\n    });\n    FB.Event.subscribe('comment.create', function (response) {\n      if (window.s) {\n        s.linkTrackVars = \"prop8\";\n        s.prop8 = window.location.pathname;\n        s.tl(true, 'o', 'facebook comment');\n\n      }\n    });\n  };\n\n  // Load the SDK Asynchronously\n  (function(d){\n     var js, id = 'facebook-jssdk', ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];\n     if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;}\n     js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true;\n     js.src = \"//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js\";\n     ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref);\n   }(document));\n</script>\n\n<!--[if lte IE 6]><div class=\"ie 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item-odd\">\n            <a href=\"//www.usnews.com/stem\">\n                <span class=\"\">STEM</span>\n                \n            </a>\n            \n        </li>\n    \n <li class=\" item item-even\">\n            <a href=\"//money.usnews.com/money/careers/jobs-in-2020\">\n                <span class=\"\">Jobs in 2020</span>\n                \n            </a>\n            \n        </li>\n    \n <li class=\" item item-odd\">\n            <a href=\"//money.usnews.com/money/how-to-live-to-100\">\n                <span class=\"\">How to Live to 100</span>\n                \n            </a>\n            \n        </li>\n    \n <li class=\" item item-last item-even\">\n            <a href=\"//www.usnews.com/news/cybersecurity\">\n                <span class=\"\">Cybersecurity</span>\n                \n            </a>\n            \n        </li>\n    \n\n            </ul>\n        </li>\n    \n <li class=\" item item-last item-odd\">\n            <a href=\"//www.usnews.com/rankings\">\n                <span class=\"\">Rankings</span>\n                \n            </a>\n            \n        </li>\n    \n\n            <li class=\"item header_globalNav_search\">\n                <form action=\"http://www.usnews.com/usnews/search/index.php\" method=\"get\" class=\"\">\n                    <input type=\"hidden\" class=\"hidden\" name=\"output\" value=\"xml_no_dtd\" />\n                    <input type=\"hidden\" class=\"hidden\" name=\"client\" value=\"search_v2\" />\n                    <input type=\"hidden\" class=\"hidden\" name=\"proxystylesheet\" value=\"search_v2\" />\n                    <input type=\"hidden\" class=\"hidden\" name=\"filter\" value=\"0\" />\n                    <input type=\"text\" tabindex=\"1\" name=\"q\" />\n                    <input type=\"submit\" value=\"search\" class=\"icon icon-12 icon-header icon-header-glass\" />\n                </form>\n            </li>\n        </ul>\n        <script 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use-macro=\"context/snowwhite_common/macros/printable\" /-->\n\n    <div id=\"content\">\n      \n      \n\n\n      \n      \n  <div class=\"article-logo\">\n    \n      <img src=\"http://health.usnews.com/pubdbimages/image/6533/GR_PR_healthdaylogo153x52.jpg\"\n           alt=\"\" title=\"\" />\n    \n  </div>\n\n\n      \n      <div id=\"ndn-video-single\" class=\"ndn-widget\" style=\"display: none;\"></div>\n\n      <p><b>By Barbara Bronson Gray</b><br />\n<i>HealthDay Reporter</i></p>\n<p>WEDNESDAY, May 15 (HealthDay News) -- People diagnosed with cancer are almost three times more likely to declare bankruptcy than are those without the disease, a large new study suggests.</p>\n\n      \n      <div id=\"ndn-video-single-02\" class=\"ndn-widget\" style=\"display: none;\"></div>\n\n\n      <a id=\"read_more\"></a>\n      \n<p>And younger people with cancer have up to five times higher bankruptcy rates compared to older patients with the disease, the researchers found.</p>\n<p>Of almost 200,000 people with cancer in the study based in Washington state, about 2 percent filed for bankruptcy protection after being diagnosed. Of those who were not diagnosed with cancer, 1 percent filed.</p>\n<p><strong>[See </strong><span><a href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/cancer/slideshows/5-simple-lifestyle-changes-to-help-prevent-cancer\"><strong>5 Simple Lifestyle Changes to Help Prevent Cancer</strong></a></span><strong><span>.]</span></strong></p>\n<p>Although the risk of bankruptcy for those with cancer is still relatively low, researchers said it is significant.</p>\n<p>&quot;Bankruptcy is such an extreme measure of financial distress, and we didn't include the other forms of financial difficulties people encounter,&quot; said Catherine Fedorenko, a study co-author and technical project coordinator at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, in Seattle.</p>\n<p>Whether people suffer substantial debt or have to go so far as to declare bankruptcy, their financial problems are likely to be stressful, said Karma Kreizenbeck, a study co-author and project director at the Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research.</p>\n<p>&quot;This paper shows how medical debt associated with a cancer diagnosis could be more likely to lead to a bankruptcy,&quot; Kreizenbeck said. &quot;But it could also mean people have to take second jobs, end up with lower credit scores or have to make other decisions.&quot;</p>\n<p><strong>[See </strong><span><a href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/cancer/slideshows/what-causes-cancer-7-strange-cancer-claims-explained\"><strong>What Causes Cancer? 7 Strange Cancer Claims Explained</strong></a></span><strong><span>.]</span></strong></p>\n<p>Celeste Smith, 63, was diagnosed five years ago with breast cancer.  A Seattle realtor who was just starting to do well in a new job, she found she had to stop working when she was faced with months of radiation and chemotherapy. Despite the fact that she had health insurance, her mortgage and car payment bills began to mount.  &quot;It's a horrible circle trying to get over cancer and deal with all the financial stress,&quot; she said.  Smith ended up filing for bankruptcy and moving from her foreclosed house to affordable living for seniors.</p>\n<p>Researchers have noted before that the financial burden on people with cancer can be substantial. Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey in 2004 showed that 6.5 percent of the $20.1 billion spent on cancer care by those not yet on Medicare each year comes directly from the patients themselves, according to study background information.</p>\n<p><strong>[See </strong><span><a href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/diet-fitness/cancer/articles/2010/09/08/cancer-prevention-rethink-your-diet-as-well-as-your-smoking\"><strong>Cancer Prevention: Rethink Your Diet as Well as Your Smoking</strong></a></span><strong><span>.]</span></strong></p>\n<p>A small study presented last year at an American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting showed that four of every five cancer patients and their spouses or caregivers said they had concerns about meeting medical costs and suffered associated financial and mental stress.</p>\n<p>The new research, published online May 15 and in the June print issue of <i>Health Affairs</i>, is  based on data taken from a registry of people 21 and older who lived in Washington and were diagnosed with cancer from 1995 through 2009. They were compared to a randomly sampled population of people without cancer, matched by age,  gender and ZIP code. Cancer cases were identified using a cancer registry based at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, part of a U.S. National Cancer Institute epidemiology database.</p>\n<p>Key findings of the new study include the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cancer patients were 2.65 times more likely than people without cancer to go bankrupt.</li>\n<li>Those cancer patients who filed for bankruptcy were more likely to be younger, female and nonwhite than were cancer patients who didn't file. The youngest age groups had up to 10 times the bankruptcy rate compared to the older age groups. The youngest groups in the study were diagnosed at a time when their debt was typically high and their income was not, the study noted.</li>\n<li>Bankruptcy filings went up as time went by. While the proportion of cancer patients who filed for bankruptcy within one year of diagnosis was 0.52 percent, it went up to 1.7 percent after five years.</li>\n<li>Bankruptcy rates were highest for people with the diagnosis of thyroid and lung cancer, and lowest for melanoma, <a href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-wellness/articles/2013/05/15/diet-changes-that-might-cut-breast-cancer-risk-2\">breast and prostate cancer</a>. The authors suggested that the higher rate of bankruptcy associated with thyroid cancer was likely due to the fact that it affects younger women more often than do other cancers.</li>\n</ul>\n\n      \n    </div><!--/#content-->\n\n    \n  \n  <ul id=\"pagination\">\n    \n      <li class=\"selected\">\n        1\n      </li>\n    \n    \n      <li>\n        <a href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2013/05/15/cancer-patients-may-face-higher-bankruptcy-odds?page=2\">2</a>\n      </li>\n    \n    \n      <li>\n        <a href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2013/05/15/cancer-patients-may-face-higher-bankruptcy-odds?page=2\">&gt;</a>\n      </li>\n    \n  </ul><!--/#pagination-->\n\n\n    <div id=\"footerwidgets\" class=\"col425\">\n    \n      \n\n  \n\n  \n    \n      \n\n  \n\n  <div class=\"widget widget-first widget-odd  headless  \">\n\n\n    \n\n    \n      \n\n      \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n      \n\n      \n\n\n      \n\n    \n  </div>\n\n    \n  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