You might want to read this to get an introduction to armel vs armhf.
If the below is too much, you can try Ubuntu-ARMv7-Qemu but note it contains non-free blobs.
First, cross-compile user programs with GCC-ARM toolchain. Then install qemu-user-static (or qemu-arm-static in older versions) so that you can run ARM executables directly on linux
# armel packages also exist
sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libc6-dev-armhf-cross qemu-user-static
Then compile your programs in amd64 directly:
cat > hello.c << EOF
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) { return printf("Hello ARM!\n"); }
EOF
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -static -ohello hello.c
file hello
hello: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked,
./hello
Hello ARM!
If you want a dynamically-linked executable, you've to pass the linker path too:
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -ohello hello.c
qemu-arm -L /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/ ./hello # or qemu-arm-static
sudo apt-get install qemu
Create a hard disk for your virtual machine with required capacity.
qemu-img create -f raw armdisk.img 8G
You can then install Debian using an ISO CD or directly from vmlinuz
First, you should decide what CPU and machine type you want to emulate.
You can get a list of all supported CPUs (to be passed with -cpu option, see later below):
qemu-system-arm -cpu help
You can get a list of all supported machines (to be passed with -M option, see later below):
qemu-system-arm -machine help
In this example, I chose the cortex-a9 CPU and vexpress-a9 machine. This is an ARMv7 CPU which Debian calls as armhf (ARM hard float). You must download vmlinuz and initrd files for, say Wheezy armhf netboot. Cortex-A8, A9, A15 are all ARMv7 CPUs.
You can emulate ARMv6 which Debian calls as armel by downloading the corresponding files for Wheezy armel netboot.
Note that you need armel for ARMv5, v6. Raspberry Pi uses ARMv6. In this case, the cpu is arm1176 and machine is versatilepb.
Create a virtual machine with 1024 MB RAM and a Cortex-A9 CPU. Note that we must -sd instead of -sda because vexpress kernel doesn't support PCI SCSI hard disks. You'll install Debian on on MMC/SD card, that's all it means.
qemu-system-arm -m 1024M -sd armdisk.img \
-M vexpress-a9 -cpu cortex-a9 \
-kernel vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-vexpress -initrd initrd.gz \
-append "root=/dev/ram" -no-reboot
Specifying -cpu is optional. It defaults to -cpu=any. However, -M is mandatory.
This will start a new QEMU window and the Debian installer will kick-in. Just proceed with the installation (takes maybe 3 hours or so). Make sure you install "ssh-server" in tasksel screen.
NOTE: For creating ARMv6, just pass versatilepb:
qemu-system-arm -m 1024M -M versatilepb \
-kernel vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-versatile -initrd initrd.gz \
-append "root=/dev/ram" -hda armdisk.img -no-reboot
Download netboot ISO for armhf or armel as needed.
WAIT! Apparently, these Debian CD images are not bootable! But Ubuntu's ARM CD image works [2].
You need to copy vmlinuz from the installed disk image and pass it again to qemu-system-img [Qemu wiki] (http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/QEMU/Images#Mounting_an_image_on_the_host").
sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
sudo qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 armel.img
mkdir ~/qemu-mounted
sudo mount /dev/nbd0p1 ~/qemu-mounted
mkdir after-copy
cp ~/qemu-mounted/boot/* after-copy/
sudo umount ~/qemu-mounted
sudo qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
sudo killall qemu-nbd
Then pass the copied kernel and initrd to qemu-system-img. Also note that we are now booting from /dev/sda1 because that is where Linux was installed
qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -m 1024M \
-kernel after-copy/vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-versatile \
-initrd after-copy/initrd.img-3.2.0-4-versatile \
-hda armel.img -append "root=/dev/sda1"
And there you go, play with ARM to your heart's extent!
Extract & copy the boot files exactly as before (but for armhf.img) and pass while invoking:
qemu-system-arm -m 1024M -M vexpress-a9 \
-kernel armhf-extracted/vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-vexpress \
-initrd armhf-extracted/initrd.img-3.2.0-4-vexpress \
-append "root=/dev/mmcblk0p1" -sd armhf.img
Once again, note the device (mmcblk0p1) and partition (armhf.img) reflect SD-card usage.
Login to the guest OS and create a private/public key pair: ssh-keygen -t rsa.
On the host, just redirect some random port from the host to guest's port 22 (or whichever port the SSH server is running on, see /etc/ssh/sshd_config)
qemu-system-arm .... -redir tcp:5555::22 &
Then you can connect to SSH just like ssh -p 5555 localhost.
[1] http://www.linuxforu.com/2011/05/quick-quide-to-qemu-setup/ [2] http://blog.troyastle.com/2010/07/building-arm-powered-debian-vm-with.html [3] Differences between ARM926, ARM1136, A8 and A9 [4] http://www.makestuff.eu/wordpress/running-debian-for-arm-powerpc-on-qemu/