selenium

? Action Chains? (Why?
? move_to_element? (Why?)

WebDriver
---------
Allows control over browser functions

#Import - for features in this doc (Chrome is generally being assumed)
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
  
#Get a sized window (example, with implicit wait)
options = Options()
options.add_argument("window-size=1920,1080")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
...
driver.close()

#Fetch a page- WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded (that is, the onload event has fired) before returning control to your test or script. It’s worth noting that if your page uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded. If you need to ensure such pages are fully loaded then you can use waits.
driver.get("<URL>")

WebElement
----------
Allows control over element from a webpage, instance of selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement

#If there’s more than one element that matches the query, then only the first will be returned. If nothing can be found, a NoSuchElementException will be raised. 
element = driver.find_element_by_id("<id>")
element = driver.find_element_by_name("<name>")
element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("<xpath>")
element = driver.find_element_by_link_text("<text>")
element = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text("<text>")
element = driver.find_element_by_tag_name("<tagName>")
element = driver.find_element_by_class_name("<className>")
element = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("<cssSelector>")
#Return lists of elements
elements = driver.find_elements_by_name("<name>")
elements = driver.find_elements_by_xpath("<xpath>")
elements = driver.find_elements_by_link_text("<text>")
elements = driver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text("<text>")
elements = driver.find_elements_by_tag_name("<tagName>")
elements = driver.find_elements_by_class_name("<className>")
elements = driver.find_elements_by_css_selector("<cssSelector>")

#Actions
element.clear()
element.send_keys("<text>"[,...]) #Can send special keys documented below instead of text
element.click()
...

#Action Chains - This is useful for doing more complex actions like hover over and drag and drop. Action chain methods are used by advanced scripts where we need to drag an element, click an element, etc
action = ActionChains(driver)
#Can chain together...
action.click([element])
action.click_and_hold([element])
action.context_click([element])
action.double_click([element])
action.drag_and_drop(source, target)
action.drag_and_drop_by_offset(element)
action.key_down(value[, element])
action.key_up(value[, element])
action.move_by_offset(xoffset, yoffset)
action.move_to_element(element)
action.move_to_element_with_offset(element, xoffset, yoffset)
action.pause(seconds)
action.release(element)
action.reset_actions(element)
action.send_keys('<text>')
#Execute with perform
action.perform()

Alert Handling
--------------
Alert(driver).accept()
Alert(driver).dismiss()

Window Handling
---------------
handle = driver.current_window_handle
handles = driver.window_handles
driver.switch_to.window(handle)

#Scroll to end of page
driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")

Wait Handling
-------------
#Explicit Waits - Explicit waits are introduced to temporarily freeze the execution of the Selenium test automation script.
WebDriverWait(driver, <timeout>[, <pollFrequency>, <ignoredExceptionsList>).until(EC.<conditionType>(<condition>)
WebDriverWait(driver, <timeout>[, <pollFrequency>, <ignoredExceptionsList>).until_not(<condition>)
  #pollFrequency is 0.5 default (0 would default back to 0.5)
  #ignoredExceotionsList is used to pass list of exceptions to be ignored when waiting (NoSuchElementException is ignored by default)
  
#Conditions - These are generally used in the form EC.condition(<args>)
#Args = By.<type>, "identifier", for example EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "IAmAnIdGov"))
#GOTCHA: Note that we are passing a tuple! Hence the additional brackets around the args!
alert_is_present
element_to_be_clickable
element_to_be_selected
frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it
new_window_is_opened
number_of_windows_to_be
presence_of_element_located
text_to_be_present_in_element
title_contains
title_is
url_changes
url_contains
url_matches

#TIP: Declare the wait and reuse, e.g:
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 20)
wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "_evidon-accept-button"))).click()

#Implicit Waits
driver.implicitly_wait(<time>)

Special Keys
------------
#Format = Keys.SOMETHINGBELOW
ADD	ALT	ARROW_DOWN
ARROW_LEFT	ARROW_RIGHT	ARROW_UP
BACKSPACE	BACK_SPACE	CANCEL
CLEAR	COMMAND	CONTROL
DECIMAL	DELETE	DIVIDE
DOWN	END	ENTER
EQUALS	ESCAPE	F1
F10	F11	F12
F2	F3	F4
F5	F6	F7
F8	F9	HELP
HOME	INSERT	LEFT
LEFT_ALT	LEFT_CONTROL	LEFT_SHIFT
META	MULTIPLY	NULL
NUMPAD0	NUMPAD1	NUMPAD2
NUMPAD3	NUMPAD4	NUMPAD5
NUMPAD6	NUMPAD7	NUMPAD8
NUMPAD9	PAGE_DOWN	PAGE_UP
PAUSE	RETURN	RIGHT
SEMICOLON	SEPARATOR	SHIFT
SPACE	SUBTRACT	TAB

XPath
-----
#Element from Root
/html/head/title

#Element from anywhere
//div/p

#Element with property match
//label[@for='IsVehicleRegConfirmedA']

Exceptions
----------
#Lots of possible related Python Exceptions
ElementClickInterceptedException
ElementNotInteractableException
ElementNotSelectableException
ElementNotVisibleException
ErrorInResponseException
ImeActivationFailedException
ImeNotAvailableException
InsecureCertificateException
InvalidArgumentException
InvalidCookieDomainException
InvalidCoordinatesException
InvalidElementStateException
InvalidSelectorException
InvalidSessionIdException
InvalidSwitchToTargetException
MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException
NoAlertPresentException
NoSuchAttributeException
NoSuchCookieException
NoSuchFrameException
NoSuchWindowException
StaleElementReferenceException
TimeoutException
UnableToSetCookieException
UnexpectedAlertPresentException
UnexpectedTagNameException

Advanced / Extended Use Cases
-----------------------------
* Import unittest for assertions

References
----------
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/selenium-python-tutorial/
https://www.lambdatest.com/blog/selenium-wait-for-page-to-load/
https://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/waits.html