Author: Jim Salmons for FactMiners.org
Date: 27 October 2014
Revision: 0.1
This Neo4j GraphGist is an exploration of grounding the FactMiners Fact Cloud metamodel of Softalk Magazine on the ISO Standard CIDOC-CRM (Conceptual Reference Model) of the International Council of Museums (ICOM). Complete information can be found on the official CIDOC-CRM website. Taken from the home page of the CIDOC-CRM web site:
What is the CIDOC-CRM?
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides definitions and a formal structure for describing the implicit and explicit concepts and relationships used in cultural heritage documentation.
The CIDOC CRM is intended to promote a shared understanding of cultural heritage information by providing a common and extensible semantic framework that any cultural heritage information can be mapped to. It is intended to be a common language for domain experts and implementers to formulate requirements for information systems and to serve as a guide for good practice of conceptual modelling. In this way, it can provide the "semantic glue" needed to mediate between different sources of cultural heritage information, such as that published by museums, libraries and archives.
— CIDOC-CRM Web Site
www.cidoc-crm.org
www.cidoc-crm.org
Before we can get down to modeling Softalk Magazine from a CIDOC-CRM perspective, we need to populate our dynamic GraphGist database with a graph-based implementation of the CIDOC-CRM Definition. A typical Neo4j GraphGist is written as an educational/teaching resource or as a project design document. The datasets are usually small and representative of some domain of interest.
This GraphGist dataset is not typical in that we import the ENTIRE #cidocCRM Class Declarations section of the official CIDOC-CRM Reference Document (PDF). It is not so much that there are so many nodes here (89 Class Declarations and a few hundred Property and IS_A relationships). Rather, we’ve imported the full 'Scope Notes' and 'Examples' information from the official text model definition as well. When viewed in the Neo4j Browser, all this helpful information is easily accessed. At the moment, this rich source of exploratory information is essentially hidden in GraphGist graph visualizations unless presented in results tables rather than the "stick and ball" graph visualization.
This large context-setting data-input query is hidden here by default, but consumes considerable resources when the gist is initially loaded and the dynamic database created on initial page rendering.
create (_178:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E85", `examples`:"* The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689
* The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985
* The implementation of the membership treaty between EU and Denmark January 1. 1973
", `name`:"E85 Joining", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party.
Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family and the inauguration of somebody into an official position."})
create (_179:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E90", `examples`:"* 'ecognizabl'
* The \"no-smoking\" sign (E36)
* \"BM000038850.JPG\" (E75)
* image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E38)
* The distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci's painting named \"Mona Lisa\" in daylight (E38)
* The Italian text of Dante's \"Divina Commedia\" as found in the authoritative critical edition La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67 (= Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII, 1-4) (E33)
", `name`:"E90 Symbolic Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.
It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content.
An instance of E90 Symbolic Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.
In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note allows for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. \"bit\", \"Latin character\", RGB pixel)."})
create (_180:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E77", `examples`:"* Leonard da Vinci
* Stonehenge
* the hole in the ozone layer
* the First Law of Thermodynamics
* the Bermuda Triangle
", `name`:"E77 Persistent Item", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as \"endurants\" in philosophy.
They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names.
The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.
The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties."})
create (_181:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E55", `examples`:"* weight, length, depth [types of E54]
* portrait, sketch, animation [types of E38]
* French, English, German [E56]
* excellent, good, poor [types of E3]
* Ford Model T, chop stick [types of E22]
* cave, doline, scratch [types of E26]
* poem, short story [types of E33]
* wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types of E5]
", `name`:"E55 Type", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CRM classes.
E55 Type is the CRM's interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term). Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties."})
create (_182:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E89", `examples`:"* Maxwell's Equations
* The ideational contents of Aristotle's book entitled 'Metaphysics' as rendered in the Greek texts translated in … Oxford edition…
* The underlying prototype of any \"no-smoking\" sign (E36)
* The common ideas of the plots of the movie \"The Seven Samurai\" by Akira Kurosawa and the movie \"The Magnificent Seven\" by John Sturges
* The image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta 1945 (E38)
", `name`:"E89 Propositional Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse.
This class also comprises items that are \"about\" something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object."})
create (_183:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E59", `examples`:"* ABCDEFG (E62)
* 3.14 (E60)
* 0
* 1921-01-01 (E61)
", `name`:"E59 Primitive Value", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises primitive values used as documentation elements, which are not further elaborated upon within the model.
As such they are not considered as elements within our universe of discourse. No specific implementation recommendations are made. It is recommended that the primitive value system from the implementation platform be used to substitute for this class and its subclasses."})
create (_184:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E72", `examples`:"* the Cullinan diamond (E19)
* definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 2.1 (E73)
", `name`:"E72 Legal Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied.
This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM."})
create (_185:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E6", `examples`:"* the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD
* the destruction of Nineveh (E6, E7)
* the breaking of a champagne glass yesterday by my dog
", `name`:"E6 Destruction", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation.
Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction may be documented by classifying the event as both an E6 Destruction and E7 Activity.
The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed or modified is context sensitive:
1. If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as E6 Destruction.
2. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not.
3. When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as E11 Modification."})
create (_186:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E16", `examples`:"* measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st August 1997
* the carbon 14 dating of the \"Schoeninger Speer II\" in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]
", `name`:"E16 Measurement", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic procedure.
Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or the running time of a specific video cassette.
The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and devices are best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as \"carbon 14 dating\" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type."})
create (_187:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E82", `examples`:"* \"John Doe\"
* \"Doe, J\"
* \"the U.S. Social Security Number 246-14-2304\"
* \"the Artist Formerly Known as Prince\"
* \"the Master of the Flemish Madonna\"
* \"Raphael's Workshop\"
* \"the Brontë Sisters\"
* \"ICOM\"
* \"International Council of Museums\"
", `name`:"E82 Actor Appellation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises any sort of name, number, code or symbol characteristically used to identify an E39 Actor.
An E39 Actor will typically have more than one E82 Actor Appellation, and instances of E82 Actor Appellation in turn may have alternative representations. The distinction between corporate and personal names, which is particularly important in library applications, should be made by explicitly linking the E82 Actor Appellation to an instance of either E21 Person or E74 Group/E40 Legal Body. If this is not possible, the distinction can be made through the use of the P2 has type mechanism."})
create (_188:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E84", `examples`:"* the Rosetta Stone
* my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment
* the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM
", `name`:"E84 Information Carrier", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act as persistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object.
This allows a relationship to be asserted between an E19 Physical Object and its immaterial information contents. An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., a diskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription. However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier. Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general."})
create (_189:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E30", `examples`:"* copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127
* ownership of the \"Mona Lisa\" by the Louvre
", `name`:"E30 Right", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives.
These include reproduction and property rights."})
create (_190:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E87", `examples`:"* The curation of Mikael Heggelund Foslie's coralline red algae Herbarium 1876 – 1909 (when Foslie died), now at Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norway
", `name`:"E87 Curation Activity", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in the continuity of management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Collection, following an implicit or explicit curation plan.
It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded.
Items are accumulated and organized following criteria like subject, chronological period, material type, style of art etc. and can be added or removed from an E78 Collection for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items of a collection is regarded as an instance of E12 Production Event while the activity of evolving, preserving and promoting a collection is regarded as an instance of E87 Curation Activity."})
create (_191:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E8", `name`:"E8 Acquisition", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.
The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of right. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of ownership
2. the end of ownership
3. the transfer of ownership
4. the acquisition from an unknown source
5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item
It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of \"accession\" differs between institutions. The CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Examples
* the collection of a hammer-head shark of the genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes) XXXtbc by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on March 25th, 1940
* the acquisition of El Greco's painting entitled 'The Apostles Peter and Paul' by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg
* the loss of my stuffed chaffinch 'Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758' due to insect damage last year"})
create (_192:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E42", `examples`:"* \"MM.GE.195\"
* \"13.45.1976\"
* \"OXCMS: 1997.4.1\"
* ISSN \"0041-5278\"
* ISRC \"FIFIN8900116\"
* Shelf mark \"Res 8 P 10\"
* \"Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)\" [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules]
", `name`:"E42 Identifier", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents."})
create (_193:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E48", `examples`:"* \"Greece\"
* \"Athens\"
* \"Geneva\"
* \"Lac Léman\"
", `name`:"E48 Place Name", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises particular and common forms of E44 Place Appellation.
Place Names may change their application over time: the name of an E53 Place may change, and a name may be reused for a different E53 Place. Instances of E48 Place Name are typically subject to place name gazetteers."})
create (_194:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E27", `examples`:"* the Amazon river basin
* Knossos
* the Apollo 11 landing site
* Heathrow Airport
* the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete
", `name`:"E27 Site", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor.
In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings and maps.
Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location."})
create (_195:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E36", `examples`:"* the visual appearance of Monet's \"La Pie\" (E38)
* the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
* the Chi-Rho (E37)
* the communist red star (E37)
", `name`:"E36 Visual Item", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.
This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.
The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks or images etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Man-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a short-cut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction."})
create (_196:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E15", `examples`:"* Replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17th century lament cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
* Assigning the author-uniform title heading \"Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.\" for a work (E28)
* On June 1, 2001 assigning the personal name heading \"Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377\" (E42,E82) to Guillaume de Machaut (E21)
", `name`:"E15 Identifier Assignment", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as \"preferred identifier assignment\", to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment via the P2 has type property."})
create (_197:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E40", `examples`:"* Greenpeace
* Paveprime Ltd
* the National Museum of Denmark
", `name`:"E40 Legal Body", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises institutions or groups of people that have obtained a legal recognition as a group and can act collectively as agents.
This means that they can perform actions, own property, create or destroy things and can be held collectively responsible for their actions like individual people. The term 'personne morale' is often used for this in French."})
create (_198:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E74", `examples`:"* the impressionists
* the Navajo
* the Greeks
* the peace protestors in New York City on February 15 2003
* Exxon-Mobil
* King Solomon and his wives
* The President of the Swiss Confederation
* Nicolas Bourbaki
* Betty Crocker
* Ellery Queen
", `name`:"E74 Group", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of two or more people that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group.
A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an E74 Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group."})
create (_199:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E10", `examples`:"* the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery
* the return of Picasso's \"Guernica\" to Madrid's Prado in 1981
", `name`:"E10 Transfer of Custody", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises transfers of physical custody of objects between instances of E39 Actor.
The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances it may describe:
1. the beginning of custody
2. the end of custody
3. the transfer of custody
4. the receipt of custody from an unknown source
5. the declared loss of an object
The distinction between the legal responsibility for custody and the actual physical possession of the object should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). A specific case of transfer of custody is theft.
The interpretation of the museum notion of \"accession\" differs between institutions. The CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these."})
create (_200:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E45", `examples`:"* \"1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan\"
* \"Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève\"
", `name`:"E45 Address", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises identifiers expressed in coding systems for places, such as postal addresses used for mailing.
An E45 Address can be considered both as the name of an E53 Place and as an E51 Contact Point for an E39 Actor. This dual aspect is reflected in the multiple inheritance. However, some forms of mailing addresses, such as a postal box, are only instances of E51 Contact Point, since they do not identify any particular Place. These should not be documented as instances of E45 Address."})
create (_201:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E14", `examples`:"* last year's inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village
", `name`:"E14 Condition Assessment", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period.
The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that may be relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents."})
create (_202:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E24", `examples`:"* the Forth Railway Bridge (E22)
* the Channel Tunnel (E25)
* the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)
", `name`:"E24 Physical Man-Made Thing", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity.
This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a \"cup and ring\" carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing."})
create (_203:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E83", `examples`:"* creation of the taxon 'Penicillium brefeldianum B. O. Dodge' (1933)
* addition of class E84 Information Carrier to the CIDOC CRM
", `name`:"E83 Type Creation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items.
It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a \"taxon,\" the type description as a \"protologue,\" and the exemplary specimens as \"orgininal element\" or \"holotype\"."})
create (_204:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E17", `examples`:"* the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd
* the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr's garden as 'Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann', July 2003
", `name`:"E17 Type Assignment", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts.
This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of \"determination,\" i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology."})
create (_205:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E62", `examples`:"* the Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog
* 6F 6E 54 79 70 31 0D 9E
", `name`:"E62 String", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the instances of E59 Primitive Values used for documentation such as free text strings, bitmaps, vector graphics, etc.
E62 String is not further elaborated upon within the model"})
create (_206:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E21", `examples`:"* Tut-Ankh-Amun
* Nelson Mandela
", `name`:"E21 Person", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity."})
create (_207:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E47", `examples`:"* \"6°5'29\"N 45°12'13\"W\"
* \"Black queen's bishop 4\" [chess coordinate]
", `name`:"E47 Spatial Coordinates", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the textual or numeric information required to locate specific instances of E53 Place within schemes of spatial identification.
Coordinates are a specific form of E44 Place Appellation, that is, a means of referring to a particular E53 Place. Coordinates are not restricted to longitude, latitude and altitude. Any regular system of reference that maps onto an E19 Physical Object can be used to generate coordinates."})
create (_208:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E73", `examples`:"* image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London
* E. A. Poe's \"The Raven\"
* the movie \"The Seven Samurai\" by Akira Kurosawa
* the Maxwell Equations
", `name`:"E73 Information Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as a poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units.
An E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression."})
create (_209:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E78", `examples`:"* the John Clayton Herbarium
* the Wallace Collection
* Mikael Heggelund Foslie's coralline red algae Herbarium at Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway
", `name`:"E78 Collection", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (\"curated\" and \"preserved,\" in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan.
Items may be added or removed from an E78 Collection in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Collection often referred to with the name of the E78 Collection (e.g. \"The Wallace Collection decided…\").
Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Collection. This is because they form wholes either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality."})
create (_210:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E46", `examples`:"* \"the entrance lobby to the Ripley Center\"
* \"the poop deck of H.M.S Victory\"
* \"the Venus de Milo's left buttock\"
* \"left inner side of my box\"
", `name`:"E46 Section Definition", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises areas of objects referred to in terms specific to the general geometry or structure of its kind.
The 'prow' of the boat, the 'frame' of the picture, the 'front' of the building are all instances of E46 Section Definition. The class highlights the fact that parts of objects can be treated as locations. This holds in particular for features without natural boundaries, such as the \"head\" of a marble statue made out of one block (cf. E53 Place). In answer to the question 'where is the signature?' one might reply 'on the lower left corner'. (Section Definition is closely related to the term \"segment\" in Gerstl, P.& Pribbenow, S, 1996 \" A conceptual theory of part – whole relations and its applications\", Data & Knowledge Engineering 20 305-322, North Holland- Elsevier )."})
create (_211:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E22", `examples`:"* Mallard (the World's fastest steam engine)
* the Portland Vase
* the Coliseum
", `name`:"E22 Man-Made Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity.
No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, an inscribed piece of rock or a preserved butterfly are both regarded as instances of E22 Man-Made Object."})
create (_212:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E29", `examples`:"* the ISO standardisation procedure
* the musical notation for Beethoven's \"Ode to Joy\"
* the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom in Cologne, Germany
* The drawing on the folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486-1490, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan
", `name`:"E29 Design or Procedure", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form or contents. In particular it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in the modification or production of instances of E24 Physical Thing.
Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others. This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with)..
Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following:
1. A schema for the activities it describes
2. A schema of the products that result from their application.
3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci's famous plans for flying machines.
Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product."})
create (_213:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E13", `examples`:"* the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr's silver cup in February 1997
", `name`:"E13 Attribute Assignment", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the actions of making assertions about properties of an object or any relation between two items or concepts.
This class allows the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. All the attributes or properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly attached to the respective item or concept, possibly as a collection of contradictory values. All cases of properties in this model that are also described indirectly through an action are characterised as \"short cuts\" of this action. This redundant modelling of two alternative views is preferred because many implementations may have good reasons to model either the action or the short cut, and the relation between both alternatives can be captured by simple rules.
In particular, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain museum procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on if this information should be accessible by structured queries."})
create (_214:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E56", `examples`:"* el [Greek]
* en [English]
* eo [Esperanto]
* es [Spanish]
* fr [French]
", `name`:"E56 Language", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: \"instances of Mandarin Chinese\".
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639:1988."})
create (_215:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E12", `examples`:"* the construction of the SS Great Britain
* the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen
* Rembrandt's creating of the seventh state of his etching \"Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove\", 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12,E65,E81)
", `name`:"E12 Production", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items.
It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered \"new\" if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered \"new\" because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one.
This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event.
An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not."})
create (_216:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E26", `examples`:"* the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock
* Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great
* the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza
* Michael Jackson's nose prior to plastic surgery
", `name`:"E26 Physical Feature", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.
This definition coincides with the definition of \"fiat objects\" (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), with the exception of aggregates of \"bona fide objects\"."})
create (_217:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E91", `examples`:"* the assertion that the author name \"Hans Jæger\" on the title page of the novel \"Fra Christiania-Bohêmen\" refers to the same historical person as the motive of the painting \"Forfatteren Hans Jæger\" by Edvard Munch.
* the assertion that the author name \"Hans Jæger\" on the title page of the novel \"Fra Christiania-Bohêmen\" does not refer to the same historical person as the author of the collection of drawings \"Til Julebordet : ti Pennetegninger / af H.J.\" incorrectly attributed to Hans Jæger in the Bibsys database.
", `name`:"E91 Co-Reference Assignment", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises actions of making the assertion whether two or more particular instances of E89 Propositional Object refer to the same instance of E1 CRM Entity. The assertion is based on the assumption that this was an implicit fact being made explicit by this assignment. Use of this class allows for the full description of the context of this assignment.(MD will write an extension about the levels of belief)"})
create (_218:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E28", `examples`:"* Beethoven's \"Ode an die Freude\" (Ode to Joy) (E73)
* the definition of \"ontology\" in the Oxford English Dictionary
* the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner
* 'Maxwell equations' [preferred subject access point from LCSH,
* http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, as of 19 November 2012]
* 'Equations, Maxwell' [variant subject access point, from the same source]
", `name`:"E28 Conceptual Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost."})
create (_219:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E86", `examples`:"* The end of Sir Isaac Newton's duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702
* George Washington's leaving office in 1797
* The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland's membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland February 1. 1985
", `name`:"E86 Leaving", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party.
Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position."})
create (_220:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E49", `examples`:"* \"Meiji\" [Japanese term for a specific time-span]
* \"1st half of the XX century\"
* \"Quaternary\"
* \"1215 Hegira\" [a date in the Islamic calendar]
* \"Last century\"
", `name`:"E49 Time Appellation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all forms of names or codes, such as historical periods, and dates, which are characteristically used to refer to a specific E52 Time-Span.
The instances of E49 Time Appellation may vary in their degree of precision, and they may be relative to other time frames, \"Before Christ\" for example. Instances of E52 Time-Span are often defined by reference to a cultural period or an event e.g. 'the duration of the Ming Dynasty'."})
create (_221:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E70", `examples`:"* my photograph collection (E78)
* the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22)
* the plan of the Strassburger Muenster (E29)
* the thing on the top of Otto Hahn's desk (E19)
* the form of the no-smoking sign (E36)
* the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E27)
", `name`:"E70 Thing", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This general class comprises usable discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units.
They can be either intellectual products or physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance either have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concept or structure."})
create (_222:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E50", `examples`:"* \"1900\"
* \"4-4-1959\"
* \"19-MAR-1922\"
* \"19640604\"
", `name`:"E50 Date", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises specific forms of E49 Time Appellation.
Dates may vary in their degree of precision."})
create (_223:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E66", `examples`:"* the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group
* the formation of the Soviet Union
* the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar
", `name`:"E66 Formation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation.
E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective.
The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not mean that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining."})
create (_224:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E7", `examples`:"* the Battle of Stalingrad
* the Yalta Conference
* my birthday celebration 28-6-1995
* the writing of \"Faust\" by Goethe (E65)
* the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66)
* calling the place identified by TGN '7017998' 'Quyunjig' by the people of Iraq
* Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993
* Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993
", `name`:"E7 Activity", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door."})
create (_225:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E33", `examples`:"* the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript
* the lyrics of the song \"Blue Suede Shoes\"
* the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
* the text of \"Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde\" (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde)
", `name`:"E33 Linguistic Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.
Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech or sign language. However, the CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.
The text of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String"})
create (_226:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E4", `examples`:"* Jurassic
* European Bronze Age
* Italian Renaissance
* Thirty Years War
* Sturm und Drang
* Cubism
", `name`:"E4 Period", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations bounded in time and space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatio-temporal bounds. These bounds are a mere approximation of the actual process of growth, spread and retreat. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area as a sedentary culture.
Typically this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the \"Neolithic Period\", the \"Ming Dynasty\" or the \"McCarthy Era\". There are however no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
There are two different conceptualisations of 'artistic style', defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, \"Impressionism\" can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh."})
create (_227:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E18", `examples`:"* the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
* the cave \"Ideon Andron\" in Crete (E26)
* the Mona Lisa (E22)
", `name`:"E18 Physical Thing", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural.
Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.
The CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states."})
create (_228:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E80", `examples`:"* the removal of the engine from my car
* the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection
", `name`:"E80 Part Removal", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.
Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated E78 Collection. If the E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be regarded as both E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewelry, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan."})
create (_229:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E92", `examples`:"* the spacetime Volume of the Event of Ceasars murder
* the spacetime Volume where and when the carbon 14 dating of the \"Schoeninger Speer II\" in 1996 took place
* the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location
* the spacetime volume defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6th and 9th of August 2002
", `name`:"E92 Spacetime Volume", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time."})
create (_230:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E25", `examples`:"* the Manchester Ship Canal
* Michael Jackson's nose following plastic surgery
", `name`:"E25 Man-Made Feature", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc.
No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding a feature as man-made. For example, rock art or even \"cup and ring\" carvings on bedrock a regarded as types of E25 Man-Made Feature."})
create (_231:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E52", `examples`:"* 1961
* From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996
* 14h30 – 16h22 4th July 1945
* 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999
* duration of the Ming Dynasty
", `name`:"E52 Time-Span", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration.
Time Span has no other semantic connotations. Time-Spans are used to define the temporal extent of instances of E4 Period, E5 Event and any other phenomena valid for a certain time. An E52 Time-Span may be identified by one or more instances of E49 Time Appellation.
Since our knowledge of history is imperfect, instances of E52 Time-Span can best be considered as approximations of the actual Time-Spans of temporal entities. The properties of E52 Time-Span are intended to allow these approximations to be expressed precisely. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. Used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it would nevertheless define them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else was known.
Automatic processing and querying of instances of E52 Time-Span is facilitated if data can be parsed into an E61 Time Primitive."})
create (_232:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E75", `examples`:"* \"ISBN 3-7913-1418-1\"
* \"ISO 2788-1986 (F)\"
", `name`:"E75 Conceptual Object Appellation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all appellations specific to intellectual products or standardized patterns."})
create (_233:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E63", `examples`:"* the birth of my child
* the birth of Snoopy, my dog
* the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic
* the construction of the Eiffel Tower
", `name`:"E63 Beginning of Existence", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises events that bring into existence any E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus post quem and ante quem."})
create (_234:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E41", `examples`:"* \"Martin\"
* \"the Forth Bridge\"
* \"the Merchant of Venice\" (E35)
* \"Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.\" [not the species, just the name]
* \"information science\" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]
* \"?\" [Chinese \"an\", meaning \"peace\"]
", `name`:"E41 Appellation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context.
Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but instead by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes.
Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of a characteristic form are used for particular objects. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, for example, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised.
E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment"})
create (_235:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E39", `examples`:"* London and Continental Railways (E40)
* the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
* Sir Ian McKellan (E21)
", `name`:"E39 Actor", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions for which they can be held responsible.
The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body."})
create (_236:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E5", `examples`:"* the birth of Cleopatra (E67)
* the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6)
* World War II (E7)
* the Battle of Stalingrad (E7)
* the Yalta Conference (E7)
* my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7)
* the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday
* the CIDOC Conference 2003 (E7)
", `name`:"E5 Event", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses.
The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an 'instantaneous' change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state."})
create (_237:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E37", `examples`:"* Minoan double axe mark
* ©
* ?
", `name`:"E37 Mark", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques in order to indicate the creator, owner, dedications, purpose, etc.
This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Man-Made Feature."})
create (_238:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E2", `examples`:"* Bronze Age (E4)
* the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
* the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)
", `name`:"E2 Temporal Entity", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time.
In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing."})
create (_239:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E58", `examples`:"* cm [centimetre]
* km [kilometre]
* m [meter]
* m/s [meters per second]
* A [Ampere]
* GRD [Greek Drachme]
* ?C [degrees centigrade]
", `name`:"E58 Measurement Unit", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g.: \"instances of cm\".
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible. (ISO 1000:1992). Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved."})
create (_240:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E81", `examples`:"* the death and mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (transformation of Tut-Ankh-Amun from a living person to a mummy) (E69,E81,E7)
", `name`:"E81 Transformation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item and the creation of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item that preserves recognizable substance from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature and identity.
Although the old and the new instances of E77 Persistent Item are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E77 Persistent Item(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history and the reorganization of a corporate body into a new one."})
create (_241:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E35", `examples`:"* \"The Merchant of Venice\"
* \"Mona Lisa\"
* \"La Pie or The Magpie\"
* \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\"
", `name`:"E35 Title", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the names assigned to works, such as texts, artworks or pieces of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as \"chair\", \"painting\" or \"book\" (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts."})
create (_242:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E1", `examples`:"* the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
", `name`:"E1 CRM Entity", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model.
It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:
1. Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier
2. Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to
3. Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties
With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity."})
create (_243:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E51", `examples`:"* \"+41 22 418 5571\"
* \"weasel@paveprime.com\"
", `name`:"E51 Contact Point", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises identifiers employed, or understood, by communication services to direct communications to an instance of E39 Actor. These include E-mail addresses, telephone numbers, post office boxes, Fax numbers, URLs etc. Most postal addresses can be considered both as instances of E44 Place Appellation and E51 Contact Point. In such cases the subclass E45 Address should be used.
URLs are addresses used by machines to access another machine through an http request. Since the accessed machine acts on behalf of the E39 Actor providing the machine, URLs are considered as instances of E51 Contact Point to that E39 Actor."})
create (_244:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E32", `examples`:"* Webster's Dictionary
* Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
* the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
", `name`:"E32 Authority Document", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use."})
create (_245:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E31", `examples`:"* the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32)
* the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945
* the Doomsday Book
", `name`:"E31 Document", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as a special case of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the term \"document\" in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object."})
create (_246:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E60", `examples`:"* 5
* 3+2i
* 1.5e-04
* (0.5, - 0.7,88)
", `name`:"E60 Number", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises any encoding of computable (algebraic) values such as integers, real numbers, complex numbers, vectors, tensors etc., including intervals of these values to express limited precision.
Numbers are fundamentally distinct from identifiers in continua, such as instances of E50 Date and E47 Spatial Coordinate, even though their encoding may be similar. Instances of E60 Number can be combined with each other in algebraic operations to yield other instances of E60 Number, e.g., 1+1=2. Identifiers in continua may be combined with numbers expressing distances to yield new identifiers, e.g., 1924-01-31 + 2 days = 1924-02-02. Cf. E54 Dimension"})
create (_247:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E69", `examples`:"* the murder of Julius Caesar (E69,E7)
* the death of Senator Paul Wellstone
", `name`:"E69 Death", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the deaths of human beings.
If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented using E64 End of Existence."})
create (_248:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E54", `examples`:"* currency: £26.00
* length: 3.9-4.1 cm
* diameter 26 mm
* weight 150 lbs
* density: 0.85 gm/cc
* luminescence: 56 ISO lumens
* tin content: 0.46 %
* taille au garot: 5 hands
* calibrated C14 date: 2460-2720 years, etc
", `name`:"E54 Dimension", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.
An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numerical approximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of an instance of E54 Dimension. If the true values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.
Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate."})
create (_249:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E61", `examples`:"* 1994 – 1997
* 13 May 1768
* 2000/01/01 00:00:59.7
* 85th century BC
", `name`:"E61 Time Primitive", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for time that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and interval logic to express date ranges relevant to cultural documentation.
E61 Time Primitive is not further elaborated upon within the model."})
create (_250:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E11", `examples`:"* the construction of the SS Great Britain (E12)
* the impregnation of the Vasa warship in Stockholm for preservation after 1956
* the transformation of the Enola Gay into a museum exhibit by the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC between 1993 and 1995 (E12, E81)
* the last renewal of the gold coating of the Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan
", `name`:"E11 Modification", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises all instances of E7 Activity that create, alter or change E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
This class includes the production of an item from raw materials, and other so far undocumented objects, and the preventive treatment or restoration of an object for conservation.
Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in a Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities.
If the instance of the E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material."})
create (_251:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E79", `examples`:"* the setting of the koh-i-noor diamond into the crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother
* the addition of the painting \"Room in Brooklyn\" by Edward Hopper to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
", `name`:"E79 Part Addition", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing being increased, enlarged or augmented by the addition of a part.
Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated E78 Collection. Objects to which parts are added are, by definition, man-made, since the addition of a part implies a human activity. Following the addition of parts, the resulting man-made assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Collection over their lifespan."})
create (_252:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E9", `name`:"E9 Move", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object.
Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.
Examples
* the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA
* the movement of the exhibition \"Treasures of Tut-Ankh-Amun\" 1976-1979"})
create (_253:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E19", `examples`:"* John Smith
* Aphrodite of Milos
* the Palace of Knossos
* the Cullinan Diamond
* Apollo 13 at the time of launch
", `name`:"E19 Physical Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).
In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called \"bona fide objects\" (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects.
The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired."})
create (_254:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E38", `examples`:"* the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
* the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa
", `name`:"E38 Image", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises distributions of form, tone and colour that may be found on surfaces such as photos, paintings, prints and sculptures or directly on electronic media.
The degree to which variations in the distribution of form and colour affect the identity of an instance of E38 Image depends on a given purpose. The original painting of the Mona Lisa in the Louvre may be said to bear the same instance of E38 Image as reproductions in the form of transparencies, postcards, posters or T-shirts, even though they may differ in size and carrier and may vary in tone and colour. The images in a \"spot the difference\" competition are not the same with respect to their context, however similar they may at first appear."})
create (_255:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E44", `name`:"E44 Place Appellation"})
create (_256:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E64", `examples`:"* the death of Snoopy, my dog
* the melting of the snowman
* the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356BC
", `name`:"E64 End of Existence", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises events that end the existence of any E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus postquem and antequem. In cases where substance from a Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented by E81 Transformation."})
create (_257:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E34", `examples`:"* \"keep off the grass\" on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
* The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895
* Kilroy was here
", `name`:"E34 Inscription", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises recognisable, short texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CRM as E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E84 Information Carrier. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object."})
create (_258:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E93", `name`:"E93 Spacetime Snapshot", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that result from intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place or E52 Time-Span. The identity of an instance of this class is determined by the identities of its constituting items. Those are one or more of the following:
1) two or more instances of E92 Spacetime Volume
2) one or more instances of E92 Spacetime Volume AND one or more instances of E53 Place.
3) one or more instances of E92 Spacetime Volume AND one or more instances of E52 Time-Span
4) one or more instances of E53 Place AND one or more instances of E52 Time-Span
This class can be used to define temporal snapshots at a particular time-span, such as the extent of the Roman Empire at 33 B.C., or the extent occupied by a museum object at rest in an exhibit. It can also be used to define a spatial snapshot, such as cutting the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by the Iron Age by the current spatial extent of Austria. It can also be used to define intersections of two or more real spatiotemporal components, such as the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by the E4 Period of Impressionism with the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by the life of Van Gogh, or the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by Imperial China with that claimed by Imperial Vietnam.
In particular, it can be used to define partial spatial or temporal projections of spacetime volumes, such as the time-spans of foreign occupation of a country, or the spatial extent of a flood at some particular hour."})
create (_259:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E53", `examples`:"* the extent of the UK in the year 2003
* the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring
* the place referred to in the phrase: \"Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone\"
* here -> <-
", `name`:"E53 Place", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter.
The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of \"immobile\" objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It may be identified by one or more instances of E44 Place Appellation.
It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.
Any object can serve as a frame of reference for E53 Place determination. The model foresees the notion of a \"section\" of an E19 Physical Object as a valid E53 Place determination."})
create (_260:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E20", `examples`:"* me
* Tut-Ankh-Amun
* Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
* petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344
", `name`:"E20 Biological Object", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms.
Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Man-Made Object."})
create (_261:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E3", `examples`:"* the \"Amber Room\" in Tsarskoje Selo being completely reconstructed from summer 2003 until now
* the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946
* the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25 December, 2002 (P2 has type: E55 Type \"still not cooked\")
", `name`:"E3 Condition State", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span.
An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific E52 Time Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held.
The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the E3 Condition State \"condition of the SS Great Britain between 22 September 1846 and 27 August 1847\" can be characterized as E55 Type \"wrecked\"."})
create (_262:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E71", `examples`:"* Beethoven's 5th Symphony (E73)
* Michelangelo's David
* Einstein's Theory of General Relativity (E73)
* the taxon 'Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus,1758' (E55)
", `name`:"E71 Man-Made Thing", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises discrete, identifiable man-made items that are documented as single units.
These items are either intellectual products or man-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures."})
create (_263:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E57", `examples`:"* brick
* gold
* aluminium
* polycarbonate
* resin
", `name`:"E57 Material", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials.
Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g.: \"instances of gold\".
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used."})
create (_264:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E65", `examples`:"* the framing of the U.S. Constitution
* the drafting of U.N. resolution 1441
", `name`:"E65 Creation", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc."})
create (_265:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E68", `examples`:"* the fall of the Roman Empire
* the liquidation of Enron Corporation
", `name`:"E68 Dissolution", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an E74 Group of people.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an E7 Activity."})
create (_266:`CRM_CLASS` {`crm_id`:"E67", `examples`:"* the birth of Alexander the Great
", `name`:"E67 Birth", `scopenote`:"Scope note: This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living beings).
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same E67 Birth event. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth event."})
create _178-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E85 Joining IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _178-[:`P143_JOINED` {`crm_id`:"P143", `crm_name`:"P143 joined", `recip_name`:"was joined by"}]->_235
create _178-[:`P144_JOINED_WITH` {`crm_id`:"P144", `crm_name`:"P144 joined with", `recip_name`:"gained member by"}]->_198
create _179-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E90 Symbolic Object IS_A E28 Conceptual Object"}]->_218
create _179-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E90 Symbolic Object IS_A E72 Legal Object"}]->_184
create _179-[:`P106_IS_COMPOSED_OF` {`crm_id`:"P106", `crm_name`:"P106 is composed of", `recip_name`:"forms part of"}]->_179
create _180-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E77 Persistent Item IS_A E1 CRM Entity"}]->_242
create _181-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E55 Type IS_A E28 Conceptual Object"}]->_218
create _181-[:`P127_HAS_BROADER_TERM` {`crm_id`:"P127", `crm_name`:"P127 has broader term", `recip_name`:"has narrower term"}]->_181
create _181-[:`P150_DEFINES_TYPICAL_PARTS_OF` {`crm_id`:"P150", `crm_name`:"P150 defines typical parts of", `recip_name`:"define typical wholes for"}]->_181
create _182-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E89 Propositional Object IS_A E28 Conceptual Object"}]->_218
create _182-[:`P148_HAS_COMPONENT` {`crm_id`:"P148", `crm_name`:"P148 has component", `recip_name`:"is component of"}]->_182
create _182-[:`P67_REFERS_TO` {`crm_id`:"P67", `crm_name`:"P67 refers to", `recip_name`:"is referred to by"}]->_242
create _182-[:`P129_IS_ABOUT` {`crm_id`:"P129", `crm_name`:"P129 is about", `recip_name`:"is subject of"}]->_242
create _184-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E72 Legal Object IS_A E70 Thing"}]->_221
create _184-[:`P104_IS_SUBJECT_TO` {`crm_id`:"P104", `crm_name`:"P104 is subject to", `recip_name`:"applies to"}]->_189
create _184-[:`P105_RIGHT_HELD_BY` {`crm_id`:"P105", `crm_name`:"P105 right held by", `recip_name`:"has right on"}]->_235
create _185-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E6 Destruction IS_A E64 End of Existence"}]->_256
create _185-[:`P13_DESTROYED` {`crm_id`:"P13", `crm_name`:"P13 destroyed", `recip_name`:"was destroyed by"}]->_227
create _186-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E16 Measurement IS_A E13 Attribute Assignment"}]->_213
create _186-[:`P39_MEASURED` {`crm_id`:"P39", `crm_name`:"P39 measured", `recip_name`:"was measured by"}]->_242
create _186-[:`P40_OBSERVED_DIMENSION` {`crm_id`:"P40", `crm_name`:"P40 observed dimension", `recip_name`:"was observed in"}]->_248
create _187-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E82 Actor Appellation IS_A E41 Appellation"}]->_234
create _188-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E84 Information Carrier IS_A E22 Man-Made Object"}]->_211
create _189-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E30 Right IS_A E89 Propositional Object"}]->_182
create _190-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E87 Curation Activity IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _190-[:`P147_CURATED` {`crm_id`:"P147", `crm_name`:"P147 curated", `recip_name`:"was curated by"}]->_209
create _191-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E8 Acquisition IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _191-[:`P22_TRANSFERRED_TITLE_TO` {`crm_id`:"P22", `crm_name`:"P22 transferred title to", `recip_name`:"acquired title through"}]->_235
create _191-[:`P23_TRANSFERRED_TITLE_FROM` {`crm_id`:"P23", `crm_name`:"P23 transferred title from", `recip_name`:"surrendered title through"}]->_235
create _191-[:`P24_TRANSFERRED_TITLE_OF` {`crm_id`:"P24", `crm_name`:"P24 transferred title of", `recip_name`:"changed ownership through"}]->_227
create _192-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E42 Identifier IS_A E41 Appellation"}]->_234
create _193-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E48 Place Name IS_A E44 Place Appellation"}]->_255
create _194-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E27 Site IS_A E26 Physical Feature"}]->_216
create _195-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E36 Visual Item IS_A E73 Information Object"}]->_208
create _195-[:`P138_REPRESENTS` {`crm_id`:"P138", `crm_name`:"P138 represents", `recip_name`:"has representation"}]->_242
create _196-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E15 Identifier Assignment IS_A E13 Attribute Assignment"}]->_213
create _196-[:`P37_ASSIGNED` {`crm_id`:"P37", `crm_name`:"P37 assigned", `recip_name`:"was assigned by"}]->_192
create _196-[:`P38_DEASSIGNED` {`crm_id`:"P38", `crm_name`:"P38 deassigned", `recip_name`:"was deassigned by"}]->_192
create _196-[:`P142_USED_CONSTITUENT` {`crm_id`:"P142", `crm_name`:"P142 used constituent", `recip_name`:"was used in"}]->_179
create _197-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E40 Legal Body IS_A E74 Group"}]->_198
create _198-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E74 Group IS_A E39 Actor"}]->_235
create _198-[:`P107_HAS_CURRENT_OR_FORMER_MEMBER` {`crm_id`:"P107", `crm_name`:"P107 has current or former member", `recip_name`:"is current or former member of"}]->_235
create _199-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E10 Transfer of Custody IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _199-[:`P28_CUSTODY_SURRENDERED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P28", `crm_name`:"P28 custody surrendered by", `recip_name`:"surrendered custody through"}]->_235
create _199-[:`P29_CUSTODY_RECEIVED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P29", `crm_name`:"P29 custody received by", `recip_name`:"received custody through"}]->_235
create _199-[:`P30_TRANSFERRED_CUSTODY_OF` {`crm_id`:"P30", `crm_name`:"P30 transferred custody of", `recip_name`:"custody transferred through"}]->_227
create _200-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E45 Address IS_A E44 Place Appellation"}]->_255
create _200-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E45 Address IS_A E51 Contact Point"}]->_243
create _201-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E14 Condition Assessment IS_A E13 Attribute Assignment"}]->_213
create _201-[:`P34_CONCERNED` {`crm_id`:"P34", `crm_name`:"P34 concerned", `recip_name`:"was assessed by"}]->_227
create _201-[:`P35_HAS_IDENTIFIED` {`crm_id`:"P35", `crm_name`:"P35 has identified", `recip_name`:"identified by"}]->_261
create _202-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E24 Physical Man-Made Thing IS_A E18 Physical Thing"}]->_227
create _202-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E24 Physical Man-Made Thing IS_A E71 Man-Made Thing"}]->_262
create _202-[:`P62_DEPICTS` {`crm_id`:"P62", `crm_name`:"P62 depicts", `recip_name`:"is depicted by"}]->_242
create _202-[:`P65_SHOWS_VISUAL_ITEM` {`crm_id`:"P65", `crm_name`:"P65 shows visual item", `recip_name`:"is shown by"}]->_195
create _202-[:`P128_CARRIES` {`crm_id`:"P128", `crm_name`:"P128 carries", `recip_name`:"is carried by"}]->_179
create _203-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E83 Type Creation IS_A E65 Creation"}]->_264
create _203-[:`P135_CREATED_TYPE` {`crm_id`:"P135", `crm_name`:"P135 created type", `recip_name`:"was created by"}]->_181
create _203-[:`P136_WAS_BASED_ON` {`crm_id`:"P136", `crm_name`:"P136 was based on", `recip_name`:"supported type creation"}]->_242
create _204-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E17 Type Assignment IS_A E13 Attribute Assignment"}]->_213
create _204-[:`P41_CLASSIFIED` {`crm_id`:"P41", `crm_name`:"P41 classified", `recip_name`:"was classified by"}]->_242
create _204-[:`P42_ASSIGNED` {`crm_id`:"P42", `crm_name`:"P42 assigned", `recip_name`:"was assigned by"}]->_181
create _205-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E62 String IS_A E59 Primitive Value"}]->_183
create _206-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E21 Person IS_A E20 Biological Object"}]->_260
create _206-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E21 Person IS_A E39 Actor"}]->_235
create _206-[:`P152_HAS_PARENT` {`crm_id`:"P152", `crm_name`:"P152 has parent", `recip_name`:"is parent of"}]->_206
create _207-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E47 Spatial Coordinates IS_A E44 Place Appellation"}]->_255
create _208-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E73 Information Object IS_A E89 Propositional Object"}]->_182
create _208-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E73 Information Object IS_A E90 Symbolic Object"}]->_179
create _209-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E78 Collection IS_A E24 Physical Man-Made Thing"}]->_202
create _209-[:`P109_HAS_CURRENT_OR_FORMER_CURATOR` {`crm_id`:"P109", `crm_name`:"P109 has current or former curator", `recip_name`:"is current or former curator of"}]->_235
create _210-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E46 Section Definition IS_A E44 Place Appellation"}]->_255
create _211-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E22 Man-Made Object IS_A E19 Physical Object"}]->_253
create _211-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E22 Man-Made Object IS_A E24 Physical Man-Made Thing"}]->_202
create _212-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E29 Design or Procedure IS_A E73 Information Object"}]->_208
create _212-[:`P68_FORESEES_USE_OF` {`crm_id`:"P68", `crm_name`:"P68 foresees use of", `recip_name`:"use foreseen by"}]->_263
create _212-[:`P69_HAS_ASSOCIATION_WITH` {`crm_id`:"P69", `crm_name`:"P69 has association with", `recip_name`:"is associated with"}]->_212
create _213-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E13 Attribute Assignment IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _213-[:`P140_ASSIGNED_ATTRIBUTE_TO` {`crm_id`:"P140", `crm_name`:"P140 assigned attribute to", `recip_name`:"was attributed by"}]->_242
create _213-[:`P141_ASSIGNED` {`crm_id`:"P141", `crm_name`:"P141 assigned", `recip_name`:"was assigned by"}]->_242
create _214-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E56 Language IS_A E55 Type"}]->_181
create _215-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E12 Production IS_A E11 Modification"}]->_250
create _215-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E12 Production IS_A E63 Beginning of Existence"}]->_233
create _215-[:`P108_HAS_PRODUCED` {`crm_id`:"P108", `crm_name`:"P108 has produced", `recip_name`:"was produced by"}]->_202
create _216-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E26 Physical Feature IS_A E18 Physical Thing"}]->_227
create _217-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E91 Co-Reference Assignment IS_A E13 Attribute Assignment"}]->_213
create _217-[:`P153_ASSIGNED_CO-REFERENCE_TO` {`crm_id`:"P153", `crm_name`:"P153 assigned co-reference to", `recip_name`:"was regarded to co-refer by"}]->_182
create _217-[:`P154_ASSIGNED_NON_CO-REFERENCE_TO` {`crm_id`:"P154", `crm_name`:"P154 assigned non co-reference to", `recip_name`:"was regarded not to co-refer by"}]->_182
create _217-[:`P155_HAS_CO-REFERENCE_TARGET` {`crm_id`:"P155", `crm_name`:"P155 has co-reference target", `recip_name`:"is co-reference target of"}]->_242
create _218-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E28 Conceptual Object IS_A E71 Man-Made Thing"}]->_262
create _219-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E86 Leaving IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _219-[:`P145_SEPARATED` {`crm_id`:"P145", `crm_name`:"P145 separated", `recip_name`:"left by"}]->_235
create _219-[:`P146_SEPARATED_FROM` {`crm_id`:"P146", `crm_name`:"P146 separated from", `recip_name`:"lost member by"}]->_198
create _220-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E49 Time Appellation IS_A E41 Appellation"}]->_234
create _221-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E70 Thing IS_A E77 Persistent Item"}]->_180
create _221-[:`P43_HAS_DIMENSION` {`crm_id`:"P43", `crm_name`:"P43 has dimension", `recip_name`:"is dimension of"}]->_248
create _221-[:`P101_HAD_AS_GENERAL_USE` {`crm_id`:"P101", `crm_name`:"P101 had as general use", `recip_name`:"was use of"}]->_181
create _221-[:`P130_SHOWS_FEATURES_OF` {`crm_id`:"P130", `crm_name`:"P130 shows features of", `recip_name`:"features are also found on"}]->_221
create _222-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E50 Date IS_A E49 Time Appellation"}]->_220
create _223-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E66 Formation IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _223-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E66 Formation IS_A E63 Beginning of Existence"}]->_233
create _223-[:`P95_HAS_FORMED` {`crm_id`:"P95", `crm_name`:"P95 has formed", `recip_name`:"was formed by"}]->_198
create _223-[:`P151_WAS_FORMED_FROM` {`crm_id`:"P151", `crm_name`:"P151 was formed from"}]->_198
create _224-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E7 Activity IS_A E5 Event"}]->_236
create _224-[:`P14_CARRIED_OUT_BY` {`crm_id`:"P14", `crm_name`:"P14 carried out by", `recip_name`:"performed"}]->_235
create _224-[:`P15_WAS_INFLUENCED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P15", `crm_name`:"P15 was influenced by", `recip_name`:"influenced"}]->_242
create _224-[:`P16_USED_SPECIFIC_OBJECT` {`crm_id`:"P16", `crm_name`:"P16 used specific object", `recip_name`:"was used for"}]->_221
create _224-[:`P17_WAS_MOTIVATED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P17", `crm_name`:"P17 was motivated by", `recip_name`:"motivated"}]->_242
create _224-[:`P19_WAS_INTENDED_USE_OF` {`crm_id`:"P19", `crm_name`:"P19 was intended use of", `recip_name`:"was made for"}]->_262
create _224-[:`P20_HAD_SPECIFIC_PURPOSE` {`crm_id`:"P20", `crm_name`:"P20 had specific purpose", `recip_name`:"was purpose of"}]->_236
create _224-[:`P21_HAD_GENERAL_PURPOSE` {`crm_id`:"P21", `crm_name`:"P21 had general purpose", `recip_name`:"was purpose of"}]->_181
create _224-[:`P32_USED_GENERAL_TECHNIQUE` {`crm_id`:"P32", `crm_name`:"P32 used general technique", `recip_name`:"was technique of"}]->_181
create _224-[:`P33_USED_SPECIFIC_TECHNIQUE` {`crm_id`:"P33", `crm_name`:"P33 used specific technique", `recip_name`:"was used by"}]->_212
create _224-[:`P125_USED_OBJECT_OF_TYPE` {`crm_id`:"P125", `crm_name`:"P125 used object of type", `recip_name`:"was type of object used in"}]->_181
create _224-[:`P134_CONTINUED` {`crm_id`:"P134", `crm_name`:"P134 continued", `recip_name`:"was continued by"}]->_224
create _225-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E33 Linguistic Object IS_A E73 Information Object"}]->_208
create _225-[:`P72_HAS_LANGUAGE` {`crm_id`:"P72", `crm_name`:"P72 has language", `recip_name`:"is language of"}]->_214
create _225-[:`P73_HAS_TRANSLATION` {`crm_id`:"P73", `crm_name`:"P73 has translation", `recip_name`:"is translation of"}]->_225
create _226-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E4 Period IS_A E2 Temporal Entity"}]->_238
create _226-[:`P7_TOOK_PLACE_AT` {`crm_id`:"P7", `crm_name`:"P7 took place at", `recip_name`:"witnessed"}]->_259
create _226-[:`P8_TOOK_PLACE_ON_OR_WITHIN` {`crm_id`:"P8", `crm_name`:"P8 took place on or within", `recip_name`:"witnessed"}]->_227
create _226-[:`P9_CONSISTS_OF` {`crm_id`:"P9", `crm_name`:"P9 consists of", `recip_name`:"forms part of"}]->_226
create _226-[:`P10_FALLS_WITHIN` {`crm_id`:"P10", `crm_name`:"P10 falls within", `recip_name`:"contains"}]->_226
create _226-[:`P132_OVERLAPS_WITH` {`crm_id`:"P132", `crm_name`:"P132 overlaps with"}]->_226
create _226-[:`P133_IS_SEPARATED_FROM` {`crm_id`:"P133", `crm_name`:"P133 is separated from"}]->_226
create _226-[:`P158_OCCUPIED` {`crm_id`:"P158", `crm_name`:"P158 occupied"}]->_229
create _227-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E18 Physical Thing IS_A E72 Legal Object"}]->_184
create _227-[:`P44_HAS_CONDITION` {`crm_id`:"P44", `crm_name`:"P44 has condition", `recip_name`:"is condition of"}]->_261
create _227-[:`P45_CONSISTS_OF` {`crm_id`:"P45", `crm_name`:"P45 consists of", `recip_name`:"is incorporated in"}]->_263
create _227-[:`P46_IS_COMPOSED_OF` {`crm_id`:"P46", `crm_name`:"P46 is composed of", `recip_name`:"forms part of"}]->_227
create _227-[:`P49_HAS_FORMER_OR_CURRENT_KEEPER` {`crm_id`:"P49", `crm_name`:"P49 has former or current keeper", `recip_name`:"is former or current keeper of"}]->_235
create _227-[:`P50_HAS_CURRENT_KEEPER` {`crm_id`:"P50", `crm_name`:"P50 has current keeper", `recip_name`:"is current keeper of"}]->_235
create _227-[:`P51_HAS_FORMER_OR_CURRENT_OWNER` {`crm_id`:"P51", `crm_name`:"P51 has former or current owner", `recip_name`:"is former or current owner of"}]->_235
create _227-[:`P52_HAS_CURRENT_OWNER` {`crm_id`:"P52", `crm_name`:"P52 has current owner", `recip_name`:"is current owner of"}]->_235
create _227-[:`P53_HAS_FORMER_OR_CURRENT_LOCATION` {`crm_id`:"P53", `crm_name`:"P53 has former or current location", `recip_name`:"is former or current location of"}]->_259
create _227-[:`P58_HAS_SECTION_DEFINITION` {`crm_id`:"P58", `crm_name`:"P58 has section definition", `recip_name`:"defines section"}]->_210
create _227-[:`P59_HAS_SECTION` {`crm_id`:"P59", `crm_name`:"P59 has section", `recip_name`:"is located on or within"}]->_259
create _227-[:`P156_OCCUPIES` {`crm_id`:"P156", `crm_name`:"P156 occupies"}]->_259
create _227-[:`P159_OCCUPIED` {`crm_id`:"P159", `crm_name`:"P159 occupied"}]->_229
create _228-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E80 Part Removal IS_A E11 Modification"}]->_250
create _228-[:`P112_DIMINISHED` {`crm_id`:"P112", `crm_name`:"P112 diminished", `recip_name`:"was diminished by"}]->_202
create _228-[:`P113_REMOVED` {`crm_id`:"P113", `crm_name`:"P113 removed", `recip_name`:"was removed by"}]->_227
create _229-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E92 Spacetime Volume IS_A E1 CRM Entity"}]->_242
create _229-[:`P160_HAS_TEMPORAL_PROJECTION` {`crm_id`:"P160", `crm_name`:"P160 has temporal projection"}]->_231
create _229-[:`P161_HAS_SPATIAL_PROJECTION` {`crm_id`:"P161", `crm_name`:"P161 has spatial projection"}]->_259
create _230-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E25 Man-Made Feature IS_A E24 Physical Man-Made Thing"}]->_202
create _230-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E25 Man-Made Feature IS_A E26 Physical Feature"}]->_216
create _231-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E52 Time-Span IS_A E1 CRM Entity"}]->_242
create _231-[:`P78_IS_IDENTIFIED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P78", `crm_name`:"P78 is identified by", `recip_name`:"identifies"}]->_220
create _231-[:`P79_BEGINNING_IS_QUALIFIED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P79", `crm_name`:"P79 beginning is qualified by"}]->_205
create _231-[:`P80_END_IS_QUALIFIED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P80", `crm_name`:"P80 end is qualified by"}]->_205
create _231-[:`P81_ONGOING_THROUGHOUT` {`crm_id`:"P81", `crm_name`:"P81 ongoing throughout"}]->_249
create _231-[:`P82_AT_SOME_TIME_WITHIN` {`crm_id`:"P82", `crm_name`:"P82 at some time within"}]->_249
create _231-[:`P83_HAD_AT_LEAST_DURATION` {`crm_id`:"P83", `crm_name`:"P83 had at least duration", `recip_name`:"was minimum duration of"}]->_248
create _231-[:`P84_HAD_AT_MOST_DURATION` {`crm_id`:"P84", `crm_name`:"P84 had at most duration", `recip_name`:"was maximum duration of"}]->_248
create _231-[:`P86_FALLS_WITHIN` {`crm_id`:"P86", `crm_name`:"P86 falls within", `recip_name`:"contains"}]->_231
create _232-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E75 Conceptual Object Appellation IS_A E41 Appellation"}]->_234
create _233-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E63 Beginning of Existence IS_A E5 Event"}]->_236
create _233-[:`P92_BROUGHT_INTO_EXISTENCE` {`crm_id`:"P92", `crm_name`:"P92 brought into existence", `recip_name`:"was brought into existence by"}]->_180
create _234-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E41 Appellation IS_A E90 Symbolic Object"}]->_179
create _234-[:`P139_HAS_ALTERNATIVE_FORM` {`crm_id`:"P139", `crm_name`:"P139 has alternative form"}]->_234
create _235-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E39 Actor IS_A E77 Persistent Item"}]->_180
create _235-[:`P74_HAS_CURRENT_OR_FORMER_RESIDENCE` {`crm_id`:"P74", `crm_name`:"P74 has current or former residence", `recip_name`:"is current or former residence of"}]->_259
create _235-[:`P75_POSSESSES` {`crm_id`:"P75", `crm_name`:"P75 possesses", `recip_name`:"is possessed by"}]->_189
create _235-[:`P76_HAS_CONTACT_POINT` {`crm_id`:"P76", `crm_name`:"P76 has contact point", `recip_name`:"provides access to"}]->_243
create _235-[:`P131_IS_IDENTIFIED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P131", `crm_name`:"P131 is identified by", `recip_name`:"identifies"}]->_187
create _236-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E5 Event IS_A E4 Period"}]->_226
create _236-[:`P11_HAD_PARTICIPANT` {`crm_id`:"P11", `crm_name`:"P11 had participant", `recip_name`:"participated in"}]->_235
create _236-[:`P12_OCCURRED_IN_THE_PRESENCE_OF` {`crm_id`:"P12", `crm_name`:"P12 occurred in the presence of", `recip_name`:"was present at"}]->_180
create _237-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E37 Mark IS_A E36 Visual Item"}]->_195
create _238-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E2 Temporal Entity IS_A E1 CRM Entity"}]->_242
create _238-[:`P4_HAS_TIME-SPAN` {`crm_id`:"P4", `crm_name`:"P4 has time-span", `recip_name`:"is time-span of"}]->_231
create _238-[:`P114_IS_EQUAL_IN_TIME_TO` {`crm_id`:"P114", `crm_name`:"P114 is equal in time to"}]->_238
create _238-[:`P115_FINISHES` {`crm_id`:"P115", `crm_name`:"P115 finishes", `recip_name`:"is finished by"}]->_238
create _238-[:`P116_STARTS` {`crm_id`:"P116", `crm_name`:"P116 starts", `recip_name`:"is started by"}]->_238
create _238-[:`P117_OCCURS_DURING` {`crm_id`:"P117", `crm_name`:"P117 occurs during", `recip_name`:"includes"}]->_238
create _238-[:`P118_OVERLAPS_IN_TIME_WITH` {`crm_id`:"P118", `crm_name`:"P118 overlaps in time with", `recip_name`:"is overlapped in time by"}]->_238
create _238-[:`P119_MEETS_IN_TIME_WITH` {`crm_id`:"P119", `crm_name`:"P119 meets in time with", `recip_name`:"is met in time by"}]->_238
create _238-[:`P120_OCCURS_BEFORE` {`crm_id`:"P120", `crm_name`:"P120 occurs before", `recip_name`:"occurs after"}]->_238
create _239-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E58 Measurement Unit IS_A E55 Type"}]->_181
create _240-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E81 Transformation IS_A E63 Beginning of Existence"}]->_233
create _240-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E81 Transformation IS_A E64 End of Existence"}]->_256
create _240-[:`P123_RESULTED_IN` {`crm_id`:"P123", `crm_name`:"P123 resulted in", `recip_name`:"resulted from"}]->_180
create _240-[:`P124_TRANSFORMED` {`crm_id`:"P124", `crm_name`:"P124 transformed", `recip_name`:"was transformed by"}]->_180
create _241-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E35 Title IS_A E33 Linguistic Object"}]->_225
create _241-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E35 Title IS_A E41 Appellation"}]->_234
create _242-[:`P1_IS_IDENTIFIED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P1", `crm_name`:"P1 is identified by", `recip_name`:"identifies"}]->_234
create _242-[:`P2_HAS_TYPE` {`crm_id`:"P2", `crm_name`:"P2 has type", `recip_name`:"is type of"}]->_181
create _242-[:`P3_HAS_NOTE` {`crm_id`:"P3", `crm_name`:"P3 has note"}]->_205
create _242-[:`P48_HAS_PREFERRED_IDENTIFIER` {`crm_id`:"P48", `crm_name`:"P48 has preferred identifier", `recip_name`:"is preferred identifier of"}]->_192
create _242-[:`P137_EXEMPLIFIES` {`crm_id`:"P137", `crm_name`:"P137 exemplifies", `recip_name`:"is exemplified by"}]->_181
create _243-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E51 Contact Point IS_A E41 Appellation"}]->_234
create _244-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E32 Authority Document IS_A E31 Document"}]->_245
create _244-[:`P71_LISTS` {`crm_id`:"P71", `crm_name`:"P71 lists", `recip_name`:"is listed in"}]->_242
create _245-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E31 Document IS_A E73 Information Object"}]->_208
create _245-[:`P70_DOCUMENTS` {`crm_id`:"P70", `crm_name`:"P70 documents", `recip_name`:"is documented in"}]->_242
create _246-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E60 Number IS_A E59 Primitive Value"}]->_183
create _247-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E69 Death IS_A E64 End of Existence"}]->_256
create _247-[:`P100_WAS_DEATH_OF` {`crm_id`:"P100", `crm_name`:"P100 was death of", `recip_name`:"died in"}]->_206
create _248-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E54 Dimension IS_A E1 CRM Entity"}]->_242
create _248-[:`P90_HAS_VALUE` {`crm_id`:"P90", `crm_name`:"P90 has value"}]->_246
create _248-[:`P91_HAS_UNIT` {`crm_id`:"P91", `crm_name`:"P91 has unit", `recip_name`:"is unit of"}]->_239
create _249-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E61 Time Primitive IS_A E59 Primitive Value"}]->_183
create _250-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E11 Modification IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _250-[:`P31_HAS_MODIFIED` {`crm_id`:"P31", `crm_name`:"P31 has modified", `recip_name`:"was modified by"}]->_202
create _250-[:`P126_EMPLOYED` {`crm_id`:"P126", `crm_name`:"P126 employed", `recip_name`:"was employed in"}]->_263
create _251-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E79 Part Addition IS_A E11 Modification"}]->_250
create _251-[:`P110_AUGMENTED` {`crm_id`:"P110", `crm_name`:"P110 augmented", `recip_name`:"was augmented by"}]->_202
create _251-[:`P111_ADDED` {`crm_id`:"P111", `crm_name`:"P111 added", `recip_name`:"was added by"}]->_227
create _252-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E9 Move IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _252-[:`P25_MOVED` {`crm_id`:"P25", `crm_name`:"P25 moved", `recip_name`:"moved by"}]->_253
create _252-[:`P26_MOVED_TO` {`crm_id`:"P26", `crm_name`:"P26 moved to", `recip_name`:"was destination of"}]->_259
create _252-[:`P27_MOVED_FROM` {`crm_id`:"P27", `crm_name`:"P27 moved from", `recip_name`:"was origin of"}]->_259
create _253-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E19 Physical Object IS_A E18 Physical Thing"}]->_227
create _253-[:`P54_HAS_CURRENT_PERMANENT_LOCATION` {`crm_id`:"P54", `crm_name`:"P54 has current permanent location", `recip_name`:"is current permanent location of"}]->_259
create _253-[:`P55_HAS_CURRENT_LOCATION` {`crm_id`:"P55", `crm_name`:"P55 has current location", `recip_name`:"currently holds"}]->_259
create _253-[:`P56_BEARS_FEATURE` {`crm_id`:"P56", `crm_name`:"P56 bears feature", `recip_name`:"is found on"}]->_216
create _253-[:`P57_HAS_NUMBER_OF_PARTS` {`crm_id`:"P57", `crm_name`:"P57 has number of parts"}]->_246
create _254-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E38 Image IS_A E36 Visual Item"}]->_195
create _255-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E44 Place Appellation IS_A E41 Appellation"}]->_234
create _256-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E64 End of Existence IS_A E5 Event"}]->_236
create _256-[:`P93_TOOK_OUT_OF_EXISTENCE` {`crm_id`:"P93", `crm_name`:"P93 took out of existence", `recip_name`:"was taken out of existence by"}]->_180
create _257-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E34 Inscription IS_A E33 Linguistic Object"}]->_225
create _257-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E34 Inscription IS_A E37 Mark"}]->_237
create _258-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E93 Spacetime Snapshot IS_A E92 Spacetime Volume"}]->_229
create _258-[:`P162_IS_RESTRICTED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P162", `crm_name`:"P162 is restricted by"}]->_229
create _258-[:`P163_IS_RESTRICTED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P163", `crm_name`:"P163 is restricted by"}]->_259
create _259-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E53 Place IS_A E1 CRM Entity"}]->_242
create _259-[:`P87_IS_IDENTIFIED_BY` {`crm_id`:"P87", `crm_name`:"P87 is identified by", `recip_name`:"identifies"}]->_255
create _259-[:`P89_FALLS_WITHIN` {`crm_id`:"P89", `crm_name`:"P89 falls within", `recip_name`:"contains"}]->_259
create _259-[:`P121_OVERLAPS_WITH` {`crm_id`:"P121", `crm_name`:"P121 overlaps with"}]->_259
create _259-[:`P122_BORDERS_WITH` {`crm_id`:"P122", `crm_name`:"P122 borders with"}]->_259
create _259-[:`P157_IS_AT_REST_RELATIVE_TO` {`crm_id`:"P157", `crm_name`:"P157 is at rest relative to"}]->_227
create _260-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E20 Biological Object IS_A E19 Physical Object"}]->_253
create _261-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E3 Condition State IS_A E2 Temporal Entity"}]->_238
create _261-[:`P5_CONSISTS_OF` {`crm_id`:"P5", `crm_name`:"P5 consists of", `recip_name`:"forms part of"}]->_261
create _262-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E71 Man-Made Thing IS_A E70 Thing"}]->_221
create _262-[:`P102_HAS_TITLE` {`crm_id`:"P102", `crm_name`:"P102 has title", `recip_name`:"is title of"}]->_241
create _262-[:`P103_WAS_INTENDED_FOR` {`crm_id`:"P103", `crm_name`:"P103 was intended for", `recip_name`:"was intention of"}]->_181
create _263-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E57 Material IS_A E55 Type"}]->_181
create _264-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E65 Creation IS_A E7 Activity"}]->_224
create _264-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E65 Creation IS_A E63 Beginning of Existence"}]->_233
create _264-[:`P94_HAS_CREATED` {`crm_id`:"P94", `crm_name`:"P94 has created", `recip_name`:"was created by"}]->_218
create _265-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E68 Dissolution IS_A E64 End of Existence"}]->_256
create _265-[:`P99_DISSOLVED` {`crm_id`:"P99", `crm_name`:"P99 dissolved", `recip_name`:"was dissolved by"}]->_198
create _266-[:`IS_A` {`IS_A`:"E67 Birth IS_A E63 Beginning of Existence"}]->_233
create _266-[:`P96_BY_MOTHER` {`crm_id`:"P96", `crm_name`:"P96 by mother", `recip_name`:"gave birth"}]->_206
create _266-[:`P97_FROM_FATHER` {`crm_id`:"P97", `crm_name`:"P97 from father", `recip_name`:"was father for"}]->_206
create _266-[:`P98_BROUGHT_INTO_LIFE` {`crm_id`:"P98", `crm_name`:"P98 brought into life", `recip_name`:"was born"}]->_206This large set-up query dynamically enters all the graph data that models the CIDOC-CRM Definition.
A magazine is so much more than the inert collection of print cultural artifacts that we routinely find libraries, archives, and museums. A magazine — referring here to the specific domain of commercial print publications — is both a creative production and a business (or some form of organizational agent). As the editorial and art teams come together, the shared vision for what the magazine will "be" are gelled. The organizational/business side provides the means to sustain this creative act. And, on a strict schedule, this ephemeral shared idea of what the Magazine can be is realized as an "issue" of what will become the collective set of these snapshot expressions of what the Magazine producers envision.
Those familiar with a commercial magazine knows there is an underlying document structure that informs our reading. We distinguis ads from editorial. Which text goes with which articles, etc. But let’s leave the "slice and dicing" of an actual Magazine Issue to the next section.
Let’s focus here on a CIDOC-CRM compliant "anchor" of our Magazine-modelling decomposition that reflects this more expansive and realistic understanding of the nature of a Magazine as both an artifact and the creative act that produced that artifact.
Step 1. Softalk magazine first exists as a shared idea about an idealized publication that would be published monthly, etc. To start building out the domain model for the FactMiners Fact Cloud of Softalk magazine, let’s create the node representing the Softalk Magazine and put it in the META:Structure partition within the FactMiners Fact Cloud.
// Get the E7 Activity node and show its content in a table
MATCH (n)
where n.crm_id = 'E7'
RETURN n.scopenote as `Scope Note`, n.examples as ExamplesHow can the CIDOC-CRM model/document "gameflow"? (AKA crowdsourced preservation/curation "workflow")
Here is a typical entry in the Class Declarations section (i.e., CRM Entity and its descendents) of the official CIDOC-CRM text reference:
E7 Activity Subclass of: E5 Event Superclass of: E8 Acquisition E9 Move E10 Transfer of Custody E11 Modification E13 Attribute Assignment E65 Creation E66 Formation E85 Joining E86 Leaving E87 Curation Activity Scope note: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door. Examples: � the Battle of Stalingrad � the Yalta Conference � my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 � the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) � the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) � calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ ‘Quyunjig’ by the people of Iraq � Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993 � Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993 Properties: P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor (P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type) P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing (P16.1 mode of use: E55 Type) P17 was motivated by (motivated): E1 CRM Entity P19 was intended use of (was made for): E71 Man-Made Thing (P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type) P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E5 Event P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type P32 used general technique (was technique of): E55 Type P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure P125 used object of type (was type of object used in): E55 Type P134 continued (was continued by): E7 Activity
The Superclass and Subclass sections were used to create the IS_A relationships in the graph to represent the OOP-like "inheritance" relationships. The Properties section was used to create relationship links between the CRM_ENTITY nodes during the import. The Scope Note and Examples sections were imported as Neo4j properties (not to be confused with CRM-specific Proptery relationships).
Here, for example, is the Scope Note and Examples associated with the E7 Activity CRM_ENTITY node:
// Get the E7 Activity node and show its content in a table
MATCH (n)
where n.crm_id = 'E7'
RETURN n.scopenote as `Scope Note`, n.examples as ExamplesAnd here is a list of all the Class Declaration nodes descending from CRM_ENTITY:
MATCH (n)
WHERE has(n.`crm_id`)
RETURN DISTINCT n.name AS `CRM Entity`, n.scopenote AS `Scope Note`, n.examples AS Examples
ORDER BY n.nameAnd here are the Properties (implemented in this case as Neo4j Relationships) that relate CRM_ENTITY nodes to each other:
MATCH (domain)-[crm_property]->(range)
WHERE has(crm_property.crm_id)
RETURN DISTINCT TYPE(crm_property) AS `CRM Property`, domain.name AS Domain, range.name AS Range
ORDER BY TYPE(crm_property)// Get stuff a couple steps from E7 Activity
MATCH activity_stuff = ((n)--(foaf))
where n.crm_id = 'E7'
RETURN activity_stuffProperties between E7 and E1 are a convenience idiom for applying properties through composition (OOP-like "inheritance" AKA graph path):
MATCH activity_lineage = ((n)-[:IS_A*1..4]->(crm_entity))
where n.crm_id = 'E7' and crm_entity.crm_id = 'E1'
RETURN activity_lineage