Simple script to have load countries in a globe view similar to the globe image in https://www.gispo.fi/en/blog/the-power-of-community-30daymapchallenge/

globe_view.py

'''
Open the script in QGIS Python Console editor window, run it and run the command load_globe_view() in the 
QGIS  Python console.
Inspired by blog posts at http://www.statsmapsnpix.com/2019/09/globe-projections-and-insets-in-qgis.html
and https://www.gispo.fi/en/blog/the-power-of-community-30daymapchallenge/.
'''

NATURAL_EARTH_BASE_URL = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/master/geojson/"

def load_natural_earth_data():
    lyr_data = [
        'ne_110m_admin_0_countries.geojson',
        # 'ne_110m_land.geojson',
        #'ne_10m_graticules_30.geojson',
        # 'ne_10m_graticules_1.geojson'
    ]
    for source in lyr_data:
        iface.addVectorLayer(NATURAL_EARTH_BASE_URL + source, "", "ogr")

def change_to_globe(lat=42.5333333333, lon=-0.53333333339999):
    proj4_string = '+proj=ortho +lat_0={} +lon_0={} +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +a=6370997 +b=6370997 +units=m +no_defs'.format(lat,
                                                                                                                  lon)
    proj4_string = proj4_string.format(lat, lon)
    crs = QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem()
    crs.createFromProj4(proj4_string)
    QgsProject.instance().setCrs(crs)


def change_to_wgs84():
    crs = QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem()
    crs.createFromId(4326)
    QgsProject.instance().setCrs(crs)


def change_background_color(color=QtCore.Qt.black):
    from PyQt5.QtGui import QColor
    myColor = QColor(color)

    # Write it to the project (will still need to be saved!)
    QgsProject.instance().writeEntry("Gui", "/CanvasColorRedPart", myColor.red())
    QgsProject.instance().writeEntry("Gui", "/CanvasColorGreenPart", myColor.green())
    QgsProject.instance().writeEntry("Gui", "/CanvasColorBluePart", myColor.blue())

    # And apply for the current session
    iface.mapCanvas().setCanvasColor(myColor);
    iface.mapCanvas().refresh()

def set_border_styles(layer):
    sym = layer.renderer().symbol()

    props = {'color': 'blue'}
    fill_symbol = QgsFillSymbol.createSimple(props)

    # Assign effects
    stack = QgsEffectStack()
    stack.appendEffect(QgsDrawSourceEffect.create({'enabled': 'False'}))
    stack.appendEffect(QgsDropShadowEffect.create({'color': 'white'}))
    stack.appendEffect(QgsInnerShadowEffect.create({'color': 'white'}))
    fill_symbol.symbolLayers()[0].setPaintEffect(stack)

    geom_generator_sl = QgsGeometryGeneratorSymbolLayer.create({
        'SymbolType': 'Fill',
        'geometryModifier': 'buffer($geometry, 6371000)' # Earth radius
    })
    geom_generator_sl.setSubSymbol(fill_symbol)
    sym.changeSymbolLayer(0, geom_generator_sl)

    layer.triggerRepaint()
    return layer

def add_borders(lat=42.5333333333, lon=-0.53333333339999):
    proj4_string = '+proj=ortho +lat_0={} +lon_0={} +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +a=6370997 +b=6370997 +units=m +no_defs'.format(lat,
                                                                                                                  lon)
    point = QgsPointXY(lat, lon)
    
    # Bloc signals required to prevent the pop up asking about the crs change
    iface.mainWindow().blockSignals(True)
    layer = QgsVectorLayer("Point?EPSG:4326", "Sea", "memory")
    crs = layer.crs()
    crs.createFromProj4(proj4_string)
    layer.setCrs(crs)
    iface.mainWindow().blockSignals(False)
    
    feature = QgsFeature()
    feature.setGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromPointXY(point))
    provider = layer.dataProvider()
    layer.startEditing()
    provider.addFeatures([feature])
    layer.commitChanges()

    # Assign styles and add to toc
    set_border_styles(layer)
    QgsProject.instance().addMapLayer(layer)


def change_globe_origo(lat, lon):
    '''
    Change the origo of the globe
    '''
    change_to_wgs84()
    change_to_globe(lat, lon)


def load_globe_view(lat=42.5, lon=-0.53):
    '''
    Run the methods above to load the globe view
    '''
    load_natural_earth_data()
    change_background_color()
    change_to_globe(lat, lon)
    add_borders(lat, lon)