Kelefe0152

## gist:31451ddfff7ec1fd86baebad4f6afbff
Musculature

Extrinsic Muscles

The extrinsic muscles of the larynx are also sometimes referred to as the strap muscles. The infrahyoid group includes the omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and sternohyoid muscles. They are innervated by branches of the descendens hypoglossi portion of the ansa hypoglossi (first to fourth cervical nerves) (Fig. 2–10).

The suprahyoid group includes the digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, and thyrohyoid muscles, all of which are elevators of the larynx. The middle and inferior constrictor muscles are also extrinsic laryngeal muscles but play their most important role in swallowing and have little or no effect on the intrinsic functions of the larynx. The supra- and infrahyoid groups of muscles meet at the hyoid bone, which serves as a direction - changing point. As a result, their synergistic action is capable of fixing the laryngotracheal complex in any position from its most depressed to its most elevated. The depressor (infrahyoid) group of musc

## gist:cd9dca7c1327b66a304a9c9fef463bbf
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Larynx

Because of its location at the crossroads of the air and food passages, the larynx serves as a conduit for air to and waste gases from the lungs and as a valve to prevent the passage of secretions, food, and foreign material into the upper respiratory tract. In humans it has also come to serve as an organ of communication—its phylogenetically “youngest” function. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the larynx, which knowledge is essential to an understanding of phonatory disorders and their management, is reviewed in this chapter.

GROSS ANATOMY

Skeletal Support

The structural supports of the larynx include six cartilages and the hyoid bone. Three of the cartilages are bilaterally symmetric and paired. They are connected to each other by membranes and ligaments that are named for the structures to which they are attached.
	Musculature

	Extrinsic Muscles

	The extrinsic muscles of the larynx are also sometimes referred to as the strap muscles. The infrahyoid group includes the omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and sternohyoid muscles. They are innervated by branches of the descendens hypoglossi portion of the ansa hypoglossi (first to fourth cervical nerves) (Fig. 2–10).

	The suprahyoid group includes the digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, and thyrohyoid muscles, all of which are elevators of the larynx. The middle and inferior constrictor muscles are also extrinsic laryngeal muscles but play their most important role in swallowing and have little or no effect on the intrinsic functions of the larynx. The supra- and infrahyoid groups of muscles meet at the hyoid bone, which serves as a direction - changing point. As a result, their synergistic action is capable of fixing the laryngotracheal complex in any position from its most depressed to its most elevated. The depressor (infrahyoid) group of musc
	Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Larynx

	Because of its location at the crossroads of the air and food passages, the larynx serves as a conduit for air to and waste gases from the lungs and as a valve to prevent the passage of secretions, food, and foreign material into the upper respiratory tract. In humans it has also come to serve as an organ of communication—its phylogenetically “youngest” function. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the larynx, which knowledge is essential to an understanding of phonatory disorders and their management, is reviewed in this chapter.

	GROSS ANATOMY

	Skeletal Support

	The structural supports of the larynx include six cartilages and the hyoid bone. Three of the cartilages are bilaterally symmetric and paired. They are connected to each other by membranes and ligaments that are named for the structures to which they are attached.