Arch lecture 2-20

archlecture2-20

• Christian community house, Dura-europos, ca. 240 CE
		○ Christians were persecuted because didn’t follow governing religion
			§ Religion has to spread covertly
			§ So early spaces are hidden
			§ Early christian architecture is in homes
			§ Murals representing biblical stories
			§ Immediate 
		○ Assembly hall to left with wall destoryed to make more space
		○ Baptistry space also
		○ Communal space
	• Colossus of constantine, 312-315
		○ Constantine legalizes christianity with edict of milan of 313 (all relis are tolerated)
	• Penni, romano, & raffaellino, The Vision of the Cross, 1520 -24 ce
		○ Saw a vision of a cross in the sky before going to battle and designed to convert to christianity
	• Gianfrancesco penni, giulio romano, & raffaiellino del colle, Hall of Constantine, 1520
	• Penni, the baptism of constantine, 1517 - 24
		○ He didn't convert to christianity until he was on his deathbed
		○ Fresco is fictional
	• Basilica of maxentius and constantine 
		○ For public assembly and legal proceedings
		○ Massive statue of contantine sat in this basilica
		○ Basilica becomes associated with constantine
	• Basilica
		○ Large rectangular hall with double colonnades and a semicircular apse
	• Old St. Pete's Basilica, Roman Empire, 360
		○ Christian
		○ Constantine = key patron
		○ 30 yr to complete 
		○ On st. peter's grave
		○ Hold 3-4,000 worshippers
		○ Has an apse for devotions to be given
		○ Exterior was unadorned
			§ Primary object of attention is apse in interior
			
	• Apse
		○ a semicircular recess, usually covered with a half dome and typically containing an altar
	• Nave
		○ The central axis of a basilica church
		○ Aisles are on sides of nave
	• Orthodox Baptistry, Western Roman Empire (ravenna, Italy) 400
		○ Part of western roman empire, soon the capital
		○ Converts were baptised here
		○ Octagonal space
		○ Octagonal pool
		○ Focus is on pool
		○ Image of story of christ's own baptism on ceiling surrounded by 12 apostles
		○ 8 symbolizes 8th day of resurrection 
		○ Interior is more ornate than exterior
	• Thomas cole, destruction, 1836
		○ Western roman empire is destroyed
		○ Power is eroded through civil wars, invasions, depression
	• Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 505
		○ Competing towns in italy
		○ Most lavish early project is this basilica
		○ Lavish mosaics
		○ On walls 
		○ On mosaic in basilica christ is depicted as a judge
			§ Stern powerful
			§ Educate converts to new religion
		○ Exterior is stark, brick
	• Mosaic of Justinian, Church of San Vitale, Byzantine Empire, 526 - 547
		○ He was 200 yrs after constantine
		○ Wants to reconquer all of what was lost in western empire
		○ 527 rises to power
		○ Considered the last roman emperor because he reconquers a lot
		○ Christian
		○ Justinian has gold halo, chanelling image of christ
			§ Leader of church and poli
	• Church of San Vitale, Byzantine Epire (Ravenna, Italy), 526 - 547
		○ Now ravenna is byzantine, it was conquered by justinian
		○ Church on octagonal plan
		○ Centered on dome
		○ Clear collision of roman and byzantine
		○ Lavish interior attention
		○ Robust roman engineering knowledge to make it tall
			§ Buttressing sys, wall thickening
		
	• Mosaic of theodora, church of san vitale, byzantine empire, 526- 547
		○ With court of women and eunuchs and holding wine
		○ Also at center with halo
	• Mosaic of christ enthroned, church of san vitale
		○ Christ as judge
	• Hagia irene, byzantine empire, 532 - 548
		○ Dome represents heavenly sphere
		○ Hybridized two building types
			§ Dome on rectangular basilica
			§ Weight is distributed to four piers
			§ Apse at far end and altar
		○ First use of pendentive to transfer load to four points at corners (byzantine innovation)
			§ Curved triangle 
			§ Pendentive
				□ Curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches
	• Isidore of Miletus & Anthemius of Tralles, Hagia Sophia, Byzantine Empire 537
		○ Justinian seeks out new reli center for his capital
		○ Asks these mathematicians to design this space
		○ They designed large basilica space
		○ Windows around border give light, make the dome look like its floating
		○ Robust use of arches at all scales to distribute the loads
		○ Large and small apses
		○ First dome collapsed
		○ Constructed for 30 yrs
		○ Buttress are external structural supports so wall can be thinner
			§ buttress
				□ Projecting support of stone or brick built against a wall
		○ Structure is mostly brick
			§ Relatively unadorned exterior
		○ Square form, symmetrical
		○ Other byzantine projects has gold mosaic work of handcut tiles of glass with color backing
			§ At entrance virgin mary at center with baby christ, 
			§ left is contantine with model of city
			§ On right justinian with model of hagia sophia
		○ Later, converted to mosque
			§ Minarets and arabic plaques
			§ Architecture is constantly revised
			§ Today building is secularized 80 yrs ago
	• Middle ages or medieval period
		○ Period from about 476 to the beginnings of the renaissance in the 14th century
		○ Population decline
		○ Dark ages
		○ Lack of centralized govt in central europe
		○ Decline In literacy
		○ Small feudalist states instead
	• Portrait of charlemagne, painting by caspar johann nepomuk scheuren 1825
		○ Pope crowns him holy roman emperor
		○ Conquering much of western europe
		○ Sees self falling in line with other roman rulers
		○ Extablishes schools
		○ Brings pominent figures to his court
		○ He's holding model of palatine chapel at aachen
	• Odo of metz, palatine chapel at aachen, carolingian empire, 792 - 805
		○ Part of new palace complex for capital of charlemagne empire
		○ Odo is armenian
		○ Large technical knowledge of roman architecture
		○ Later version of the building here
		○ Direct influ of byzantine motifs
			§ Modeled on church of sant vitale
			§ Material got from other places
			§ Octogon dome
			§ Simpler saint vitale
	• Plan of sait gall, caroligian empire 817
		○ Monnasterys spread reli sys of belief
		○ For monks to study with no interaction
		○ Reli is instrument to aaext power froom
		○ Drawing sent to abbott at sp
		○ Oldest primary architectural drawing
		○ See elemetns of monastery 
		○ Ideal organization don’t exist though