Horizontal layers of a web application.
| Horizontal layer | Examples | |
|---|---|---|
| Business logic | Application-specific logic, domain logic, validation rules | |
| Persistence | WebStorage, IndexedDB, WebSQL, HTTP, WebSocket, GraphQL, Firebase, Meteor | |
| Messaging | WebRTC, WebSocket, Push API, Server-Sent Events | |
| I/O | Web Bluetooth, WebUSB, NFC, camera, microphone, proximity sensor, ambient light sensor | |
| Presentation | DOM manipulation, event listeners, formatting | |
| User interaction | UI behaviour, form validation | |
| State management | Application state management, application-specific events |
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Used in Model-View-Presenter with Angular and related articles.