My English language report - a template.

index.tex

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\author{
  Mohammed Samir Mohammed \\
  Section: 14 \\
  Group: 3 \\
  Midterm Code: 3485
}
\title{Lang Research: Eye-Tracking}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}

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  \section{Definition}

  Eye-tracking is known as the process of tracking the absolute point of gaze (POG, which is the point where sight is focused),
  or the motion of an eye relative to the head.

  The eye has a lot of communicative power. Eye contact and gaze direction are central and very important cues
  in human communication, for example, in regulating interaction and turn taking, establishing socio-emotional connection, or indicating the target of our visual interest. The eye has also been said to be a mirror to the soul or window into the brain. Gaze behavior reflects cognitive processes and can give hints of our thinking and intentions. We often look at things before acting on them \cite{Majaranta2014}.

  \section{Historical background}

  A brief history of eye-tacking is visualized in Fig \ref{fig:brief_history}
  The concept of studying where we look has been around since the 1800s.
  In 1879, Louis Emile Javal, noticed that people do not read smoothly across a page, but rather pause on some words while moving quickly through others \cite{uxbooth}.
  Edmund Huey later built a device that was used to track eye movement in reading. Later, he published a book titled "The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading", was published in 1908,
  still considered a profound work in the study of reading.

  In 1937, Guy Thomas Buswell, an educational psychologist, used light beams which were reflected on readers’ eyes and recorded them on film. Buswell’s research indicated
  that there is a significant difference between oral and silent reading, and that one person reads in two different ways at two different moments in time.

  \begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{resources/eye-tracking-history.png}
    \label{fig:brief_history}
    \caption{ Source: \cite{medium_image_brief_history}, Brief history of eye-tracking technology } 
  \end{figure}

  \section{The basic principle and mechanism of eye-tracking system}
  \label{sec:basic_principle}

  We can easily describe the principles upon which eye-tracking technology based, but it is quiet difficult to implement and setup requirements for it.
  The reason behind that is the huge amount of data needed to be collected to train a deep learning model to make prediction of the gaze position.
  Deep learning is a sub-category of artificial intelligence AI, in which will will find the application of neural networks.
  After determining the position of eye's pupil, gaze concentration, a new effort is exerted in collecting positions of gazes for
  different situations and fields as described here below in section \ref{sec:applications}.

  \section{Main applications of eye-tracking system}
  \label{sec:applications}
  
  \quad ``From human–computer interaction techniques to medical diagnoses to psychological studies to computer vision, eye tracking has applications in many areas'' ~\cite{Krafka_2016_CVPR}.

  There was attentions directed to eye-tracking technology for many decades, even before
  the modern age of computer and semiconductor devices, it back to the eighteenth century \cite{Krafka_2016_CVPR}.
  There was also some difficulties preventing such a powerful technology from penetrating many fields, we can list them in these few points
  \begin{itemize}
    \item High cost
    \item Custom hardware are needed
    \item Inaccuracy under real-world conditions
  \end{itemize}

  But, now it noticeable that it is much easier to make full  use of this technology in many field, from commercial to educational to industrial, and many other field.
  The reason behind the invasion on eye-tracking is the powerful devices which are nearly available for everyone (e.g. Smart phone, tablets, tablets, computers, etc.),
  these new available powerful devices are widely use all around the world because of the rapid improvements in both hardware and software.
  The intense usage of cameras every where, from individuals and beyond, lead to a rapid development of camera technology.
  Moreover, we have tons of data available for train machine learning models, as machine learning models use lots and lots of data, then trying to make a model predicted new real-time captured data.
  Let's see some applications.

  \subsection{Marketing}

  During the past few years, eye tracking for market research has become increasingly important. Many leading brands use the tool to evaluate their products, designs, advertising or even the shopping behavior of their customers to optimize the overall customer experience.

  With eye tracking, it is possible to measure attention to brands, products, and their key messages as well as the ease or difficulty of store navigation.

  \subsection{Medical Field}

  Eye tracking in combination with conventional research methods or other bio-sensors can even be helpful for diagnosing diseases such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.

  For instance, it can be used to detect drowsiness or support various other fields for medical, quality assurance or monitoring use.

  \subsection{Computer Controlling}

  The idea has existed since at least the 1960s: If astronauts could control their maneuvering units and telescopes with their eyes,
  then their hands could do a better job of controlling other parts ofthe aircraft (Merchant, 1967). However, controlling computers using gaze was first achieved in the 1980s.
  \cite{Kenneth_2017}


  \section{The relation between eye-tracking system and electrical engineering}

  Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines, surely eye-tracking technology has many intersection with electrical engineering.
  
  \begin{enumerate}
    \item To get eye-tracking system setup, you have to train DL models as mentioned before, section \ref{sec:basic_principle}.
    \item Eye-tracking is used to control mouse position for people with disabilities using PCs.
    \item Control devices: This technology is also used by astronauts to free their hands to handle other things \cite{Kenneth_2017}.
    \item Design of special devices to track eye's pupil in general is a responsibility of electrical engineers
  \end{enumerate}


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  \bibliographystyle{plain}
  \bibliography{refs} % the name of our .bib file

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ref.bib

@InProceedings{Krafka_2016_CVPR,
  author = {Krafka, Kyle and Khosla, Aditya and Kellnhofer, Petr and Kannan, Harini and Bhandarkar, Suchendra and Matusik, Wojciech and Torralba, Antonio},
  title = {Eye Tracking for Everyone},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  month = {June},
  year = {2016}
} 

@incollection{Majaranta2014,
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4471-6392-3_3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6392-3_3},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {Springer London},
  pages = {39--65},
  author = {P\"{a}ivi Majaranta and Andreas Bulling},
  title = {Eye Tracking and Eye-Based Human{\textendash}Computer Interaction},
  booktitle = {Human{\textendash}Computer Interaction Series}
}

@techreport{mohamed2007,
  author = {Mohamed, Abdallahi and Perreira Da Silva, Matthieu and Courboulay, Vincent},
  year = {2007},
  month = {12},
  pages = {},
  title = {A history of eye gaze tracking}
}

@misc{uxbooth,
  author = {David Leggett},
  title = {{A Brief History of Eye-Tracking}},
  howpublished = "\url{https://www.uxbooth.com/articles/a-brief-history-of-eye-tracking/}",
  year=2020,
  note = "[Online; accessed 31-dec-2020]"
}

@Book{huey_1908,
  author={Huey, E. B.},
  title={The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading.},
  series={The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading.},
  year={1908},
  publisher={Macmillan},
  address={Oxford,  England},
  pages={Pp. 469-Pp. 469}
}

@misc{medium_image_brief_history,
  author = { Medium@EyeSee },
  title = { A brief history of eye tracking },
  url = { https://medium.com/@eyesee/eye-tracking-through-history-b2e5c7029443 },
  year = 2014,
  note = { [Online; accessed 31-dec-2020] }
}

@book{Kenneth_2017,
  author = {Holmqvist, Kenneth},
  year = {2017},
  month = {12},
  pages = {},
  title = {Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods, paradigms, and measures},
  isbn = {978-1979484893}
}